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PubMed2002

Effect of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid on cell cycle of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (SGC-7901).

AIM: To determine the effect of cis -9, trans -11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA) on the cell cycle of gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901) and its possible mechanism in inhibition cancer growth. METHODS: Using cell culture and immunocytochemical techniques, we examined the cell growth, DNA synthesis, expression of PCNA, cyclin A, B(1), D(1), p16(ink4a) and p21(cip/waf1) of SGC-7901 cells which were treated with various c9, t11-CLA concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 micromol.L(-1))of c 9, t 11-CLA for 24 and 48h, with a negative control (0.1% ethane). RESULTS: The cell growth and DNA synthesis of SGC-7901 cells were inhibited by c9, t11-CLA.SGC-7901 cells. Eight day after treatment with various concentrations of c9, t11-CLA mentioned above, the inhibition rates were 5.92%, 20.15%, 75.61% and 82.44%, respectively and inhibitory effect of c9, t11-CLA on DNA synthesis (except for 25 micromol.L, 24h) showed significantly less (3)H-TdR incorporation than that in the negative controls (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that SGC-7901 cells preincubated in media supplemented with different c9, t11-CLA concentrations at various times significantly decreased the expressions of PCNA (the expression rates were 7.2-3.0%, 24h and 9.1-0.9% at 48h, respectively), Cyclin A (11.0-2.3%, 24h and 8.5-0.5%,48h), B(1) (4.8-1.8% at 24h and 5.5-0.6% at 48h)and D(1) (3.6-1.4% at 24h and 3.7%-0 at 48h) as compared with those in the negative controls(the expressions of PCNA, Cyclin A, B(1) and D(1) were 6.5% at 24h and 9.0% at 48h, 4.2% at 24h and 5.1% at 48h, 9.5% at 24h and 6.0% at 48h,respectively)(P<0.01), whereas the expressions of P16(ink4a) and P21(cip/waf1), cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors(CDKI), were increased. CONCLUSION: The cell growth and proliferation of SGC-7901 cell is inhibited by c9, t11-CLA via blocking the cell cycle, with reduced expressions of cyclin A,B(1) and D(1) and enhanced expressions of CDKI(P16(ink4a) and p21(cip/waf1)).

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid mixture affects the activity of intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in hamsters.

The present study was designed to study the mechanisms by which dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) decrease serum cholesterol. Hamsters were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 1 g cholesterol/kg diet with or without supplementation with 20 g linoleic acid (LA) and 20 g CLA/kg diet. After 8 weeks, serum fasting total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) were significantly lower in the LA-supplemented and CLA-supplemented groups compared with those of the control (CTL) hamsters. In contrast to LA, CLA significantly lowered hepatic cholesterol but it increased the level of adipose tissue cholesterol, suggesting that the hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of CLA is different from that of LA. CLA decreased the activity of intestinal acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) whereas LA had no effect on this enzyme. Consequently, CLA supplementation increased the faecal excretion of total neutral sterols, but it had no or little effect on the faecal acidic sterols. If the ACAT is associated with cholesterol absorption, the part of mechanisms by which CLA decreases serum cholesterol may involve down-regulation of intestinal ACAT activity.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed2006

Beef conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce human cancer cell growth even when associated with other beef fatty acids.

Although many data are available concerning anticarcinogenic effects of industrial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), few studies have reported the antitumour properties of CLA mixtures originating from ruminant products. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antiproliferative effects of beef CLA mixtures on breast, lung, colon, melanoma and ovarian human cancer cell lines. For this purpose, four fatty acid (FA) extracts prepared from beef lipid and varying in their CLA composition, their corresponding purified CLA-enriched fractions, and mixtures of pure synthetic CLA, the composition of which reproduced that of the four selected beef samples, were tested on cancer cell lines. Cancer cells were exposed for 48 h to medium containing 100 microm-FA and their proliferation was determined by quantifying cellular DNA content (Hoechst 33342 dye). Compared with cells incubated without FA, the number of cancer cells was reduced from 25 to 67 % (P<0.0001) following FA treatment. Antiproliferative effects of CLA mixtures varied in magnitude according to the source of FA, the CLA composition and the cell lines. CLA mixtures naturally present in beef inhibited the proliferation of human cancer cell lines, a high content in cis-trans isomers allowing the most important antiproliferative effect. Beef total FA exhibited a greater growth-inhibitory activity than their corresponding CLA-enriched fractions. These results suggested that either beef FA other than beef CLA could possess antiproliferative properties and/or the existence of complementary effects of non-conjugated FA and CLA, which could favour the antiproliferative properties of beef total FA.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Enhanced solubilization and intestinal absorption of cholesterol by oxidized linoleic acid.

