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PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality from tetanus in children less than 1 year of age, Mexico, 1970-1982].

The results of a study about mortality by tetanus in Mexican children under one year of age, during the 1970-1982 period, are reported. This age-group was subdivided in three, as follows: perinatal (less than 7 days), neonatal (less than 29 days) and postneonatal (29 to 364 days). Mortality by tetanus in children under one year of age showed a decreasing trend during the mentioned period, and this was most pronounced from 1979, because of changes in the codification of mortality by tetanus in this group of age. On the other hand, it was found that the greatest proportion of deaths by tetanus happened in the under one year of age group, and particularly in the neonatal group (less than 29 days). The geographic distribution of tetanus in Mexico was studied later, and showed a predominant incidence of the disease in coastal states of the country; an additional finding in this investigation was the displacement of the disease from the Pacific strip to the Gulf of Mexico. Finally, the mortality differentials by sex were studied, and showed that males were the most affected in the three age groups. We cannot explain this finding at the time.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Living conditions and gastroenteritis in the low income population of Tijuana, Mexico].

A cross-sectional study was carried out in the low income population of certain areas of the city of Tijuana, Mexico. Data collected showed that these suburban areas are inhabited by people from rural areas of Mexico, with minimum education, that basically work at the "maquiladoras". General hygienic conditions were poor and the services insufficient. The prevalence of diarrheas among the population was extremely high in the two weeks previous to the study, being highest for children less than one year old, in which the proportion with at least one episode of diarrhea was 47 per cent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Development of an information reporting system on illicit drug use in Mexico.

In Mexico, drug abuse is considered a public health problem that is growing rapidly, especially among minors, who constitute about one half of the total population of the country. To facilitate an estimation of the drug problem and its trends in the country, the Information Reporting System on Drugs (IRSD) was established in 1986 by the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry at the request of the National Council against Addictions. IRSD is an "event-reporting" type of information system based on two month-long cross-sectional evaluations that are made each year in June and November. Data for IRSD are gathered via a questionnaire called the individual report on drug abuse, which is completed by illicit drug users upon admission to health and criminal justice facilities and institutions at Mexico City during the evaluation periods. This article describes the objectives of IRSD, its development and its functioning, as well as some of its findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fertility on the US-Mexico border.

Using Bongaarts' model, the relative importance of the proximate determinants of fertility is explored in five populations on the US-Mexico border. For the groups closest to natural fertility (the two Mexican groups), lactation, use of contraception, and marriage all were moderately important in terms of their direct effect on fertility. For the group with lowest fertility (Anglo-American), contraceptive use was an important factor inhibiting fertility; marriage was important but not nearly as important as contraceptive use. For the two US Mexican-American groups, contraceptive use was an important intermediate variable, not as important as for Anglo-Americans, but more important than it was for the two populations in Mexico. The proportion married was a moderately important factor for the Mexican-American groups. For these five populations the principal differences in fertility rates result from substantial differences in the use of effective contraception. Bongaarts' model proved very useful as an analytical framework in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Accuracy of an the ear oximeter Biox-III and its sensitivity to carboxyhemoglobin in Mexico City].

Ear oximeters estimate arterial oxygen saturation (Sa02) measuring the characteristics of light transmission through the ear lobe. We tested the accuracy of a new ear oximeter (Biox-III) in Mexico City comparing its estimates (Sa02OXI) with Sa02 measured by a Co-Oximeter, in a simultaneously taken arterial blood sample. We used two indexes in the arterial sample: Sa02 of the total hemoglobin (Sa02T) given directly by the Co-Oximeter and Sa02 of the hemoglobin available for oxygenation (Sa02A) which corrects for the presence of carboxyhemoglobin and metahemoglobin. We studied 21 subjects with a total of 100 simultaneous samples with a Sa02T ranging from 36.2% to 97.2%. The samples were obtained with the subjects resting, during light exercise, during rebreathing and increasing the Fi02. Spearman and Pearson's correlation coefficients between Sa02OXI and Sa02A were 0.97, and between Sa02OXI and Sa02T were 0.96. Lineal regression equations were: Sa02T = 2.047 (Sa02OXI) -8.5 and Sa02A = 1.102 (Sa02OXI) -9.32. Slopes of the equations and correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Mean error of Sa02OXI compared with Sa02T (Sa02T-Sa02OXI) was -4.4% and compared with Sa02A (Sa02A-Sa02OXI) was -0.4%, with a standard deviation of 3.4% and 3.5% respectively. In the presence of carboxyhemoglobin the ear oximeter overestimates Sa02T but not Sa02A. Measurement error increases during rebreathing maybe because error increases at low Sa02 and because of the delay in oximeter's response in a situation of a continuously falling Sa02. Ear oximeter Biox-III estimates Sa02 in Mexico City as accurately as the Biox-IIA at sea level. Sa02 measurement is quick, easy, continuous and non-invasive, which increase its potential clinical and research application.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chagasic cardiomyopathy in Mexico].

