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PubMedDate not supplied

[Low adherence and high cost as factors in the failure of the use of insecticide-impregnated mosquito bed nets in the control of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon].

In 1992 during a trial with deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets conducted in Porto Murtinho, municipality of Costa Marques, Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon, we investigated community compliance and the economic aspects capable of reducing the impact of this intervention on malaria morbidity. Impregnated bed nets were well accepted by the local population. However, compliance was found to be very low among adults over 15 years of age and mainly during the dry season. The cost of impregnated bed nets was US$18.83 for double-bed nets and US$13.82 for single bed nets. Despite the economic advantages of using impregnated bed nets subsidized by the government, the low compliance and local epidemiological factors do not allow to indicate the use of impregnated bed nets for mass malaria control in the Amazon region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Initiating malaria control programs in the third world: directives for short- and long-term solutions.

Although malaria is a growing problem affecting several hundred million people each year, many malarial countries lack successful disease control programs. Worldwide malaria incidence rates are dramatically increasing, generating fear among many people who are witnessing malaria control initiatives fail. In this paper, we explore two options for malaria control in poor countries: (1) the production and distribution of a malaria vaccine and (2) the control of mosquitoes that harbor the malaria parasite. We first demonstrate that the development of a malaria vaccine is indeed likely, although it will take several years to produce because of both biological obstacles and insufficient research support. The distribution of such a vaccine, as suggested by some economists, will require that wealthy states promise a market to pharmaceutical companies who have traditionally failed to investigate diseases affecting the poorest of nations. But prior to the development of a malaria vaccine, we recommend the implementation of vector control pro- grams, such as those using Bti toxin, in regions with low vector capacity. Our analysis indicates that both endogenous programs in malarial regions and molecular approaches to parasite control will provide pragmatic solutions to the malaria problem. But the successful control of malaria will require sustained support from wealthy nations, without whom vaccine development and vector control programs will likely fail.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Laboratory studies on the predatory potential of dragon-fly nymphs on mosquito larvae.

Biocontrol potential of dragonfly nymph, Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex. quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. It was found that dragonfly nymph had highest predation efficacy against An. stephensi followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Feeding rate increased with decrease in prey size/stage. Analysis of data indicated that dragonfly nymphs have good predatory potential and can be used as a biological control agent for control of mosquito breeding.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, in the African region.

The perspectives and opportunities for controlling the mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in tropical Africa are summarized and discussed. The countries covered by the World Health Organization's African Region have about one third of the world's burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as well as large shares of the planet's malaria and of many other vector-borne diseases. African LF is entirely caused by nocturnally periodic W. bancrofti, filarial nematode that is transmitted in urban East Africa by Culex quinquefasciatus, and in rural areas across tropical Africa by the same anopheline species that transmit the Plasmodium spp. causing human malaria. The standard practices for controlling the vectors of malarial parasites - house-spraying with residual insecticides and the use of bednets (preferably pre-treated with insecticide) for personal and community protection - can be simultaneously effective against both LF and malaria. Although mass drug administrations remain the main stay of the current strategy for LF elimination, the vector-control activities of the 'Roll Back Malaria' campaign can be expected to reduce the transmission of W. bancrofti in co-endemic areas. The relevant issues of programme management and integrated vector control are briefly reviewed.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Laboratory evaluation of susceptibility of natural subpopulations of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos.

Aedes aegypti showed the ability to develop resistance to different insecticides, including temephos, the most widely used larvicide. The objectives of this work were to 1) determine the resistance value of 4 natural subpopulations of Ae. aegypti, identified by their different haplotypes, to the insecticide temephos "Abate 1G (1%)"; 2) determine the lethal concentration (LC)50 and LC90 values by using the Rockefeller strain as control; and 3) estimate the resistance ratios. Mosquito samples were collected in Catamarca, Córdoba, and Posadas (Argentina) and in Yacuiba (Bolivia). Six insecticide concentrations were tested. The Rockefeller strain and the Posadas sample showed susceptibility to the diagnostic concentration (0.012 mg/liter), whereas the mortality in Catamarca was 87%. In the Yacuiba and Córdoba collections, mortality was 74% and 75%, respectively, indicating resistance. These results were coincident with those of the Probit analysis from which the highest resistance ratios were estimated for the last 2 subpopulations (5.2 and 4.9, respectively). Before this study, no information was available about the existence of resistance in natural populations of Ae. aegypti in the studied area.

Aedes↗
PubMed1992

Brugia malayi: ivermectin inhibits the exsheathment of microfilariae.