Solubilization of cholesterol in the intestinal lumen by bile acids and the subsequent formation of mixed micelles is an important step in the absorption of cholesterol. We propose that oxidized fatty acids (ox-FA) may mimic bile acids and form mixed micelles with cholesterol much more efficiently, as compared with unoxidized fatty acids, thereby increasing there absorption. In an in vitro assay at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mM, oxidized linoleic acid (ox-18:2) increased the solubilization of cholesterol (3.06, 8.16, and 15.46 nmol/ml) in a dose dependent manner compared with a 10 mM unoxidized linoleic acid (unox-18:2 at 0.97 nmol/ml). The uptake of cholesterol solubilized in the presence of ox-18:2 by Caco-2 cells and everted rat intestinal sacs was greater (1.78 and 1.95 nmol/ml respectively) as compared with the cholesterol solubilized in the presence of unox-18:2 (0.29 and 0.61 nmol/ml; P = 0.05). In addition, when LDL receptor deficient mice were fed a high fat diet along with ox-18:2 their plasma cholesterol levels were greater than animals fed the high fat diet alone (1290 mg/dl vs. 1549 mg/dl, P = 0.013). From these results, we suggest that ox-FA, by enhancing the solubilization of luminal cholesterol, increases the uptake of cholesterol that might lead to hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives (CLA) of linoleic acid on the growth of human tumor cell lines is in part due to increased lipid peroxidation.

We have examined the effects of linoleic acid, LA (18:2 n-6) and its naturally occurring conjugated derivatives (CLA) on the growth of three different lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A-427, SK-LU-1, A549) and one human glioblastoma cell line (A-172). CLA exerted a dose dependent reduction in proliferation of the lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with A-427 being the most sensitive one, but had virtually no effect on A-172. In contrast, LA had no inhibitory effect on either cell line. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation (measured as formation of malondialdehyde, MDA) was observed after exposure of the lung adenocarcinoma cell lines to 40 microM CLA. This level was approximately 2-fold higher than after exposure to 40 microM LA. The formation of MDA was completely abolished by 30 microM vitamin E, but the growth rates were only partially restored, indicating that cytotoxic lipid peroxidation products are only in part responsible for the growth inhibitory effects of CLA.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1996

In vitro effects of eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in the presence of linoleic acid on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.

We investigated the effects of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors in the presence of linoleic acid (LA), as well as the direct effects of prostaglandin E (PGE) and leukotriene B (LTB) on a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) in vitro. Piroxicam, esculetin, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) suppressed cell growth and thymidine incorporation. However, a low concentration (1 microgram/ml) of indomethacin (INDO) stimulated cell growth and thymidine incorporation, while a high concentration of INDO (30 micrograms/ml) inhibited both. Esculetin and NDGA reduced the secretion of LTB, whereas piroxicam reduced the secretion of PGE. INDO reduced the secretion of PGE, but a low concentration of INDO increased the secretion of LTB. Consequently, cell growth was correlated with the PGE and/or LTB concentrations when the cells were treated with these cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase inhibitors. On the other hand, exogenous PGE2 partially reversed the inhibition of thymidine incorporation caused by INDO, whereas LTB4 exerted a similar effect in the case of esculetin or NDGA. The reversibility of the piroxicam effect with PGE2 is not convincing. Therefore, it is suggested that the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro is affected by both the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products, probably the other eicosanoids rather than PGE2 and LTB4.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of conjugated linoleic acids as 9-anthrylmethyl esters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A simple and highly sensitive method for determining the fatty acid composition of food lipids containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is described. The method is based on the separation of the 9-anthrylmethyl ester derivatives of saturated and unsaturated (conjugated and non-conjugated) fatty acids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Just like the other fatty acids, CLA reacts readily with 9-anthryldiazomethane at room temperature to produce 9-anthrylmethyl esters without isomerization and decomposition of the conjugated double bonds. Clear resolution of the individual fatty acids as their 9-anthrylmethyl esters is achieved on a highly efficient octadecylsilylated silica column (150- x 3-mm i.d., 3-microm particle size) using a stepwise gradient elution with methanol-water. The method is standardized with commercially available CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12-octadecadienoic acids, and their cis,cis and trans,trans isomers) and applied for determination of the fatty acid compositions of milk and sdairy products.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The linoleic acid metabolite 9DS-hydroxy-10,12(E,Z)-octadecadienoic acid is a strong proinflammatory mediator in an experimental wound healing model of the rat.