Chronic Chagas disease, has been reported in Mexico, but changes in left ventricular function are not well known. We describe 25 patients with chronic trypanosomiasis with congestive cardiomyopathy. All of them lived in zones where the parasitosis is endemic and showed EKG abnormalities compatible with cardiomyopathy: A-V block in 8, RBBB in 9, LBBB in 7, RBBB + LAHB in 4, arrhythmias and ST-S abnormalities in 9 patients. All patients have at least one positive serological test for T Cruzi: indirect haemagglutination in 9, counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 9, complement fixation in 14 and passive agglutination of Latex sensitized beads in 4. The parasite was found by xenodiagnosis in 4 out of 5 cases. All cases had a normal coronary arteriography. The left ventriculography showed hypokinesia or akinesia of the apical, anterolateral and diaphragmatic segments in 8 patients and apical dyskinesia in 2. The ejection fraction varied from 22.3% to 51.6% with a mean of 39%. Chagas disease is a health problem in Mexico and the patients who are hospitalized present severe cardiac involvement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Normal values in Mexico of the echocardiographic measurements of the left heart].

The M-Mode echocardiographic measurements, according to the international criteria, were done in tracings of 274 normal subjects residents of Mexico City, in order to know the normal values in its population. One hundred and thirty one males (47.8%), and 143 females (52.2%). The age varied from 1 to 73 years, the predominant group was between the third and fifth decades of the life. The age, weight and body surface area (BSA) were correlated with measurements, better correlation was found with BSA and it was the analysis base. According to the BSA, 6 subgroups were formed, the first one of 0.5 m2; increasing 0.4 m2 for each subgroup until the last one of 2.1(2) or more. Were observed proportional amount respect to BSA of D-E mitral valve excursion, aortic root diameter, aortic excursion, aortic opening amplitude, left atrium diameter, end diastolic and end systolic diameters of left ventricle, as well as interventricular septum (IVS) and posterior wall (PW) thickness. The measures were less than the reported other countries. The mean velocity of circumferential shortening (Vcf), fractional shortening (FS) and normalized velocities (NV) showed inverse proportion to BSA. The values of Vcf and NV were similar to the previous report, but the FS and the ejection fraction were higher. The study let us to know the normal echocardiographic values for people of Mexico and the differences with respect to the altitude of this city and the body frame of its population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Long-term services in Mexico: homes for the aged.

Accurate statistics are not available about the number of people in institutions for the aged in Mexico, but the majority are assumed to live with their family or on their own and to be integrated with the community. However, the increase of Mexico's aging population, from its present more than 4 million to 12 million people over 60 years of age in the year 2025, together with the decreased population growth rate (3.5% in the early seventies; approximately 2.5% currently, and 1% in the year 2000) will considerably increase the demand for health care and services for this sector of the population. Nursing Homes should be not only shelters, but should help to raise or maintain the quality for life of elderly people in all areas: physical, psychological, and social. In the near future, it will be necessary not only to build more homes for the aged, but to develop and implement other forms of care that will allow the elderly to remain integrated with the community. Through home care and substitute homes, families that take care of their elderly relatives can be helped; and direct assistance can be give to old people who wish to be independent.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Mexico: evaluation of medical training based on the results of a national test given to candidates for medical residencies].

