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PubMed2002

Justice and organizational citizenship behavior intentions: fair rewards versus fair treatment.

In a sample of 114 employees from various industries, organizations, and positions, the likelihood of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) increased when employee perceptions of fair treatment by supervisors became more positive. Perceptions of fair rewards and fair formal procedures were not predictors of OCB intentions. After the authors controlled for established patterns of OCB and demographic characteristics, interactional justice perceptions were significantly related to the intention of performing specific organizationally beneficial activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of stochastic modelling of the intakes of intentionally added flavouring substances with theoretical added maximum daily intakes (TAMDI) and maximized survey-derived daily intakes (MSDI).

Estimates of exposure to intentionally added flavouring substances based on two indirect methods, namely the theoretical added maximum daily intake (TAMDI) and maximized survey-derived daily intake (MSDI), were compared with exposure estimates based on a flavourings stochastic model (FSM). Twelve flavouring substances were chosen to reflect broadly the large number of flavouring substances currently used in Europe. Over 40,000 flavour formulae used at known levels of incorporation in 31 different categories of food and beverages were examined to provide maximum concentrations, distributions of concentrations and an indication of the probability of encountering each substance in a flavoured food or beverage in any category. Food consumption data were based on the intakes of males, aged 16-24 years, according to the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults (1988). The percentage of flavoured brands within food groups was estimated using the Irish National Food Ingredient Database. For all 12 flavouring substances, the estimates of TAMDI were > 97.5th percentile of the FSM, sometimes by > 3 orders of magnitude. With the exception of 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine, the 97.5th percentile of the FSM was less than the MSDI estimate. The probability of the FSM estimates exceeding the TAMDI ranged from < 0.0001 to 0.0037 for the 12 substances, while the probability of exceeding the MSDI estimates ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0753. The study supports the findings of a recent publication using detailed dietary analysis of US data that also indicated that the MSDI appeared, within the limits of the studies, to be a practical and conservative method for assessing exposure to intentionally added flavouring substances.

Diet↗
PubMed1998

Vim thalamotomy for the relief of the intention tremor of multiple sclerosis.

We have reviewed the outcome of patients who have undergone thalamotomy for the intention tremor of multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty-four patients underwent 29 procedures between 1988 and 1995. These patients were assessed for the degree of disability due to MS and for the impairment of arm function due to the tremor. Preoperative, postoperative and last follow-up score (mean 2.2 years) were determined for arm function following thalamotomy. Patient satisfaction, where expressed, was recorded. Twenty-three procedures (79%) resulted in immediate improvement in arm function. Thirteen complications were recorded. Postoperative fatigue was demonstrated after seven procedures. Sustained benefit was seen after 18 procedures (62%). Out of 23 patients whose opinions are recorded four were enthusiastic and 10 satisfied with the outcome. We conclude that, despite severe disability, a majority of patients with intention tremor of MS may still benefit from thalamotomy and are satisfied with the results.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Understanding physical activity intention in Canadian school children and youth: an application of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting physical activity intention in a nationwide sample of Canadian children and youth. The study sample consisted of participants from Grades 3, 5, 8, and 11 from schools across Canada. School participation was determined by means of a randomly stratified sample design. Results show that the direct measures of the theory of planned behavior explained 47% of the variability in the measure of physical activity intention. In addition, notable differences in the relative contributions of the predictor variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were found across grade and grade-by-gender subgroups. The present study provides evidence that in a population of children and youth the determinants display a pattern of change developmentally.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adult age differences in recall of a moral dilemma under intentional, incidental and dual task instructions.

Age changes in memory discourse were examined under conditions where participants were asked to listen to a passage about a moral dilemma: (a) for later recall of main ideas and details (Intentional Recall); (b) to propose solutions for it (Incidental Recall), or (c) to do both (Dual Task). Sixty young (19-32 years) and 60 old (60-76 years) adults participated, 20 of each age in each condition. Older adults gave fewer verbatim responses but more inferences, elaborations and overgeneralizations, an outcome which contrasted with earlier findings that older adults cannot process implied meanings. Verbatim recall was lower with Dual Task than with Intentional Recall instructions, suggesting that doing two tasks required more processing capacity, but there were no age x condition interactions with any measure. The results were discussed in relation to possible age decrements in processing capacity and possible age differences in interpreting the recall instructions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Variations among nurses in behavioral intentions toward the dying.

