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PubMed1998

Becoming modern after all these years: social change and mental health in Latin America.

This paper takes a critical standpoint, both theoretical and methodological, to revisit Inkeles and Smith's hypothesis on the association between modernization and mental health. First it is proposed a critical evaluation of the premises of the conceptual treatment of the relationships between social change and mental health prevailing during the past two decades. Secondly, results from epidemiologic research on the psychological outcomes of social development in Latin America are reviewed, emphasizing the methodological improvements which occurred during the past two decades. Selected findings of an epidemiological survey recently conducted in urban Brazil are then presented, focusing on a case-control analysis of the socio-economic correlates of individual mental health. Finally, some of the implications of the new evidence concerning the social change and mental health hypothesis are discussed, as an attempt to interpret these findings in the light of recent developments of theories on social change and health in the contemporary world.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of modern pathologic nomenclature, tumor imaging and treatment of pituitary adenomas in a recent surgical series.

This study reviews retrospectively 49 patients with pituitary adenomas, using a modern, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally-based nomenclature. It also compares tumor imaging by CT and MRI scans, and analyzes the results of recent neurosurgical and radiotherapeutic treatments. Based on the findings of the study, several recommendations on clinical management of pituitary macroadenoma are made.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2000

Gametes, law and modern preoccupations.

This article surveys a range of recent media stories about human gametes, pinning them to a series of wider preoccupations within late modern life. Three preoccupations are singled out: first, kinship and relational identity; secondly, Nature and globalization; and finally, sexual difference and equality. Each one of these preoccupations has been characterised as iconic; debates about them are said to crystallize who we are, especially our uncertainties, and what we will be in the future. By indexing these preoccupations to the stories about human gametes, the article aims to upset both the increasing attempts to present assisted reproduction technologies as 'familiar' (as Nature's 'helping hand', for example) and the recurring assumptions about this technology's alleged 'novelty' and 'anomaly'. The article concludes that treating reproduction technologies, and their regulation, as 'familiar' risks complacency: equally, assumptions about their 'novelty' narrows the search for effective explanatory tools and regulatory mechanisms. The upshot is that it might be best for us to view reproductive technologies as both less 'familiar' and less 'novel'.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

The emergence of modern genetics in Spain and the effects of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) on its development.

The aim of this paper is to show how modern genetics reached Spain through the Junta para la Amplición de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas (JAE) during the decade of 1920s, the role played by key persons, and the level of development this discipline achieved from its different points of inception and under the conditions of financial scarcity and political turmoil that prevailed during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). In addition, the effect of the war on the continuity of the lines of research already began is outlined, identifying the main area in which genetics first reappeared: agronomy.

Genetics↗
PubMed2002

Modern concept on the role of phagocytes in the pathogenesis of complications during pregnancy.

Here we review modern concept of the role of phagocytes, the key cell component of natural immunity, in the course of pregnancy and in the pathogenesis of its complications. Phagocytes contribute to the development, maintenance, and favorable outcome of pregnancy. These cells play a role in the pathogenesis of various pregnancy complications, including fetal growth retardation, late gestosis, and intrauterine infections. The understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur in the mother-placenta-fetus system would allow us to improve diagnostic procedures, perform pathogenetically substantiated therapy, and decrease the incidence of obstetrical complications.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2003

The potential synergy between cognitive models and modern psychometric models.

Analyses of cognitive aspects of survey methodology (CASM) and psychometric analysis are two methods that are able to complement each other. We use concrete examples to illustrate how psychometric analyses can test hypotheses from CASM. The psychometrics framework recognizes that survey responses are affected by other factors than the concept being assessed, for example by cognitive factors and processes. Such factors are subsumed under the concept of measurement error. Possible sources of measurement error can be tested, e.g. by randomized experiments. A standard way to reduce measurement error is to ask several questions about the same concept and combine the answers into a multi-item scale that is more precise than the individual items. Techniques like structural equation models use the item correlations to assess the magnitude of measurement error and to test the assumptions behind the multi-item scale, e.g. the effect of common response choices and item time frames. A central problem in modern psychometrics is how to model the mapping of the continuous latent variable onto the item response choice categories. This is achieved by threshold models (e.g. item response models and structural equation models for categorical data). These models can, for example, analyze the impact of mode of administration, test whether the items function in the same way for all people (measurement invariance/differential item functioning) and examine the consistency of responses from any single person. Such analyses provide new possibilities for combining psychometrics and cognitive methods.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Chronic hepatitis C: modern notions of pathogenesis and morphogenesis. Concept of antiviral protection in hepatocytes.