This study assesses the current status of medical education in Mexico by evaluating the IX National Medical Residency Examination. The results indicate that the personal background of the candidates is related to the probability of their passing the examination: age; marital status; number of times they have presented the examination; length of time between graduation from medical school and the examination; place where social service was performed; and work experience. The authors observe a strong tendency toward specialization in the professional curricula of the medical schools in Mexico, with a consequent neglect of the national health system's present need for primary care. They therefore suggest that the educational institutions give thought to alternatives that would better equip the country's human resources to deal with current needs.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed1988

Eimeria from bats of the world. II. A new species in Tadarida femorosacca from Sonora, Mexico.

Between 1979 and 1980, 104 bats representing 13 species in 4 families were collected in California and New Mexico, U.S.A., and Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, and were examined for coccidia; only 3 (3%) had oocysts in their feces. Bats examined and their infection rates were: Molossidae: 0 of 12 Tadarida brasiliensis, 1 of 18 (6%) T. femorosacca; Natalidae: 0 of 1 Natalus stramineus; Phyllostomatidae: 0 of 1 Choeronycteris mexicana, 0 of 2 Leptonycteris sanborni, 0 of 1 Macrotus californicus; Vespertilionidae: 0 of 9 Antrozous pallidus, 0 of 28 Eptesicus fuscus, 0 of 1 Lasionycteris noctivagans, 0 of 3 Lasiurus borealis, 2 of 22 (9%) L. cinereus, 0 of 1 L. ega, 0 of 5 Pipistrellus hesperus. Sporulated oocysts were only found in T. femorosacca and these represent a new species, Eimeria tadarida n. sp. They are subspheroidal to ellipsoidal, 19 x 25 (16-23 x 20-30) microns; a micropyle is absent, and fragments within the oocyst may be oocyst residuum or multiple polar bodies. The oocyst wall, approximately 1.5 microns, is composed of a mammillated outer layer and smooth inner layer. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 8 x 12 (6-9 x 10-14) microns, and have a small Stieda body and a wide substieda body. This is only the 14th eimerian to be described from bats worldwide. Only unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts of an eimerian were seen in 2 L. cinereus. These measured 28 x 25 (27-29 x 24-26) microns and had a mammillated outer oocyst wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Changing treatment of breast cancer in New Mexico from 1969 through 1985.

A review of information from the New Mexico Tumor Registry on women diagnosed as having primary breast cancer from 1969 through 1985 revealed temporal changes in the surgical treatment of this disease. After 1980 the percentage of women receiving breast-conserving surgery for local-stage disease increased from 6% to 25%. Most surgeons performing operations for breast cancer had not performed a breast-conserving operation before 1981 but had used this procedure at least once in the period from 1981 through 1985. Women younger than 50 years or older than 80 years were most likely to undergo this procedure. In that period, radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery could not be documented for 26% of the women 65 years old or younger or for 56% of the women aged 65 years or older. Thus, there has been a marked shift in New Mexico in the surgical approach to local-stage breast cancer in the 1980s. This shift involved most surgeons treating the disease and included women of all age groups. The apparent lack of adjuvant radiotherapy in some women receiving conservative surgeries may prove to be a deleterious consequence of this change in surgical management.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Childhood cancer epidemiology in New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic whites, 1970-82.

The statewide population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry identified 473 malignant tumors among children of ages 0-14 years, during the period 1970-82. There were 235 non-Hispanic whites (50%), 189 Hispanic whites (40%), 38 American Indians (8%), and 11 other nonwhites (2%). The average annual age-adjusted incidence rates per million for non-Hispanic whites were 138.6 for males and 108.3 for females; for Hispanic whites, the rates were 108.5 for males and 80.9 for females; for American Indians, the rates were 75.5 for males and 78.0 for females. The incidence rates for all sites of cancer combined were lower for Hispanics and American Indians than for New Mexico's non-Hispanic whites and U.S. whites. Leukemia was the most common cancer in all racial-ethnic groups. In comparison with U.S. whites, American Indians were at low risk for leukemias, lymphomas, central nervous system (CNS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and kidney tumors and were at high risk for retinoblastoma, bone, and sex organ tumors. Hispanics were at low risk for CNS, SNS, kidney, sex organ, and liver tumors. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white males both were at increased risk for melanoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Survival of American Indian and Hispanic cancer patients in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969-82.