The purposes of this study were to describe nurses' behavioral intentions toward the dying and to determine if they were related to selected characteristics of nurses caring for the dying. A questionnaire containing behavioral intention items and a characteristics profile was completed by 372 registered nurses working in a variety of settings in one midwestern state. Analyses of the data suggested that although nurses were very likely to provide general nursing care and to communicate openly with the dying, they were not likely to provide continuing care for bereaved family members. Major implications of the study were that the continuing care needs of bereaved family members are not being met by nurses in traditional health care settings, and that different groups of nurses have different approaches to care of the dying as well as different learning needs.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Intentional unsafe sex (barebacking) among HIV-positive gay men who seek sexual partners on the internet.

While unsafe sex has been reported throughout the HIV epidemic, the underlying assumption has been that most persons do not seek to purposely ham unprotected sex. Within the gay community, the term 'barebacking' has emerged to refer to intentional unsafe anal sex. The prevalence of barebacking is evidenced among gay men, particularly those who are HIV-positive, by the number of internet sites devoted to barebacking and the number of men seeking sexual partners through the use of the internet. To gain insight into barebacking, a sample of 112 HIV-positive gay men were recruited from internet sites where men seek to meet each other for sex. The major it of participants (84%)reported engaging in barebacking in the past three months, and 43% of the men reported recent bareback sex with a partner of unknown serostatus. These results indicate the potential for widespread transmission of HIV to uninfected men by the partners they meet on the internet. Analyses revealed that men who reported bareback sex only with HIV-positive partners scored lower in sexual adventurism than those who had bareback sex regardless of partner serostatus. A significant correlation was observed between defining masculinity as sexual prowess and intentional unprotected anal sex. There are serious implications for HIV prevention efforts, in that internet-based education should be a priority in order to reach men who rely on this mechanism to find sexual partners.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Intentions to use condoms in Rwandan secondary school students.

A survey was conducted among 474 (213 female and 261 male) students (mean age 21 years) in three secondary schools in rural Rwanda in order to evaluate their attitudes towards condoms. Male students and those with sexual experience had more favourable attitudes towards condom utilisation than female students and those without prior sexual contacts. Of the 44% with reported sexual experience, reported age at first encounter was lower in boys (16.8 years) than in girls (18.3 years; p=0.03); 73 students (36%) reported regular use of condoms. Having more than one sexual partner was reported by 42 (9%), of whom 20 (48%) claimed regularly using a condom. Intention to use condoms was reported by 77% of the male and 53% of the female students (p=0.001). In addition, those with prior use of condoms and those having multiple partners were more likely to report future use intentions than others. Future campaigns in Rwanda should therefore focus on sensitising adolescents to a more positive attitude towards condoms and include modules to reduce condom misconceptions and stigma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

"I plan to have the HIV test"--predictors of testing intention in women attending a London antenatal clinic.

In order to identify which factors predict a parturient womans intention to take up voluntary HIV testing in the antenatal clinic, 318 women were surveyed by anonymous self-completion questionnaire. The strongest predictors of intention to be tested were the perceived benefit of the test to the woman herself, her partner, and the midwife, perceived risk of HIV infection, younger age and being single and having a poor knowledge of the sexual routes of HIV transmission. Health education strategies should therefore concentrate on: (a) increasing the parturient woman's knowledge of HIV transmission which will increase accuracy of perception of risk; and (b) stressing the potential benefits of HIV testing to all antenatal attenders, particularly to those who are older and in long term relationships.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1996

Nurses' intentions to provide home care: the impact of AIDS and homosexuality.

The purpose of this experimental study was to identify key factors influencing the intention of nurses (n = 102) to provide care at home to AIDS or leukaemia patients, homosexual or heterosexual. Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour with the addition of personal normative belief borrowed from Triandis's theory defined the theoretical framework. Homophobia and social desirability were also assessed as control variables. All nurses completed a self-administered and anonymous questionnaire after reading one of the four randomly-assigned vignettes that described the context of care. Sexual orientation of the patient influenced the personal normative belief (p < 0.05), and type of disease affected significantly perceived subjective social norm (p < 0.05). The regression of intention on all variables yielded an adjusted R2 of 0.48 (p < 0.0001), with perceived behavioural control, personal normative belief, attitude and homophobia being the significant predictors. In conclusion, nurses need to be better informed, better prepared and have better skills in order to provide appropriate care to homosexual AIDS patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Personality characteristics and intention to self-harm: a study of eating disordered patients.

