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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Detection rate of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.

A ten-year retrospective review of laboratory detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid was undertaken using past laboratory and clinical records at Kenyatta National Hospital. A total of 1462 India-ink tests were carried out, 76 (5.2%) of these tested positive for C. neoformans. An increasing number of clinical requests for India-ink test mirrored by increasing number of patients with immunological disorders were noted over the study period although no obvious trend emerged in the detection pattern of C. neoformans. The use of a more sensitive test such as the latex agglutination technique is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

An in vitro investigation of coronal leakage with three gutta-percha backfilling techniques.

The aim of this study was to compare the backfilling capabilities of System B, Obtura II and Alphaseal. Forty-six lower premolar teeth were prepared chemomechanically and allocated to four experimental and two control groups. Ten were obturated using lateral condensation as a standard and 30 were obturated in the apical third using the System B. The latter 30 teeth were then backfilled using one of three techniques, System B, Obtura II or Alphaseal (n = 10 in each group). The remaining six teeth served as controls. Roots were radiographed from the proximal in order to evaluate voids and then placed in India ink for 65 h prior to being demineralized and rendered transparent, coronal leakage was quantified by linear measurement of ink penetration. No significant difference was found between the four groups with respect to the presence of voids radiographically (P < 0.05). The difference in leakage between the System B and Obtura II groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Both System B and Obtura II leaked significantly less than Alphaseal and lateral condensation (P < 0.001).

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1997

[Morphological changes of intramedullary capillary circulation after fracture].

To investigate the influence of injury of nutrient artery on the blood supply of inner 2/3 of cortical and intramedullary tissue, the experiment was carried out on twenty-four rabbits. Four rabbits were killed and perfused with Chinese ink in femoral artery to survey the blood supply of intramedullary vessels. Others were received fracture on tibia and sacrificed respectively on the third, eighth, eighteenth, twenty-eighth, and forty-second days after fracture. Chinese ink was also perfused through femoral artery on those rabbits. The relative density of capillary vessels were determined. The results were as follows: when the nutrient artery was injured after fracture, blood supply to the intramedullary tissue and the inner 2/3 of cortical bone was interrupted. The intramedullary vessels were increared and dilated. During the whole course of healing of fraeture, the density of intramedullary capillary vessels were higher than normal. It was concluded that the anastomosis between the epiphysis and metaphysis was important in the reconstruction of collateral circulation in healing of fracture.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Posterior wall gastric leiomyoma: endoscopic tattooing facilitates laparoscopic resection.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the application of tattooing for the intraoperative localization of posterior wall gastric leiomyoma during laparoscopic resection. The preoperative injection of Indian ink in the tumor-bearing area of the posterior gastric wall eliminates the need to perform anterior wall gastrostomy or intraoperative upper endoscopic tumor localization. METHODS: A patient with posterior wall gastric leiomyoma was marked with Indian ink during preoperative upper endoscopy. The dye was visualized intraoperatively facilitating wedge resection of the tumor-bearing area with the Endo GIA. RESULTS: The patient had an uneventful surgery and recovery. Complete excision of the tumor was accomplished. CONCLUSION: The preoperative endoscopic marking of gastric lesions, facilitates the intraoperative localization and resection of these lesions.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1964

PATHWAYS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE. IV. CAPSULE RESYNTHESIS BY DECAPSULATED RESTING-CELL SUSPENSIONS.

Juni, Elliot (Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.), and Gloria A. Heym. Pathways for biosynthesis of a bacterial capsular polysaccharide. IV. Capsule resynthesis by decapsulated resting-cell suspensions. J. Bacteriol. 87:461-467. 1964.-Methods were devised for stripping capsules from encapsulated bacteria. By use of stripped resting-cell suspensions of a gram-negative capsule-forming coccus, it was shown that polysaccharide capsule resynthesis depends upon the presence of air and an oxidizable substrate. Capsule resynthesis proceeds linearly with time. For a given quantity of stripped cells, the net amount of polysaccharide capsule synthesized is a linear function of the amount of substrate oxidized. The only factor that appears to limit the extent of capsule synthesis by resting cells is the amount of substrate utilized. A series of photomicrographs of wet mounts made in India ink show the appearance of stripped cells and resynthesized capsules formed during oxidation of pyruvate and glucose by stripped resting-cell suspensions.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

Nonadrenergic innervation of the rat laryngeal vasculature.

In order to gain a better understanding of the central and local control of laryngeal blood flow, the vascular innervation to the rat laryngeal muscles was examined. To visualize the vascular network, the animals were perfused with a gelatin/India ink solution. The larynges were removed and fixed. The superior laryngeal, cricothyroid, and inferior laryngeal arteries (all branch off the superior thyroid artery) were dissected in continuity into their respective muscles. Specimens were reacted in toto using immunohistochemical techniques for the presence of neuropeptide-Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1). Results show that all of the laryngeal vasculature is richly innervated by fibers containing these peptides. Qualitatively, the most prominent of these is NPY in association with the superior and the inferior laryngeal arteries, followed by VIP and NOS-1, and finally CGRP distributed equally on all the vessels. Immunopositive fibers are found along the entire course of the feeding arteries, beginning with the superior thyroid artery and continuing down to small arterioles into the terminal vascular beds. These peptides can act as vasodilators, vasoconstrictors, and/or neuromodulators and may work synergistically or antagonistically with other transmitters in controlling laryngeal blood flow. Their effects are dependent on the specific vascular bed in question, that is, in some areas they are vasodilators, in others vasoconstrictors, and in other neuromodulators. What effects they have on the laryngeal vasculature and how they interact within the larynx have yet to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparative study of the arterial and lacunary systems of the ventricular myocardium of elasmobranch and teleost fishes.