Survival was examined by ethnic group for 31,465 incident cancer cases diagnosed from 1969 through 1982 in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites residing in New Mexico and in American Indians residing in New Mexico and Arizona. In comparison with the 1- and 5-year survival rates following the diagnosis of cancer for non-Hispanic whites, those for American Indians were generally poorer and, to a lesser extent, those for Hispanics were also poorer. The American Indian and Hispanic patients tended to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, although this pattern was not consistent across all sites. For many primary cancer sites, American Indian patients were less likely to receive treatment for their cancer than were non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics were also less likely to be treated for cancers of some sites, although the differences were not as large as for American Indians. However, after adjustment for stage and treatment, American Indians demonstrated significantly poorer survival than non-Hispanic whites for cancers of many sites. After adjustment for stage and treatment, survival in Hispanics was generally comparable to that in non-Hispanic whites.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arterial hypertension. Considerations on its current status in Mexico. In memory of Samuel Zajarias].

The present article summarises statistical information about the problem of hypertension in this country making reference to international and national epidemiological works, with the purpose of evaluating the problem in community. Includes information about the clino-pathologic experience acheived at the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. The data is analyzed and commented from the point of view of how worth might be to study hypertension in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex education and family planning services for young adults: alternative urban strategies in Mexico.

In Mexico, youth face difficulties in obtaining reliable information on sex education and family planning through existing community programs. Two alternative strategies to provide these services are being tested in poor urban areas of Monterrey. In one experimental area, Integrated Youth Centers were established, which provide sex education and family planning services as well as counseling, academic tutoring, and recreational activities. In another area, trained young adults and community counselors work through informal networks to provide sex education and family planning information. Both utilization and the cost of these services are examined in the context of plans for expanding coverage in Mexico-U.S. border areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of HTLV-III antibody among New Mexico residents with hemophilia.

Persons with hemophilia who have received therapy since 1978 are at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Plasma and serum specimens collected from 1980 to 1985 from 73 New Mexico residents with hemophilia were tested by enzyme immunoassay for antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), and positive results were confirmed by Western blot. Antibody to HTLV-III was first detected in New Mexico residents with hemophilia in 1981. Among 49 persons tested in 1984-1985, seropositivity was found in 35%. Of these, 17 of 32 (53%) commercial concentrate versus 0 of 17 cryoprecipitate users were seropositive (P = .002). Of the 7 with hemophilia B, 3 (43%) were seropositive versus 14 of 42 (33%) with hemophilia A. Of 17 Albuquerque residents with hemophilia, 2(12%) were seropositive as compared with 15 of 32 (47%) persons with hemophilia who resided outside the city (P = .02). Compared with patients with hemophilia outside of Albuquerque, those living in Albuquerque tended to have milder disease and to use cryoprecipitate rather than commercial concentrate. Less frequent treatment (mild disease) and use of cryoprecipitate were associated with a decreased risk of HTLV-III infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

[Indicators, variables and obstacles to the life cycle of scientific and technical information in health. Experiences of the Centro Nacional de Información y Documentación en Salud in Mexico].

Indicators, variables and barriers to scientific and technical health information have been detected and described by CENIDS in Mexico within the life cycle of the information production model, covering the phases of: a) generation; b) institutionalization; c) maintenance/development; and d) distribution/dissemination. Emphasis is placed on the important role that play social, economic, demographic, and political factors of each developing country to conform their ideal information life cycle. After an analysis of the existing Mexican situation, and a short description of CENIDS' structure, organization, functions and services, CENIDS' short-term and mid-term projects, and suggestions for further research lines to improve the current situation in Mexico are also given.

Information Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging in Mexico].

Demographic social and economic aspects of the situation of the elderly in Mexico are described with special emphasis upon education programmes and types of care in nursing homes. Considering the future trends of an increase in Mexico's elderly population, the author calls for more efforts in research and training in the field of gerontology. First results in this area are reported.

Aged↗