Locally administered 9Ds-hydroxy-10,12(E,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) caused a drastic inflammatory response in the experimental model of granulation tissue formation of the rat according to RUDAS (Arzneimittelforsch. 10,226-229, 1960). Three days after implantation of the polyvinyl chloride rings the granulation tissue became inhomogeneous with proliferation islets surrounded by edematous regions containing a diminished number of cells. The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and of macrophages was greatly enhanced in the whole tissue, whereas the number of lymphocytes was reduced. After seven days the whole granulation tissue was loosened, and its mass was twice as high as in the control animals. The number of fibroblasts per area unit and the hydroxyproline content were diminished. Linoleic acid and 13Ls-hydroxy-9,11(Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) caused also some changes in the formation of granulation tissue, but in a different manner, in particular, without accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, indicating the specificity of the effect of 9-HODE. The recruitment of leukocytes was not due to a direct chemotactic action of 9-HODE as shown in an agarose diffusion test comparing the effects of 9-HODE and leukotriene B4. The possible biological importance of the proinflammatory effect of 9-HODE is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Linoleic acid enhances mitogen response and survival of septic weanling rats.

Immunologic responses to various dietary fats and concentrations remain controversial. The authors examined the effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the immune system of weanling rats. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed special liquid diets based on a standard enteral formula: (I) control: 2.2% calories as safflower oil (linoleic acid), (II) omega-3: 2.2% calories as safflower oil and 30% calories as cod liver oil (linolenic acid), and (III) omega-6: 32.2% calories as safflower oil. Body weight and caloric intake were measured daily. Rats were fed special diets for 18 days, at which time they were subjected to either septic challenge with 2 x 10(3) colony forming units of Streptococcus pneumoniae (eight rats per diet group) or killed and a splenocyte mitogen assay performed (four rats per diet group). Supplementation with omega-6 resulted in prolonged survival after bacterial challenge (control, 30.5 +/- 0.5 hours; omega-3, 31.6 +/- 0.5; not significant; omega-6, 39.8 +/- 5.0; P < .05). A significant difference in mitogenic stimulation was seen with omega-3 and omega-6 in response to PHA (control, 10,856 +/- 3,342; omega-3, 14,605 +/- 3,042; P < .05; omega-6, 35,737 +/- 7,596; P < .05) and with omega-6 only in response to LPS (control, 3,543 +/- 1,083; omega-3, 8,777 +/- 1,269; omega-6, 10,101 +/- 3,008). Previous studies have suggested that diets high in omega-6 PUFA are immunosuppressive because of an increase in the production of the dienoic prostaglandins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Gene expression of resistin and the effect of conjugated linoleic acid on its expression of obese rat fed with high fat diet].

OBJECTIVE: To study the gene expression of the resistin and the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on its expression in white adipose tissue of obese rats fed with high fat diet during the formation of insulin resistance. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly separated in control group, high-fat group and high fat + conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) group (0.75 g, 1.50 g, 3.00 g per 100 g diet weight), using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique to measure the expression level of resistin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) mRNA expression. RESULTS: the serum insulin and glucose levels of obese rats were (11.11 +/- 2.73) mIU/L, (5.09 +/- 0.66) mmol/L, and supplement of CLA might decrease hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, in CLA group (0.75 g, 1.50 g, 3.00 g per 100 g diet weight) the serum insulin levels were (6.99 +/- 1.77) mIU/L, (7.36 +/- 1.48) mIU/L, (7.85 +/- 1.60) mIU/L, and glucose levels were (4.28 +/- 0.72) mmol/L, (4.18 +/- 0.55) mmol/L, (4.06 +/- 0.63) mmol/L. The expression of resistin in adipose tissue of obese rat fed with high fat diet was increased as compared with those fed with basic diet. CLA might increase the expression of resistin and PPARgamma in adipose tissue of obese rat. CONCLUSION: The expression of resistin mRNA of obese rat fed with high fat diet was higher than those fed with basic diet, and CLA might improve the insulin resistance in obese rats and possibly upregulate the expression of resistin through activing PPARgamma.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Linoleic acid hydroperoxide concentration in relation to mutagenicity of repeatedly used deep-frying fats.