Brugia malayi-infected microfilaremic jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were treated with ivermectin at a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight injected subcutaneously. Susceptible Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on treated jirds 24 hours later. Mosquitoes fed on untreated jirds served as controls. Infected mosquitoes were dissected at 1, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after the blood meal, and differential counts of sheathed microfilariae, exsheathed microfilariae, and cast sheaths were performed using fluoresceinated wheat germ agglutinin. Microfilariae failed to exsheath in mosquitoes fed on ivermectin-treated jirds. Microfilariae from ivermectin-treated jirds also did not exsheath in vitro in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2, whereas 85-90% of sheathed microfilariae from untreated jirds exsheathed in vitro. In addition, sheathed microfilariae from untreated jirds, when pretreated in vitro with ivermectin at 0.25, 0.5, or 1 microgram/ml, lost their ability to exsheath in vitro in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2. However, ivermectin treatment had no effect on exsheathing of microfilariae when incubated with papaya protease. Thus, ivermectin appears to inhibit the intrinsic exsheathing process of microfilariae in the mosquito host, thereby blocking their development and further transmission of infection.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

[An experimental tool essential for the evaluation of insecticides: the testing huts].

The following study analyses the potentialities of the experimental huts built in M'be Valley (Côte d'Ivoire) where the evaluations of the insecticide products have been carried out for many years in line with the WHOPES protocol on the methodology of stage 2 assays. Starting a testing station first requires a good knowledge of the sensitivity of Anopheles gambiae to the main insecticide families. Then thanks to the experimental huts the efficacy of the various means of treatment can be compared with the one in untreated huts; this study focuses on house spraying using 100 mg a.i./m2 and bednets impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin at a dose of 15 mg a.i./m2. The fipronil used in house spraying doesn't show any repellent effect, however it does have an irritating effect that increases the natural exophily of An. gambiae females entering the testing huts. The blood-feeding rate recorded in the treated huts was reduced to 24% and to 38% mortality rate consisting mainly of a 24 hours delayed mortality. The bednets treated with lambda-cyhalothrin have greatly reduced the contact between man and vector since the entry rate of An. gambiae females was cut down by 68% compared to the control. The exophily of this anopheles was twofold greater with the impregnated bednets and the blood-feeding rate reduced to 47%. Finally the global mortality rate, two thirds of immediate mortality, one third of delayed mortality, reached 35%. The experimental huts in the M'be Valley therefore provide essential information regarding the selection of the most efficacious insecticides against An. gambiae. This experimental method must be extended to other sites in order to finalize ever more selective and appropriate means of control against nuisance and disease-vector mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. V. The influence of treatment with diethylcarbamazine and vector control on the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti.

The transmission intensity of bancroftian filariasis was investigated during a study on filariasis control carried out in eight villages of the savanna area in the hinterland of Liberia. Although the microfilarial reservoir had been reduced considerably in the human population of two villages by mass treatment with the filaricide drug diethylcarbamazine the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti was continued without any distinct reduction. The transmission however decreased distinctly or was even interrupted when residual spraying with DDT was used in two other villages for vector control. The combined application of both control measures did not prevent completely that mosquitoes became infected with mature stages of W. bancrofti.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory study on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Family-Asclepiadaceae) against mosquito larvae.

Fresh leaf extract of milkweed (Calotropis procera) showed larvicidal properties against mosquito larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Methanolic extracts of the same plant were, however, more effective as larvicide. C. procera is a weed growing in uncultivated soils as well as in dry, arid zones in Indian subcontinent throughout the year. The results of this study suggest the utility of milkweed as potential technology for control of mosquito larvae.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Field evaluation of a smoke-generating formulation containing beta-cypermethrin against the dengue vector in Argentina.

Previous results from laboratory and prefield assays obtained by our laboratory indicated that the fumigant canister CIPEIN PF-7 (Bolate) a smoke-generating formulation containing 5% beta-cypermethrin, has excellent performance as an adulticide for Aedes aegypti control. A field trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of CIPEIN PF-7 to control adult mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti inside houses. The trial was carried out in Colonia Delicia, a locality of 4,750 inhabitants, located in Misiones, a subtropical area in northeastern Argentina, an area highly infested with Ae. aegypti and at risk to dengue. One fumigant canister was applied in each house, which remained closed for 1 h and was then ventilated for 15 min by opening doors and windows. Taking into account the time spent in the fumigation activities, the rate of the treatment was around 20 houses per worker per day. Cages with adult mosquitoes and plastic cups with water containing mosquito larvae were put in various places of the houses. There was 100% initial mortality in each case after treatment with the fumigant canister. The residual effect showed 100% mortality of adults exposed 2 h for at least 3 days after treatment and 100% mortality of larvae 1 day after treatment. House and Breteau indices before the treatment were 51% and 106, respectively, falling to 23% and 44 after treatment. The potential for using this new tool in geographic areas very difficult to reach or as a quick alternative to control Ae. aegypti inside the houses, especially during dengue epidemics, is discussed.

