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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Surgical exploration of the abdominal lymphatic system in patients with malignancies.

In the management of selected patient with malignant diseases, laparotomy can be useful for determining the anatomic extent of disease in order to individualize appropriate intensive treatment. The decision to subject a patient to a staging laparotomy requires joint decisions by surgeons, radiation therapists, chemotherapists, and diagnostic radiologists, after a thorough preoperative abdominal evaluation has been made. The lymphangiogram is especially important for directing the surgeon to a single node of concern. Special efforts must be made to insure that the specific node in question is biopsied. The justification of such a surgical procedure assumes that definitive decisions in management of such patients will result in an improved prognosis. While this appears to be the case with Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas, studies are underway to prove this assumption in other neoplasms. For most patients, staging laparotomy presently represents an investigational procedure of value only in selected patients. The critical problem is how these patients can be identified.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1977

[Tumorous diseases of the lymphatic system (in 2 parts)].

Diagnostic approaches in the management of Hodgkin's Disease and Non Hodgkin Lymphomas are discussed. The importance of recent histological classifications in Non Hodgkin Lymphomas is emphasized particularly with respect to the differentiation between lymphomas of "low grade" and "high grade" malignancy. Complication in the course of treatment in these patients are reviewed and the therapeutic implications of particular organ involvement are summarized.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1988

AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma complex: evolution of a full-blown lymphologic syndrome.

An hypothesis is presented to explain the link between acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). According to this hypothesis, AIDS involves all four components of the integrated lymphatic system--lymphatics, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and lymph--and thereby resembles various congenital and acquired lymphologic syndromes characterized by one or more of the following features: lymphostasis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis; depletion of immunocompetent cells and immunosuppression; opportunistic infections; and vascular neoplasms. A better understanding of the steps in the evolution of these processes and their interrelationships to the four components of the lymphatic system should provide insight into the immunopathogenesis of AIDS-KS as well as its detection and treatment.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Morphological and ultrastructural bases of the lymphatic vascular system].

The lymphatic vascular system plays a pivotal role in the control of the interstitial homeostasis. This review illustrates the morphological and ultrastructural features of precollecting, pre- and postnodal collecting and absorbing peripheral vessels. A special attention is devoted to the endothelium of the absorbing lymphatic, its cytological features, kinds of intercellular contact, contractile properties and occurrence of valves. The role of the different mechanisms involved in transendothelial transport, namely membrane diffusion, vesicular route, open junctions and intraendothelial channels, are considered. The morphological reality of "intercellular openings" and "intraendothelial channels" is also discussed. The latter are "dynamic units" which carry on a remarkable task in the drainage, toward the lymphatic lumen, of macromolecules (chylomicra, glycoproteins, etc.) and cellular elements (lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes). On the other hand, macrophages follow a transcellular pathway. The factors which possibly underlie these two modes of transendothelial migration are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The pathomechanism of posttraumatic edema of lower limbs: I. The effect of extravasated blood, bone marrow cells, and bacterial colonization on tissues, lymphatics, and lymph nodes.

BACKGROUND: The mechanical injury of soft tissues and bones of lower extremities is frequently followed by long-lasting edema at the site of trauma and distally. The pathomechanism of this complication remains unclear. Venous thrombosis and interruption of lymphatics are considered to be the main etiologic factors. We propose a concept that protracted healing of injured tissues and bones with involvement of the regional lymphatic system (lymphatics and nodes) is responsible for persistence of edema. The events affecting the first (scavenging) phase of healing of traumatized tissues, such as hematoma, translocation of bone marrow cells to soft tissues, and colonization by microorganisms, and in particular their effects on lymphatics and lymph nodes, were studied. METHODS: Mongrel dogs weighing 15-20 kg were used. Fresh blood or bone marrow cell (BMC) suspension was injected subcutaneously or intralymphatically into the paw. Strains of saprophyte bacteria residing on the skin surface were cultured and injected intradermally. Oil-contrast lymphography was performed before and after injections to evaluate the changes in lymphatics and nodes. Biopsy samples of paw skin, subcutaneous tissue, and regional lymph nodes (LN) were taken. The responsiveness of LN lymphocytes was studied in autologous mixed cultures with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), BMC, and cultured bacteria. RESULTS: The PBL from subcutaneously injected blood were evacuated by the lymphatic route at a rate of 1-3%/6 hr. There was no thrombosis of lymphatic vessels or obstruction of LN sinusoids. The BMC evoked major inflammatory changes in both the skin and the LN. Bacteria caused local inflammation, dilatation of lymphatics, and destruction of node parenchyma. Autologous BMC and PBL stimulated LN lymphocytes in a 6-day culture. The responsiveness of lymph node lymphocytes to previously subcutaneously injected bacterial antigens was increased. CONCLUSION: The extravasated blood did not produce changes in skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatics; however, it stimulated LN lymphocytes. The BMC and saprophyte bacteria caused major local and lymph node inflammatory response. All these factors may contribute to the local edema in the initial phases of healing of traumatized tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Lymphatic abnormalities in Alagille's syndrome.

