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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Fractional inhibitory concentration index of combinations of antibacterial agents against cariogenic organisms.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the inhibitory effects between paired combinations of four antibacterial agents that have been investigated in dentistry against six bacteria associated with dentinal caries. METHODS: The antibacterial agents tested were: chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide and cetylpyridinium chloride. Two organisms each belonging to Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces species were evaluated against these agents. A checkerboard microtitration method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and fractionary inhibitory concentration (FIC) and summation operator FIC index of the paired combinations of antibacterial agents against the six species of bacteria. Appropriate controls were included. The summation operator FIC index was then used to determine if synergy, antagonism, or indifference occurred as a result of interactions between the antibacterial agents and the test organisms. RESULTS: The data from a total of 295 test results were evaluated. Using summation operator FIC values for synergy as < or = 0.5 and antagonism as > 4.0 as recommended by The American Society for Microbiology, no significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions were observed between the paired antibacterial agents when tested against selected organisms. However, a tendency for an additive antibacterial effect was observed with approximately a third of the test results. Nonetheless, no combination of antibacterial agents appeared to be superior to any other. CONCLUSIONS: According to these in vitro results, there appears to be no beneficial effect of combining the antibacterial agents against the individual cariogenic micro-organisms selected. However, it may be beneficial to use combined antibacterial agents that have a broader range of activity against an ecosystem of bacteria than using individual agents.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Optimization of a formulation containing viable lactic acid bacteria.

In the present study, gastric juice resistant tablet formulations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were developed, using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as well as alginates, apple pectin and Metolose as matrix forming components. To optimize the formulation-using survival rate in acid medium, and disintegration time in intestinal fluid as test parameters-tablets were modified with respect to LAB content, amount of applied excipients per tablet, and compaction forces. A decrease of viable cells of not more than one log unit after 2h of incubation in acid medium was desired, as well as a disintegration time of 1h in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. It was found that the amount of HPMCAS in the tablet correlates with gastric juice resistance. As HPMCAS also leads to a decrease of disintegration time in intestinal fluid, slight amounts of this excipient were preferred. The best protective qualities against artificial gastric juice were observed when tablets were prepared from compaction mixtures of LAB, HPMCAS and sodium alginate.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2001

Biotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diarrhea.

Biotherapeutic agents offer unique advantages over traditional treatments for infectious diarrhea, and several have been shown to be effective (Table 4). These therapeutic microbial agents are most effective in types of infectious diseases that are associated with a disruption of the normal intestinal microecology (e.g., AAD, C. difficile disease). The impact of biotherapeutic agents on rotaviral diarrhea is of special clinical importance because this is the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea, and there is no defined treatment. Strong efforts need to be made to limit antibiotic exposure in children. Biotherapeutic agents offer a safe and effective nonantibiotic method of treating this important pathogen, especially after the withdrawal of a rotaviral vaccine from the market by the FDA. However, for many biotherapeutic agents, well-done, placebo-controlled trials still are lacking, and not all types of infectious diarrhea respond to these agents. Continued research in this innovative therapeutic area is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Time for probiotics.

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Female Urogenital Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Immunoregulatory peptides in bovine milk.

Bovine milk is known to contain a number of peptide fractions that can affect immune function. The vast majority of immunoregulatory peptides that have been characterised are hydrolysate derivatives of major milk proteins. Recent research has also indicated that the metabolic activity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria can generate de novo immunoregulatory peptides from milk, via enzymatic degradation of parent milk protein molecules. In contrast, relatively little is known of endogenous, preformed immunoregulatory peptides in milk that may be relevant to modulating human health. The natural in vivo role of preformed and enzymatically derived peptides is likely to be one of regulation of the neonatal (bovine) gastrointestinal tract immune system, in order to modulate immune function with respect to the development of immunocompetence and avoidance of undesirable immunological responses (e.g. tolerance, and hypersensitivity to nutrients). There is scope for the further characterisation of both the origin and function of milk-derived immunoregulatory peptides, so that their potential to influence human health can be fully appraised. This review highlights our current knowledge of milk-derived immunoregulatory peptides, and outlines areas that are of relevance for further research.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Determination of cell viability in single or mixed samples using capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence microfluidic systems.