Here we review modern notions about biological properties of hepatitis C virus, geographic distribution of its genotypes, peculiarities of immune reactions during chronic HCV infection, and role of viral replication in the infectious process. The concept of antiviral protection in liver parenchymal cells suggests suppression of biosynthetic reactions in hepatocytes resulting in inhibition of viral replication and focal degradation of the cytoplasm in infected cells followed by exocytosis and elimination of viral particles (cytosanation without cytodestruction). The recovery of structural characteristics in hepatocytes is associated with intracellular regeneration. Special accent is placed on reversibility of liver fibrosis in chronic HCV infection due to resorption of collagen fibers by hepatocytes. These data indicate that the therapy of liver fibrosis holds much promise.

Fibrosis↗
PubMed1999

[Modern long-term oxygen therapy--practical aspects].

Modern and accurately performed long term oxygen therapy improves quality of life and life expectancy in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease suffering from hypoxemia. This type of therapy often fails since the patient is bothered by the nasal prongs and fears to dwell outside his home. As a consequence, the major goal of this form of therapy, namely enhanced patients mobility is not attained. Oxygen can be delivered at a high efficiency by a transtracheal catheter. This mode of application may considerably improve the patients comfort and hence his compliance and mobility.

Home Care Services, Hospital-Based↗
PubMed2001

[Diabetic retinopathy--pathophysiological knowledge and modern treatment methods].

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) leads to visual impairment in the majority of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus for more than 20 years. Endothelial damage, capillary dropout, and vasoproliferative activity of various growth factors are some of the complex pathophysiologic events that lead to retinal damage. Insufficient blood glucose control and arterial hypertension are the leading risk factors for the progression of DR. Adequate therapeutic measures depend on timely and regular ophthalmologic examination. Laser photocoagulation prevents severe visual loss in about 50% of cases with proliferative DR and high risk factors as defined by the Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. Dosage of laser treatment depends on the stage and severity of DR and requires appropriate experience of the surgeon. Introduction of modern vitreoretinal surgery has yielded considerable progress in the management of vitreous hemorrhages (VH) and tractional retinal detachment in advanced stages of proliferative DR. Results of vitrectomy in 765 cases with proliferative DR are presented. Visual loss can be prevented in over 70% of cases with simple VH without retinal detachment and limited neovascularization, but in only about 30% of cases of VH complicated with retinal traction detachment and extensive vasoproliferation.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2001

[Modern alternatives to resection of metastases--MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) and other local ablative techniques].

In patients with liver metastases of different primaries modern local ablative techniques such as laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) and radiofrequency ablation (RF) are minimal invasive therapy options, if the patients were no candidates for liver surgery. A maximum of 5 cm lesion diameter and not more than 5 metastases without extrahepatic are treatable. MR-guided LITT is currently performed by means of implantable percutaneous catheter systems in local anesthesia and with outpatient management. RF is performed sometimes in general anesthesia and a hospital admission for some days. Liquid irrigated application systems are available both for LITT and for radiofrequency therapy and realized necrosis diameter up to 6 cm. At present LITT enables a local tumor control better than 98% for localized liver metastases without extrahepatic spreading patterns. In a group of 846 patients the average survival times were 4.0 years for patients with liver metastasis from different primary tumors. The data for RF ablation confirm the high value for tumor control for hepatocellular carcinomas with poorer results for liver metastases. Percutaneous MR-guided LITT permits good tumor control of liver metastases smaller than 5 cm and less than 5 in number with an improvement of survival times.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed2002

[Renal biopsy: standard procedure of modern nephrology].

For more than 50 years, renal biopsy has been an important diagnostic procedure in modern nephrology. Increasing perfection of the biopsy technique has made the procedure very safe, with rare complications and few contraindications. Improved histological diagnostics and broader therapeutic possibilities have significantly expanded the indications. The most important indications are acute renal failure, proteinuria > 1 g/d (or 3 g/d) and nephritic urinary sediment. Complications with renal grafts provide additional indications for a renal biopsy. In addition, diabetes and monosymptomatic urinfindings (isolated haematuria) as well as pregnancy induced nephropathy are indications for a renal biopsy. The procedure is performed ambulatory or during a short hospital stay and the patient can usually be discharged after a monitoring period of eight hours.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2002

Orthodontic undergraduate education: developments in a modern curriculum.

This paper explores some modern concepts of teaching and learning, including cognitive theory, the zone of proximal development, constructivism, andragogy and learning styles and describes how they have informed the development of an undergraduate orthodontic curriculum. The changes described include student-centred learning, guided self-learning, and the incorporation of problem-based learning concepts. The details of the problem-based learning programme are described together with results of student feedback on the change in teaching and learning style.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Political orientation and modern versus aversive racism: tests of Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998) integrated model.