Chylous pleural effusions developed in a patient with Alagille's syndrome who had dysplasia of the lymphatic system. Lymphatic abnormalities are not a recognised feature of Alagille's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

An autopsy case with Good's syndrome and dermatomyositis.

A 31-year-old male patient complaining of repeated respiratory infections was revealed to be in an immunodeficient state in both humoral and cellular immunity and accompanied by dermatomyositis which was proved by both clinical and histological findings. Persistent diarrhea followed by colonic bleeding due to multiple ulcers and a severe liver dysfunction seemed to bring him to his death. The autopsy revealed the presence of thymoma of spindle cell type, depleted cells in the systemic lymphatic systems and inflammatory lesions in the muscle, liver, lung, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. This is the first report of Good's syndrome accompanied by dermatomyositis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Experience of a community hospital and review of the literature.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounted for 37 percent of all new cases of active tuberculous infection identified at a 522-bed community hospital during an 11-year period. Forty-five foci of extrapulmonary infection were diagnosed in 38 patients. Involvement of the genitourinary system, lymphatic system, and respiratory system, other than the lung, was most common and accounted for 58 percent of all infections. Presenting symptoms were protean and often resulted in long delays between onset of symptoms and eventual diagnosis. Foreign birthplace, prior history of or exposure to tuberculosis, constitutional symptoms, febrile course, and anemia were important findings suggesting the diagnosis. Results of tuberculin skin tests were positive in 31 of 34 patients. Chest radiography demonstrated abnormalities in 25 of 38 patients. Cultures showed growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 27 of 39 affected sites, and caseating granulomas were identified in 31 instances. It is concluded that extrapulmonary tuberculosis remains an important infectious disease problem despite the overall decrease in the national incidence of tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

PET FDG studies in oncology.

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of cancer with the glucose analog 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) have emerged as both a useful research and clinical method for detecting (diagnosing), staging, and monitoring treatment responses in a variety of neoplasms, including tumors of the brain, head and neck, lung, breast, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, lymphatic system, musculoskeletal system, and other organ systems. In addition to FDG, many other positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals are under investigation and development in oncology, but the largest set of clinically relevant results to date has been acquired with FDG. Because most aggressive neoplasms have high glycolytic rates, neoplasms throughout the body may potentially be visualized with PET, using both standard transaxial imaging methods and techniques such as whole body PET imaging for surveying the entire body.

Deoxyglucose↗
PubMed2001

Atrial natriuretic factor increases splenic microvascular pressure and fluid extravasation in the rat.

The spleen is an important site of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-induced fluid extravasation into the systemic lymphatic system. The mechanism underlying this process was studied in a blood-perfused (1 ml min(-1)) rat spleen using the double occlusion technique. To ensure that our observations were spleen specific, a similar protocol was repeated in the hindquarters. Rat ANF(1-28), infused into the splenic artery of anaesthetized male rats, caused a dose-dependent (0.3-59 pmol min(-1)) increase in microvascular pressure from 11.3 +/- 0.7 to 14.9 +/- 0.5 mmHg and in post-capillary resistance from 7.2 +/- 0.6 to 10.1 +/- 1.1 mmHg ml(-1). ANF elicited no change in splenic pre-capillary resistance or in hindquarter haemodynamics. Intrasplenic ANF (6.5 pmol min(-1)) caused a sustained increase in intrasplenic fluid efflux from 0.1 +/- 0.1 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 ml min(-1), and in capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.4 +/- 0.6 ml mmHg-1 min-1 (100 g tissue)-1. Mechanical elevation of splenic intravascular pressure (from 11.3 +/- 0.7 to 22.4 +/- 0.2 mmHg) significantly increased intrasplenic fluid extravasation (from 0.4 +/- 0.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.3 ml min(-1)). The natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPRC)-specific agonist C-ANF(4-23) (12.5 and 125 pmol min(-1)) did not alter splenic intravascular pressure or pre-/post-capillary resistance. The ANF antagonist A71915 (8.3 and 83 pmol min-1), which blocks ANF-stimulated cGMP production via natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA), inhibited the ANF-induced changes in splenic microvascular pressure and post-capillary resistance. It is concluded that ANF enhances the extravasation of isoncotic fluid from the splenic vasculature both by raising intrasplenic microvascular pressure (increased post-capillary resistance) and by increasing filtration area. The constrictive activity of ANF on the splenic vasculature is mediated through NPRA.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Nitric oxide increases fluid extravasation from the splenic circulation of the rat.