The purpose of this study was to examine certain psychological and behavioral differences between anorexic (AN) and bulimic (BN) patients (n = 78 and 75, respectively) who either had or had not reported an urge to self-harm. The debate concerning whether self-injurious behaviors are more appropriately viewed as obsessive-compulsive behaviors or more closely connected to impulse control disorders like alcohol and drug addiction gave rise to the questions examined in this study. We found no frequency differences between the two patient groups in intention to self-harm. We also found that obsessive-compulsive symptoms and addictive personality characteristics were greater in those with an urge to self-harm. These findings support the view that impulsivity and compulsivity are independent dimensions that can both co-exist in the same individual, and that both are more prominent in those with an intention to self-harm.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Inductive reasoning and the understanding of intention in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The study explored the relationship between the understanding of intention in veiled speech acts and the ability to reason inductively. METHODS: A total of 39 people with DSM-IV-defined schizophrenia with no behavioural signs and 44 healthy participants performed the Hinting Task, a measure of pragmatic language in which the speaker's intention must be inferred, and a measure of inductive reasoning (Aha! Sentences) in which the meaning of ambiguous nonsocial sentences had to be inferred. The participants also completed measures of general intellectual ability, immediate memory for narrative and social problem-solving ability. RESULTS: A substantial correlation was found between performance on the inductive reasoning task and the Hinting Task in the sample of people with schizophrenia. The same relationship was not seen in the normal control sample. The robust relationship between these two measures in this sample survived when the roles of immediate memory for narrative and intellectual ability were controlled for. Furthermore, the relationship was distinctly more compelling for the patients who were currently ill compared to those in remission. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that people with schizophrenia use a different strategy to infer the meaning behind pragmatic language than that used by normally functioning adults. It is suggested that a reliance on different, possibly less specialised, skills in this group to perform this simple social inference task underlies their deficient performance on this and other measures of social inference. The fact that the relationship between the tasks in patients in remission is not as robust implies that the use of specialised skills to perform social inference tasks may be compromised most significantly during acute phases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Autonoetic awareness, executive social skills, and the appreciation of intention: figurative reasoning in amnesia, confabulation, and schizophrenia.

UNLABELLED: This paper presents a cognitive neuropsychological model of the appreciation of unfamiliar abstract speech. The model elaborates upon the proposals of Bottini et al. (1994) by suggesting that we come to appreciate unfamiliar metaphorical speech in the autonoetically aware state. The specific executive skills of (1) an "as if" processor (2) a shared relevance seeker and monitor are harnessed to retrieval of information from personal long-term memory or imagination. The same cognitive system is assumed to handle other forms of indirect speech which need disambiguation as well as situations in which the intention or belief state of another has to be inferred. Predictions concerning the behavioural consequences of malfunctions occurring at different stages within the system are set out. METHOD: To illustrate the behavioural consequences of differential system dysfunction, data collected from four case studies are presented. Each case performed two tasks. These entailed the appreciation of true/false functional sentences and unfamiliar metaphors. The sentences both required the need to reason analogically and were matched for syntactic complexity and number of words. RESULTS: Clear similarities were seen in the performance of the new metaphors test between a patient with Korsakoff syndrome and consequent amnesia and one with negative feature schizophrenia. The same test also highlights similar processing deficits in a case of Korsakoff syndrome with amnesia and confabulation and a schizophrenic patient with formal thought disorder. By proposing different loci for system malfunctions within and across diagnoses the characteristic clinical and/or cognitive features of the illnesses or syndromes are addressed. The importance of recognising the implications of specific cognitive dysfunctions across diagnoses for understanding the cognitive profiles of individual cases and the clinical aspects of the illness/syndrome is stressed. Finally, the utility of the model for explaining how we process other situations that require an appreciation of others' intentions, thoughts, and beliefs is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Systematic medical data collection of intentional injuries during armed conflicts: a pilot study conducted in West Bank, Palestine.