According to J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner's (1998) integrated model of racism, politically liberal European Americans tend to express racism differently than conservative European Americans, with liberals demonstrating aversive racism and conservatives, symbolic or modern racism. In support of the model, in Experiment 1 liberals showed bias in favor of a twice-prosecuted African American relative to a European American in their judgment of double jeopardy, whereas conservatives did the reverse. Experiment 2 replicated these effects while eliminating a confound in the design of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 found evidence for the intrapsychic conflict hypothesized to underlie aversive racism. Specifically, only liberals displayed greater physiological arousal to the touch of an African American versus a European American experimenter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The origins of modernity: was autonomous speech the critical factor?

Although Homo sapiens emerged in Africa some 170000 years ago, the origins of "modern" behavior, as expressed in technology and art, are attributed to people who migrated out of Africa around 50000 years ago, creating what has been called a human revolution in Europe and Asia. There is recent evidence that a mutation of the FOXP2 gene (forkhead box P2), important for the development of articulate speech, occurred some time within the past 100000 years. This event may have allowed speech to become fully autonomous, so that language no longer depended on a visuomanual component. The consequent freeing of the hands and development of pedagogy may have led to the technological advances that allowed H. sapiens to dominate and eventually replace all other hominids.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2000

Descartes's Regulae, mathematics, and modern psychology: "the Noblest example of all" in Light of Turing's (1936) On computable Numbers.

There are surprisingly strong connections between the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of mathematics. One particular important example can be seen in the Regulae (1628) of Descartes. In "the noblest example of all," he used his new abstract understanding of numbers to demonstrate how the brain can be considered as a symbol machine and how the intellect's algebraic reasoning can be mirrored as operations on this machine. Even though his attempt failed, it is illuminating to explore it because Descartes launched 2 traditions--mechanistic philosophy of mind and abstract mathematics--that would diverge until A. Turing (1936) approached symbolic reasoning in a similar "symbol machine-existence proof" way. Descrates's and Turing's thought experiments, which mark the beginning of modern psychology and cognitive science, respectively, indicate how important the development of mathematics has been for the constitution of the science of mind.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMed1988

A modern plan for treating hypertension.

Essential hypertension is a heterogeneous spectrum of pathophysiologic disturbances, not a single entity. Identification and characterization of two different vasoconstrictor mechanisms--one renin-mediated, the other sodium-volume mediated--has made it possible not only to apply antihypertensive drug therapy on a more rational basis but to screen out a significant number of cases of curable (high-renin) renovascular disease as well as many cases of curable (low-renin) primary aldosteronism. An array of five major drug types makes long-term monotherapy for essential hypertension an achievable goal. Converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers counteract the renin-mediated vasoconstriction; diuretics, calcium-channel antagonists, and alpha-blockers oppose the low-renin sodium-volume-mediated form of vasoconstriction. This information brings us closer to the primary goal of modern therapy: to give each patient the fewest drugs in the smallest amounts and with the least frequency possible for the often lifetime commitment that antihypertensive therapy involves.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2000

Natives or immigrants: modern human origin in east Asia.

East Asia is one of the few regions in the world where a relatively large number of human fossils have been unearthed--a discovery that has been taken as evidence for an independent local origin of modern humans outside of Africa. However, genetic studies conducted in the past ten years, especially using Y chromosomes, have provided unequivocal evidence for an African origin of East Asian populations. The genetic signatures present in diverse East Asian populations mark the footsteps of prehistoric migrations that occurred tens of thousands of years ago.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans.

The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a potent tool in our understanding of human evolution, owing to characteristics such as high copy number, apparent lack of recombination, high substitution rate and maternal mode of inheritance. However, almost all studies of human evolution based on mtDNA sequencing have been confined to the control region, which constitutes less than 7% of the mitochondrial genome. These studies are complicated by the extreme variation in substitution rate between sites, and the consequence of parallel mutations causing difficulties in the estimation of genetic distance and making phylogenetic inferences questionable. Most comprehensive studies of the human mitochondrial molecule have been carried out through restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis, providing data that are ill suited to estimations of mutation rate and therefore the timing of evolutionary events. Here, to improve the information obtained from the mitochondrial molecule for studies of human evolution, we describe the global mtDNA diversity in humans based on analyses of the complete mtDNA sequence of 53 humans of diverse origins. Our mtDNA data, in comparison with those of a parallel study of the Xq13.3 region in the same individuals, provide a concurrent view on human evolution with respect to the age of modern humans.

Africa↗