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PubMed2004

Differentiating the behavioural profile in autism and mental retardation and testing of a screener.

In order to differentiate the behavioural profiles in autism and mental retardation and to cross-validate a behavioural autism screen, 84 subjects with autism (64 males and 20 females) with a mean age of 10 years selected from a Swiss national survey were compared to a control group of 84 subjects matched by age and gender with mental retardation, but without autistic features. The behavioural profile was assessed using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC). The behavioural profile in autism, in contrast to mental retardation, was marked by higher scores in the domains of disruptive, self-absorbed, communication disturbed, anxious and autistic behaviour, and a higher total DBC score. Furthermore, a higher vulnerability for behavioural abnormalities became evident for females with autism. A recently proposed DBC-Autism Screen was cross-validated, and a slight extension of the screen led to even higher correct classification rates. It was concluded that the DBC is a suitable instrument for the assessment of the behavioural profile and for screening in autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

The geneticist and the so-called "socio cultural" familial mental retardation.

Five hundred children and adolescents affected by mild mental retardation were studied together with their families with regard to a number of psycho-social, medical and genetic factors. Statistical studies were performed with these data and showed that this apparently homogeneous population could in fact be divided into three subgroups. The first and by far the largest group (66%) was constituted by a clinically normal population but in whom adverse social and cultural factors were dominant. In the second subgroup (20%) the mental retardation was much more pronounced (IQ of 50----65) and the socio-cultural and socio-economic levels were particularly low. Finally, organic causes (prematurity, dystocic, labour, etc.) seemed to constitute the principal factor explaining the retardation observed in the third subgroup (14%). The second subgroup comprising of 50 children and their families, were observed more closely; in this group 20 cases of known genetic diseases were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Selected motor skills of mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals.

The aim of this study was to examine whether mentally retarded individuals show a specific motor performance deficit on measures of reaction time, aiming, and dexterity. 23 mentally retarded adolescents and two control groups of 22 non-retarded persons of the same mental age and 20 nonretarded persons of the same chronological age were tested. Motor performance measures for retarded persons were considerably longer than those of nonretarded persons of the same chronological age and of the same mental age. Only time of finger dexterity with short pins was longer for the retarded than for the nonretarded adolescents of the same mental age. Reaction times across groups were faster for the sound than for the light signal. No difference in RT for fine movement was observed. Differences among the various motor performance measures for retarded and nonretarded subjects are confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of verbal elaborations on memory for sentences in adults with mental retardation.

We examined the effects of verbal elaborations on memory for verbal material in adults with mental retardation and a control group of adults of normal intelligence. During acquisition, three types of sentences were presented that differed in elaboration of the subject-adjective relationship: a) non-elaborated base sentences; b) base sentences with arbitrary verbal elaborations; and c) base sentences with explanatory verbal elaborations that clarified the significance of the subject-adjective relationship. At test, we varied the retrieval context by presenting either base sentences alone or base sentences with the verbal elaborations. A three-alternative, forced-choice recognition procedure was used to test memory for the target adjectives. Results yielded a positive effect of retrieval support (elaborations present at study and test) on recognition performance for adults with mental retardation. These data imply that the retrieval context plays an important role in recognition memory for adults with mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Walking habits of adults with mental retardation.

The walking activity of men and women with mental retardation residing in community settings was described. Participants were 38 women (M age=.7, SD=9.5) and 65 men (M age=35.9, SD=11.2). They wore pedometers for 7 days. A 2 x 2 factorial ANOVA indicated no significant gender differences in total step counts or between participants with and those without Down syndrome. A post-hoc analysis revealed that participants walked less on Saturday than during the weekdays. Only 21.1% of the women and 21.5% of the men with mental retardation accumulated the recommended 10,000 steps per day.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Validity of a cardiorespiratory fitness test for men with mental retardation.

The purpose of this study was to validate a field test of cardiorespiratory fitness for men with mental retardation. The subjects were 19 healthy young men (26 +/- 6 yr) with moderate mental retardation (IQ = 48 +/- 11). Each subject underwent a maximal treadmill test after a three-phase familiarization process. Each subject also completed a 1-mile walk test twice (Rockport Fitness Walking Test = RFWT). The correlation coefficients between peak VO2 on the treadmill and the two 1-mile walks varied from 0.78 to 0.83. When weight, height, age, heart rates of 1-mile walks, and their combinations were held constant, the correlations were strengthened. Using multiple correlation analysis the best equation for predicting peak VO2 was: Peak VO2 = 101.92 - 2.356(mile-1 time) - 0.42(weight). This model accounted for 85% of total variance. The standard error of estimate was 4.06 ml.kg-1.min-1. The test-retest reliability of the RFWT for the 19 subjects used in this study was very high (R = 0.97). This finding suggests that the RFWT is a valid and reliable field test for this population and appears to be a valid indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness for these men with mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

["Early" diagnosis and "early" intervention in children with mental retardation--when is early enough to diagnose them?].