Aedes↗
PubMed1992

[Infective capacity of the parasitic nematoda Romanomermis iyengari (Welch, 1964) (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in mosquito larvae in natural conditions].

The effectiveness of the parasitic nematoda Romanomermis ivengari (Welch, 1964) was proved in 3 breeding sites of Anopheles albimanus (Wiedman, 1821) and Culex Nigripalpus (Theobald, 1901) and 2 spillways for 2 oxidation ponds with Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) larvae, in the Isle of Youth. The results of the experiments showed the infesting capacity of this nematoda species with 80-100% parasitism in A. albimanus and C. nigripalpus larvae, and 75-80% mortality for C. quinquefasciatus. Besides, the recycling capacity of R. invengari, after its introduction, was proved, confirming its possible use in the control of mosquito larvae of medical-epidemiological importance in the Cuban tropical conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets for pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: efficacy, resistance risks, and policy implications.

The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 aims to reduce malaria incidence and mortality by 90%, yet widespread pyrethroid resistance among major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa threatens this goal. Thus, the World Health Organization recommends chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid combination nets as a priority intervention where pyrethroid resistance undermines vector control. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the performance, emerging resistance risks, and policy implications of these next-generation insecticide-treated nets. A structured search of literature from 2010 to 2024 across PubMed, Embase, WHO IRIS, and Google Scholar identified 31 eligible studies from 113 records. Evidence shows that chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets consistently outperform pyrethroid-only nets against resistant Anopheles populations, demonstrating a 1.8-fold increase in mosquito mortality (95% CI: 1.5-2.1). Community trials report 40-60% reductions in malaria infection incidence and entomological inoculation rates following deployment. However, early signs of chlorfenapyr resistance have emerged in Anopheles gambiae populations in Central Africa (RR: 2.4, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01), linked to CYP6P4 metabolic overexpression. A significant correlation was also observed between agricultural pesticide use and vector resistance patterns (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.62, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Although chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets provide an important short-term tool for managing pyrethroid resistance, their long-term effectiveness depends on integrated resistance management. Rotational deployment with other insecticide classes, strengthened genetic and phenotypic surveillance, and a coordinated 'One Health' approach involving both public health and agriculture are essential to sustain gains and advance progress toward the 2030 malaria targets.

Pyrethrins↗
PubMed2006

A human-health risk assessment for West Nile virus and insecticides used in mosquito management.

West Nile virus (WNV) has been a major public health concern in North America since 1999, when the first outbreak in the Western Hemisphere occurred in New York City. As a result of this ongoing disease outbreak, management of mosquitoes that vector WNV throughout the United States and Canada has necessitated using insecticides in areas where they traditionally have not been used or have been used less frequently. This has resulted in concerns by the public about the risks from insecticide use. The objective of this study was to use reasonable worst-case risk assessment methodologies to evaluate human-health risks for WNV and the insecticides most commonly used to control adult mosquitoes. We evaluated documented health effects from WNV infection and determined potential population risks based on reported frequencies. We determined potential acute (1-day) and subchronic (90-day) multiroute residential exposures from each insecticide for several human subgroups during a WNV disease outbreak scenario. We then compared potential insecticide exposures to toxicologic and regulatory effect levels. Risk quotients (RQs, the ratio of exposure to toxicologic effect) were < 1.0 for all subgroups. Acute RQs ranged from 0.0004 to 0.4726, and subchronic RQs ranged from 0.00014 to 0.2074. Results from our risk assessment and the current weight of scientific evidence indicate that human-health risks from residential exposure to mosquito insecticides are low and are not likely to exceed levels of concern. Further, our results indicate that, based on human-health criteria, the risks from WNV exceed the risks from exposure to mosquito insecticides.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Aerially applied, liquid Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis (H-14) for control of spring Aedes mosquitoes in Michigan.

Liquid B.t.i. (Vectobac 12AS), when mixed with water at a 1:3 ratio and applied by helicopter at a rate of 1.17 liters B.t.i. (4.68 liters mix) per ha, was 99% effective in a small (mass median diameter on dye cards: 178 microns) droplet size but ineffective (65%) in a large (553 microns) droplet against spring Aedes larvae in snowmelt pools. There were about 6 times as many smaller droplets as larger ones impacting the treated pools, which probably explained the difference in effectiveness for the 2 treatment regimes. Results indicate that liquid formulations of B.t.i. could be aerially applied for spring Aedes control at a considerable cost savings and efficiency over aerially applied, granular formulations.

Aedes↗