The advent of high-efficiency microbial separations will have a profound effect on both chemistry and microbiology. For the first time, it appears that it may be possible to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on microbial systems with the accuracy, precision, speed, and throughput that currently is found for chemical systems. Recently it was suggested that an analytical separations-based approach for determining the viability of cells would be advantageous. The feasibility of such an approach is demonstrated using CE-LIF of two bacteria and yeast. The analytical procedures and figures of merit are outlined. High-throughput analyses and evaluation of microorganisms now appear to be possible.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed2004

Antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics against selected bacteria of the Enterobaceriacae family in the presence of polyols and their galactosyl derivatives.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria were grown on erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol or lactitol and produced various derivatives: gal-erythritol, gal-xylitol, and gal-sorbitol as prebiotics. Galactosyl derivatives of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol were metabolised by Lactobacillus spp. This resulted in their antagonistic activity against the test microflora. No activity was observed in the presence of xylitol and erythritol. Gal-sorbitol obtained by enzymatic transglycosylation from lactose had the same abilities of inducing the antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria that lactitol had.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2005

GI genomes.

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Gastrointestinal Tract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by clostridia isolated from a munition-fed bioreactor: comparison with non-adapted bacteria.

Several bacterial strains were examined for their ability to degrade the nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The strains examined included various clostridial strains isolated from a 4-year-old munition enrichment, related clostridial strains obtained from a culture collection, two enteric bacteria, and three lactobacilli. All Clostridium species tested were able to reduce TNT rapidly in a complex medium. In cell suspension experiments, these strains were also able to reduce 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (DANT) to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) and to produce a compound that is not yet identified; thus, they could not be distinguished from one another with regard to the pathway of transformation. The enteric strains and the lactobacilli were able to perform the initial reduction of TNT, but none was capable of reducing DANT in cell suspensions.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillus amylovorus mutant depleted in conjugated bile salt hydrolase activity: relation between activity and bile salt resistance.

Growth experiments were conducted on Lactobacillus amylovorus DN-112 053 in batch culture, with or without pH regulation. Conjugated bile salt hydrolase (CBSH) activity was examined as a function of culture growth. The CBSH activity increased during growth but its course depended on bile salts type and culture conditions. A Lact. amylovorus mutant was isolated from the wild-type strain of Lact. amylovorus DN-112 053 after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. An agar plate assay was used to detect mutants without CBSH activity. In resting cell experiments, the strain showed reduced activity. Differences between growth parameters determined for wild-type and mutant strains were not detected. Comparative native gel electrophoresis followed by CBSH activity staining demonstrated the loss of proteins harbouring this activity in the mutant. Four protein bands corresponding to CBSH were observed in the wild-type strain but only one was detected in the mutant. The specific growth rate of the mutant strain was affected more by bile salts than the wild-type strain. Nevertheless, bile was more toxic for the wild-type strain. In viability studies in the presence of nutrients, it was demonstrated that glycodeoxycholic acid exerted a higher toxicity than taurodeoxycholic acid in a pH-dependent manner. No difference was apparent between the two strains. In the absence of nutrients, the wild-type strain died after 2 h whereas no effect was observed for the mutant. The de-energization experiments performed using the ionophores nigericin and valinomycin suggested that the chemical potential of protons (ZDeltapH) was involved in Lactobacillus bile salt resistance.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2000

Quantification of micro-organisms in binary mixed populations by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for the first time to determine the ratios of different microorganisms in mixtures. Exemplarily, systems composed of two food-associated yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Hanseniaspora uvarum) and two yoghurt lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus/Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus) were investigated. Determination of the cell number ratio in the lactic acid bacteria system was possible with a minimal prediction accuracy of +/- 16 ratio percentage points while the minimum accuracy of prediction in the yeast two-component system was +/- 4% (both at a 95% confidence level). These results show that FT-IR spectroscopy is potentially a rapid method for the quantification of cell ratios in mixtures of two different microorganisms, provided that the cell ratio does not drop below a certain, system-specific threshold.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

[Clinical experience using solco trichovac in the treatment of trichomonad infections in women].

A lactobacillus vaccine was administered to 102 women with vaginal trichomonad infections. In about half of these patients a local trichomonacidal treatment using Nitroimidazol derivatives was also carried out. After completion of the primary course of treatment 84% of the women were free of symptoms and no trichomonads could be demonstrated; within one year this figure had risen to 96%. Reinfections after completion of the primary course of treatment and after booster vaccination occurred in only 4-5% of the cases. The bacterial status of the vagina as described by Jirovec and Peter improved markedly, the degree of improvement being related to the number of vaccine treatments performed. After only one vaccination an improvement from Grace V (= trichomoniasis) to Grade I or II was seen in 64% of the patients. Six months after the primary course of treatment the vaginal status of 82% of the women was rated Grade I or II, and six months after the booster vaccination given after one year the corresponding figure was 80%. The lactobacillus vaccine treatment described represents a promising development in the therapy of trichomonad and bacterial infections in women.

Adult↗