Patients with mental retardation (MR) cannot always be diagnosed accurately by physicians who are specialized in child neurology and/or developmental disorders at their first visit to the clinic. Precise examination such as psychological tests and chromosomal analysis are often necessary to diagnose them. Some patients with autistic disorders without MR often are misdiagnosed as having MR. Patients with mild to moderate MR are sometimes diagnosed late in their late teens or twenties. Timely diagnosis and timely/continuous intervention is more important than early diagnosis and early intervention for the mentally retarded.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effects of thioridazine and withdrawal dyskinesias on workshop performance of mentally retarded young adults.

The authors conducted a two-part study of the effects of thioridazine and withdrawal dyskinesias on the workshop performance of mentally retarded young adults. In part 1, 80 mentally retarded subjects were divided into five groups of 16 according to administration, discontinuation, or nonadministration of thioridazine. The major finding was that thioridazine can impair the workshop performance of mentally retarded individuals. In part 2, 28 subjects were divided into four matched groups of 7 subjects each whose thioridazine dose was abruptly or gradually discontinued and who did or did not have withdrawal dyskinesias. Workshop performance declined with the onset of the dyskinesias and improved as the dyskinesias subsided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reducing the risks in pregnant teens who are very young and those with mild mental retardation.

A 3-year evaluation of The Children and Adolescent Pregnancy Project suggests that adolescents with mental retardation may be at increased risk for early pregnancy and dropping out of school. The Pregnancy Project is a school-based intervention that primarily serves black and Hispanic pregnant teens with mild to moderate mental retardation and elementary school-age pregnant teens in the same program. Outcome data were presented in terms of four common indicators of teen pregnancy programs: low birth weight, infant mortality, school drop out, and repeat pregnancy rates. Results indicate that serving pregnant adolescents with mild to moderate mental retardation (ages 11 to 19) in the same program with very young pregnant teens (ages 11 to 15) is an effective and developmentally appropriate means of reducing risks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Influences of an analog of the neuropeptide ACTH 4--9 on mentally retarded adults.

In a double-blind procedure, 24 mentally retarded adults received 0 mg, 5mg, or 20 mg of an analog of the neuropeptide ACTH 4--9. Following treatment with peptide, the subjects were given the Trails B Test (from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test, the Benton Visual Retention Test, a concept-formation task, and a standard orienting sequence. The results of the behavioral tests suggested that attentional processes were enhanced in subjects treated with the peptide. The present study, in conjunction with another investigation using the neuropeptide ACTH/MSH 4--10 (Sandman, George, Walker, Nolan & Kastin, 1976), indicates that attentional deficits in mentally retarded adults, traditionally assumed to be irreversible, may be influenced by treatment with fragments of the neuropeptides ACTH and MSH.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1990

Comprehension of syntactically indicated sequence by Down's syndrome and other mentally retarded adults.

The ability to comprehend syntactically ordered sequence by Down's syndrome adults and adults with mental retardation of no specific aetiology was studied. Both samples exhibited patterns of comprehension that resembled those of children who are not mentally retarded. However, the Down's syndrome individuals had significantly more difficulty when sequence was indicated by syntax with no supporting extralinguistic context. The Down's syndrome adults appeared to be arrested at an earlier stage of development than the other mentally retarded adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Hepatitis B markers at 3 open centers for mentally retarded].

With the aim of investigating the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection, we studied 161 mentally retarded patients with an age range of 1 to 56, in three open institutions from the Safor Area (Valencia). Some positive serum markers of HBV infection were found in 15 patients (9.3%). The mentally retarded older than 17, presented a prevalence of HBV markers (20.6%), in contrast to those under this age (1.1%) and against the control group (5.1%) (p < 0.001). HBsAg positive markers were found in three cases, representing 4.4% among the older than 17's, against 0.4% of the general population (p < 0.05). There was some positive correlation with personal history of hepatitis (p < 0.01) and severely handicapped patients (p < 0.05) an there was no association with sex, duration of stay and Down's Syndrome. Our results indicate that seropositive B prevalence is similar to the general population in the mentally retarded younger than 17 years old and higher from this age on, which confirms the need for active prophylaxis in the youngest of this collective. Reviewing the Spanish studies we observe a lower prevalence of HBsAg(carriers) and HBV markers in open institutions than in closed institutions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Mental retardation's two cultures of behavioral research.