A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was developed to measure linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LAHPO) in 19 used, deep-frying fat samples that were screened for mutagenicity. The detection limit of the method was found to be 10 nmol of LAHPO/g of fat. In eight samples, LAHPO were not detected; levels in the other samples ranged from 17 to 267 nmol/g of fat. LAHPO were not detectable in unused hydrogenated frying fat samples. Concentrations of LAHPO correlated positively with mutagenicity to Salmonella tester strains TA97 and TA100, in presence of S9 mix only; coefficients of correlation were, respectively, r=0.48 (p less than 0.05) and r=0.24 (n.s.). Without metabolic activation no significant associations or secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid generated in presence of liver S9 mix may contribute to mutagenicity of some of the used deep-frying fat samples.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1984

Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism in human peripheral blood leucocytes: comparison with the rat.

Peripheral blood leucocytes from human male volunteers and from male rats were incubated in vitro in the presence of 14C-labelled linoleic acid [( 14C]LA) or 3H-labelled arachidonic acid [( 3H]AA). The time-course of [14C]LA and [3H]AA incorporation into human leucocyte total lipids was maximal at 80-90% of the initial dose within 20-30 min of dosing the cells. Compared with mixed leucocytes, isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes were only marginally different in the differential incorporation of [14C]LA and [3H]AA into total lipids. In human leucocytes, [14C]LA was incorporated initially into triglycerides but predominantly into phosphatidylcholine thereafter. In the rat, [14C]LA remained as the free acid (63%), with lesser amounts entering the phospholipids (9%), monoglycerides-diglycerides (12%) and triglycerides (less than 1%). Utilization of [14C]LA by the delta 6-desaturase was only a minor route of its metabolism in both human and rat leucocytes. 3H-labelled prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha accounted for up to 30% of the radioactivity released into the incubation medium from human leucocytes incubated with [3H]AA for 60 min. Stimulation of phagocytosis in the human leucocytes with latex beads or with unopsonized zymosan did not alter the differential incorporation of [14C]LA or [3H]AA into the leucocyte lipid fractions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Monoepoxide production from linoleic acid by cytochrome c in the presence of cardiolipin.

We found that cytochrome c (Cyt c) could oxidize cardiolipin (CL), and detected monoepoxides of linoleic acid (LA) in the fatty acids constituting the oxidized CL. We also found that in the presence of CL and Cyt c, free LA was oxidized and LA monoepoxides were produced. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of this lipid peroxidation. We concluded that ferric Cyt c produced some radical species from water-soluble oxygen in the presence of CL (CL-Cyt c system) and that radicals oxidized free LA or CL. The CL-Cyt c system may be another LA monoepoxide producing system in the neutrophil and may account for the lipid peroxidation observed in the ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury.

Cardiolipins↗
PubMed2000

Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is anticarcinogenic in experimental animal studies. We studied dietary and serum CLA in Finnish patients with breast cancer in 1992-1995. Participants were consecutive women with breast cancer (68 premenopausal and 127 postmenopausal) and population-based control women (75 premenopausal and 133 postmenopausal), matched for age and area of residence. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and the fatty acid composition of serum by gas-liquid chromatography. In postmenopausal women, dietary CLA, serum CLA, myristic acid, and trans-vaccenic acid were significantly lower in cases than in controls. The odds ratio for breast cancer in the highest quintile vs. the lowest was 0.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.9]for CLA, 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for myristic acid, and 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for trans-vaccenic acid in serum. The odds ratios remained similar after adjustment for known risk factors of breast cancer. A diet composed of CLA-rich foods, particularly cheese, may protect against breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but it is impossible to assess the independent effects of CLA in this study. The findings may be of relevance for food production, inasmuch as it is possible to increase CLA and its precursor trans-vaccenic acid in foods by modifying the feeding of ruminants.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Absorption and incorporation into tissue lipids of 3H-arachidonic- and 14C-linoleic acid: effects of ethanol in jejunal tissue cultures and in vivo.