AIMS: A study was undertaken on implementing medical data collection as a tool to assess the relative number and character of intentional injuries before and during an armed conflict. METHODS: Data on hospital contacts due to intentional injury were collected retrospectively at two hospitals in West Bank, Palestine, and classified by ICD10 and the new International Classification of External Causes of Injuries (ICECI). A three-month period prior to the current Intifada, June-August 2000 and two three-month periods of the Intifada, September-December 2000 and June-August 2001 were chosen. RESULTS: The number of contacts increased from 23 in the period prior to the Intifada to 740 during the first and 199 during the second period of the Intifada. During the period before the Intifada the victims were men, and no one was younger than 10 years. During the Intifada 9% were women, 3% below 10 years, and 9% aged 10-14 years. Prior to the Intifada all injuries were caused by blunt force. During the Intifada 65% of the injuries were caused by firearms or explosives, 19% by beating and 6% by gaseous substances. Among children most lesions were localized to the head, including eye and brain damage, and were mostly caused by firearms. CONCLUSIONS: Injury registration by ICD10 combined with ICECI codes facilitates analyses of correlations between characteristics of armed conflicts and injuries. Medical data collection is an important instrument in documentation of the effects of weapons and in surveillance of violations of humanitarian law, particularly as to the worrying magnitude of young children being seriously victimized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Choice of poison for intentional self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Although intentional self-poisoning is a major public health problem in rural parts of the Asia-Pacific region, relatively little is known of its epidemiology. We aimed to determine why Sri Lankan self-poisoning patients choose particular poisons, and whether acts of self-harm with highly dangerous poisons were associated with more premeditation and effort. METHODS: We interviewed 268 self-poisoning patients presenting to two district general hospitals in rural Sri Lanka. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of patients cited easy availability as the basis for their choice of poison. There was little premeditation: more than 50% ingested the poison less than 30 minutes after deciding to self-harm. Patients had little knowledge about treatment options or lethality of the poison chosen. We found no difference in reasons for choice of poison between people ingesting different poisons, despite marked differences in toxicity, and between people who died and those who survived. CONCLUSIONS: Poisons were chosen on the basis of availability, often at short notice. There was no evidence that people using highly toxic poisons made a more serious or premeditated attempt. Restrictions on availability of highly toxic poisons in rural communities must be considered in strategies to reduce the number of intentional self-poisoning deaths in the Asia Pacific region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of fertility intentions on behavior: the case of sterilization.

In this paper, we take a new approach to the question of whether or not intentions regarding future fertility affect fertility-related behavior. Our approach has three principal features: 1) it takes sterilization as its outcome, rather than pregnancy or birth; 2) it is based on a conceptual model in which fertility-related behavior is seen as determined by a long-range planning process, modified by unanticipated life course contingencies; and 3) it uses data on desired total family size. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we find that achieving one's desired parity has a strong, persistent, and positive effect on the probability of sterilization, supporting our view of the long-term nature of fertility intentions. People do modify their behavior in the face of unanticipated contingencies, but those effects are unexpectedly small.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

What brings intentions to mind? An in situ study of prospective memory.

In a naturalistic study, we aimed to uncover the relationship between thinking about and remembering intentions. Electronic badges allowed us to track the activities of subjects within their work environment. Over two weeks, subjects were asked to respond using a button on their badges (1) every two hours (Time task); (2) whenever they were in a particular room (Place task). In addition, whenever they thought about the task, they were asked to indicate this with their badges. Although subjects thought about the Time task more, they forgot to respond more often than in the Place task. In the Time task, there was a marked absence of thoughts about the task following successful remembering. When subjects remembered the Place task, thoughts increased with proximity to the target location. In both tasks, thoughts about intentions occurred more in places such as stairwells than in locations where people tended to settle. On the basis of these findings, possible mechanisms for prospective memory are discussed.

Cues↗
PubMed2005

Classification of the intention to generate a shoulder versus elbow torque by means of a time-frequency synthesized spatial patterns BCI algorithm.

In this paper, we attempt to determine a subject's intention of generating torque at the shoulder or elbow, two neighboring joints, using scalp electroencephalogram signals from 163 electrodes for a brain-computer interface (BCI) application. To achieve this goal, we have applied a time-frequency synthesized spatial patterns (TFSP) BCI algorithm with a presorting procedure. Using this method, we were able to achieve an average recognition rate of 89% in four healthy subjects, which is comparable to the highest rates reported in the literature but now for tasks with much closer spatial representations on the motor cortex. This result demonstrates, for the first time, that the TFSP BCI method can be applied to separate intentions between generating static shoulder versus elbow torque. Furthermore, in this study, the potential application of this BCI algorithm for brain-injured patients was tested in one chronic hemiparetic stroke subject. A recognition rate of 76% was obtained, suggesting that this BCI method can provide a potential control signal for neural prostheses or other movement coordination improving devices for patients following brain injury.

Adult↗