People with mental retardation are generally classified by either level of retardation (usually by psychologists and special educators) or etiology (usually by geneticists and psychiatric researchers). We have surveyed nine journals from 1985-1990 to identify use of these two distinct research approaches, or cultures. After providing brief vignettes to delineate the separateness of the two cultures, we documented the varied effects that genetic etiology may have on behavior. The problems and issues inherent in reconciling these two research cultures were also emphasized, including variability within etiological groups, etiologic specificity versus nonspecificity, and service delivery implications. Several points of reconciliation between the two research cultures were offered, with the goal being better integrated approaches to the study of behavior in mental retardation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of a decision-making curriculum designed to empower women with mental retardation to resist abuse.

The effectiveness of an abuse-prevention curriculum, designed to empower women with mental retardation to become effective decision-makers able to protect themselves against abuse was examined. Thirty-six women with mental retardation were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a control group. Results indicate that the performance of the women in the intervention group was superior to that of the women in the control group on measures of knowledge, decision-making, and empowerment but not on a measure of stress management. The findings suggest that women with mental retardation can acquire effective decision-making strategies and apply them to situations of abuse in their lives.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by Chinese adults with mental retardation.

We compared the ability of Chinese adults with mental retardation and nonhandicapped Chinese children to recognize the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Each subject was told a story identifying an emotion, presented with an array of six photographs of basic facial expressions of emotion, and asked to point to the photograph that depicted the story's emotion. Results showed that the children were more accurate than the adults in recognizing facial expressions of emotion except happiness on which both groups achieved 100% accuracy. Surprise, fear, anger, and disgust were confused most often by both groups. Recognition proficiency was not significantly correlated with age in the children or with IQ in the adults. Our results partially replicated those reported in earlier studies with non-Chinese individuals with mental retardation and raised the possibility that there may be cultural influences on a person's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cataracts and cataract surgery in mentally retarded adults.

PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence of cataracts and cataract surgery in a population of mentally retarded adults. METHODS: The prevalence of cataracts and cataract surgery was examined in a retrospective chart review. A total of 119 consecutive patients from the Southside Virginia Training Center for mentally retarded adults were seen in the authors' ophthalmology clinic during a 3-year period from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2001. Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and postoperative complications were noted in patients who had undergone previous cataract surgery. RESULTS: Of the 119 patients seen, 64 (54%) had cataracts or a history of cataract surgery. Thirteen (20%) of these 64 patients had a history of cataract surgery (21 eyes total). Seventeen (81%) of these 21 eyes had IOL implantation (14 posterior-chamber IOLs [PCIOLs] and three anterior-chamber IOLs). Postoperative surgical complications occurred in 7 (33%) of 21 eyes and included anterior uveitis in three (14%) eyes, posterior capsular opacification in two (10%) eyes, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in one (5%) eye, dislocated PCIOL in one (5%) eye, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in one (5%) eye, and cystoid macular edema in one (5%) eye. There were no cases of postoperative endophthalmitis or retained lens fragments. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cataracts in adult mentally retarded patients is higher in this series (P<0.001) than in the world literature. However, if only visually significant cataracts are considered, the results are consistent with previous studies. Postoperative complications were common. Patients experienced higher rates of anterior uveitis (P=0.001) and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (P=0.002) in this study than in previous studies. In this population, careful preoperative screening is recommended to select those patients most likely to benefit from cataract surgery and least likely to experience severe postoperative complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of socially accepted and rejected children with mental retardation.

The influence of social behavior and social cognitive skills on social status of children with mental retardation was investigated by comparing socially accepted and socially rejected children. A sociometric survey conducted with 764 children in 34 regular education classrooms identified 20 socially accepted and 20 socially rejected students with mental retardation. Accepted children displayed a higher level of social behavior and a lower level of sensitive-isolated behavior. The two groups also differed in their social cognitive skills. In response to social problems, accepted children chose friendly-submissive goals and generated a low rate of positive outgoing strategies, whereas rejected children chose friendly-assertive goals and generated a high rate of positive outgoing strategies. Findings point to the value of examining differences between children with mental retardation who are accepted and rejected in inclusive settings and underscore the importance of social behavior and social cognitive skills in the acceptance-rejection process.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Prospects for prevention and amelioration of mental retardation: a guest editorial.

The view of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1972) that the incidence of mental retardation can be reduced by 50 percent before the end of the century was critically examined. We concluded that only in the minority of cases, where biomedical etiologies are implicated, is this forecast support by existing trends. The major group of milder cases pose immense difficulties for prevention, and desirable social changes are unlikely to make an immediate impact. We also considered the argument that levels of functioning of most retarded persons can be substantially improved. While research gives a clear indication that this is potentially so, such knowledge is rarely applied. Implications for policy and practice were considered.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