The effects of ethanol in the rat on the absorption and incorporation of 3H-arachidonic (20: 4, n-6) and 14C-linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) into tissue lipids was examined in jejunal tissue cultures in vivo. The pattern of incorporation earlier seen in the small intestine in vivo, ie. a preferential incorporation of 3H-20: 4 in comparison to 14C-18: 2 into phospholipids (PL), particularly phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) was seen in the jejunal tissue cultures. 10 mM ethanol slightly decreased the incorporation of 3H-20: 4 into PE and PI, but did not change the partitioning of labelled fatty acids into phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TG). Ethanol (100 mM) decreased the incorporation of both 3H and 14C into both PL and TG and caused a moderate increase in the TG/PL radioactivity ratio. Rats were also infused intraduodenally with either 10% ethanol or saline and given 3H-20: 4 and 14C-18: 2 in Intralipid. Radioactivity of tissue lipids were analysed after 1, 2 and 3 h. Ethanol did not significantly influence the absorption or the retention in small intestine, liver or heart of 3H or 14C, or the time course for the 3H- and 14C lipid radioactivity in serum. The distribution of 3H and 14C between total nonpolar lipids and individual PLs was also similar in the two groups, 3H-20: 4 thus exhibiting the same preferential incorporation into PLs, compared to 14C-18: 2, in both groups. Significant amounts of 3H and 14C appeared in phosphatidylethanol (PEth) of the small intestine, heart and liver, when the tissues from the ethanol-infused animals were stored frozen before extraction. When the tissues were extracted immediately after the experiment, the proportions of 3H and 14C migrating as PEth did not exceed 0.5%. Although sufficient amounts of ethanol and the phospholipase D activity necessary for PEth formation were thus present in the tissues examined, little PEth formation thus occurred during the ethanol infusion. In the ethanol treated group about 1% of the 3H and 14C radioactivity of the small intestine was in ethyl ester. Intraduodenal infusion of 10% ethanol in vivo thus has little acute effects on the metabolism of absorbed 18: 2 and 20: 4 in the intestinal mucosal cells. Formation of some ethyl ester occurs, however.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice.

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition were investigated. ICR mice were fed a control diet containing 5.5% corn oil or a CLA-supplemented diet (5.0% corn oil plus 0.5% CLA). Mice fed CLA-supplemented diet exhibited 57% and 60% lower body fat and 5% and 14% increased lean body mass relative to controls (P < 0.05). Total carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased by dietary CLA supplementation in both fat pad and skeletal muscle; the differences were significant for fat pad of fed mice and skeletal muscle of fasted mice. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes CLA treatment (1 x 10(-4)M) significantly reduced heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity (-66%) and the intracellular concentrations of triacylglyceride (-8%) and glycerol (-15%), but significantly increased free glycerol in the culture medium (+22%) compared to control (P < 0.05). The effects of CLA on body composition appear to be due in part to reduced fat deposition and increased lipolysis in adipocytes, possibly coupled with enhanced fatty acid oxidation in both muscle cells and adipocytes.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2006

Isomer-specific effect of conjugated linoleic acid on inflammatory adipokines associated with fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the isomer-specific effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammatory markers associated with fat accumulation in cultures of differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10c12 CLA) reduced leptin secretion and fat accumulation. Linoleic acid (LA) and cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9t11 CLA) increased them, but not significantly. t10c12 CLA and LA showed similar effects on mRNA expression of inflammatory markers. t10c12 CLA and LA tended to up-regulate the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 (not significantly), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with no significant change in the secretion of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine. However, c9t11 CLA induced no significant change in the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha, or CRP, but significantly increased adiponectin secretion. In conclusion, CLA exerted isomer-specific effects on fat accumulation and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. t10c12 CLA up-regulated inflammatory markers in spite of the decreased fat accumulation, and TNF-alpha might be one of the causal factors.

3T3-L1 Cells↗
PubMed1981

Cholesterol esters of rat hearts of linoleic acid fed rats stimulate prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) synthetase activity.

Rats fed a diet rich or poor in linoleic acid (LA) for 25 weeks were used for investigation into whether the cholesterol ester (CE) of rate hearts influences the conversion of PGH2 to PGI2 by the microsomal fraction of pig aorta. The CE of rats fed the LA rich diet increased PGI2 synthesis after 4 weeks and even more after 25 weeks, whereas CE from rats fed the LA poor diet decreased PGI2 synthetase activity.

Animals↗