We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) contributes to intrasplenic fluid extravasation by inducing greater relaxation in splenic resistance arteries than veins such that intrasplenic microvascular pressure (P(C)) rises. Fluid efflux was estimated by measuring the difference between splenic blood inflow and outflow. Intrasplenic infusion of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) (0.3 microg. 10 microl(-1). min(-1)) caused a significant increase in intrasplenic fluid efflux (baseline: 0.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min, n = 10 vs. peak rise during SNAP infusion: 1.3 +/- 0.4 ml/min, n = 10; P < 0.05). Intrasplenic P(C) was measured in the isolated, blood-perfused rat spleen. Intrasplenic infusion of SNAP (0.1 microg. 10 microl(-1). min(-1)) caused a significant increase in P(C) (saline: 10.9 +/- 0.2 mmHg, n = 3 vs. SNAP: 12.2 +/- 0.2 mmHg, n = 3; P < 0.05). Vasoreactivity of preconstricted splenic resistance vessels to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (1 x 10(-12)-1 x 10(-4) M) and SNAP (1 x 10(-10)-3 x 10(-4) M) was investigated with the use of a wire myograph system. Significantly greater relaxation of arterioles than of venules occurred with both SNP (%maximal vasorelaxation: artery 96 +/- 2.3, n = 9 vs. vein 26 +/- 1.9, n = 10) and SNAP (%maximal vasorelaxation: artery 50 +/- 3.5, n = 11 vs. vein 32 +/- 1.7, n = 8). These results are consistent with our proposal that differential vasoreactivity of splenic resistance arteries and veins to NO elevates intrasplenic P(C) and increases fluid extravasation into the systemic lymphatic system.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical studies on oral toxicity of ricin. IV. A fate of orally administered ricin in rats.

After oral administration of ricin in rats, its distribution in the gastrointestinal tract, body fluids and principal organs was determined by an enzyme immunoassay, and the immunoreactive ricin detected was identified by gel filtration followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein blotting and the immunobinding method. When ricin D (10 mg/kg rat) was given orally to a rat, which dose is equivalent to 1/3 LD50, about 75% of the ricin was found in the stomach and small intestine within 2 h, and most of it was transferred to the large intestine after 24 h. It was also demonstrated by an in vitro toxicity test of immunoreactive ricin in the blood and lymph obtained from the intoxicated rats that a part of the ricin was absorbed from the small intestine into the tissues and organs via the circulatory systems (lymphatic and blood vessels) as the active ricin. The participation of the blood vessels was greater in the absorption of ricin from the gastrointestinal tract than that of the lymphatic system. Ricin, after absorption, was detected in liver and spleen and ricin found in the liver was predominantly in the form of intact ricin, although an undetectable amount of ricin in other organs cannot be eliminated. These results infer that a small fraction of orally-given ricin was transferred to the circulating system and was responsible for rat's death as in the case of i.p. administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Functional morphology of the tubotympanum. An overview.

New information concerning the morphology and cell biological aspects of the tubotympanum related to its normal physiology and pathophysiology are reviewed. The tensor veli palatini muscle appears to have two separate insertions, and the possible role of autonomic innervation to the tubotympanum is discussed. Several defense mechanisms are provided in the tubotympanum, such as the mucociliary system, lymphatic system, immune system, and secretory system. The secretory products in the tubotympanum are diverse and complex and serve various important biologic functions. When dysfunction of these elements occurs, the tubotympanum may be subject to otitis media with effusion.

Absorption↗