The typical fish heart has a spongy trabeculated ventricular myocardium (spongiosa) supplied by the venous blood of the intertrabecular spaces (lacunae); hence it is called a "venous heart." However, in some fishes a more complex ventricular muscle is found (mixed type), in which the spongiosa is covered by an outer layer of densely arranged myocardial bundles (compacta). The compacta receives oxygenated blood from the coronary vessels. The objective of this study was to investigate relations between myoarchitecture and blood supply with an emphasis on the hitherto unexplored, putative vascular connections between the arterial and the lacunary circuits. Using histological methods combined with vascular cast techniques and India ink injections, it was possible to define four different types of ventricular myocardium and its microvasculature. In some of them an intramural network arises from the subepicardial arterial system supplying the compacta and also is distributed to the spongiosa. Extensive arterio-luminal vessels connect this coronary bed with the lacunary circuit of the spongiosa, so realizing the first evolutionary step of the Thebesian system. The highest development of these connections is found in some very active pelagic fishes. The functional morphology of these vascular patterns is discussed in relation to the phylogenetic and functional context of the fish heart. It appears that the concept of the piscine heart as a typical "venous" type is an oversimplified generalization, at least on morphological grounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Jet-based methods to print living cells.

Cell printing has been popularized over the past few years as a revolutionary advance in tissue engineering has potentially enabled heterogeneous 3-D scaffolds to be built cell-by-cell. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art cell printing techniques that utilize fluid jetting phenomena to deposit 2- and 3-D patterns of living eukaryotic cells. There are four distinct categories of jetbased approaches to printing cells. Laser guidance direct write (LG DW) was the first reported technique to print viable cells by forming patterns of embryonic-chick spinal-cord cells on a glass slide (1999). Shortly after this, modified laser-induced forward transfer techniques (LIFT) and modified ink jet printers were also used to print viable cells, followed by the most recent demonstration using an electrohydrodynamic jetting (EHDJ) method. The low cost of some of these printing technologies has spurred debate as to whether they could be used on a large scale to manufacture tissue and possibly even whole organs. This review summarizes the published results of these cell printers (cell viability, retained genotype and phenotype), and also includes a physical description of the various jetting processes with a discussion of the stresses and forces that may be encountered by cells during printing. We conclude the review by comparing and contrasting the different jet-based techniques, while providing a map for future experiments that could lead to significant advances in the field of tissue engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of gliding motility in Flexibacter polymorphus.

Motility of the marine gliding bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus was studied by using microcinematographic techniques. Following adhesion to a glass surface, multicellular filaments and individual cells usually began to glide within a few seconds at a speed of approximately 12 micron per second (at 23 degrees C). Adhesion to the glass surface was evidently mediated by multitudes of extremely fine extracellular fibrils. Gliding velocity was independent of filament length but directly related to electron-transport activity and substratum temperature in the range 3-35 degrees C. The rate of gliding was inversely related to medium viscosity, suggesting that the locomotor apparatus functions at constant torque. Forward motion was occasionally interrupted by direction reversals, somersaults (observed primarily in single cells of short filaments), or spinning of filaments tethered by one pole. The frequency of direction reversal was found to be an inverse function of filament length. Translational motility was invariably accompanied by sinistral revolution about the longitudinal axis of a filament. The sense and pitch of revolution were constant among filaments of different length. Polystyrene microspheres or India ink particles adsorbed to gliding cells were actively displaced in either direction, their movement tracing either a regular zigzag or helical path along the filament surface. Because microspheres were also observed to move on nonmotile filaments, particle translocation was evidently not obligatorily linked to gliding locomotion. Multiple particles adsorbed to a single filament often moved independently. The data are consistent with a motility mechanism involving limited motion in numerous mechanically independent (yet functionally coordinated) domains on the cell surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001-2004).

The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2005

Determination of the concentration scaling law of the scattering coefficient of water solutions of Intralipid at 832 nm by comparison between collimated detection measurements and Monte Carlo simulations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intralipid (IP) is a scatterer extensively used in the building of phantoms for Biomedical Optics measurements. Recently, deviations from the linearity have been shown for the concentration scaling law of the scattering coefficient of IP water solutions at visible wavelengths. In this work this scaling law was determined at 832 nm. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Space resolved transmittance measurements of a laser beam at 832 nm through water solutions of IP and ink were performed and compared with the corresponding results of Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS: The comparison provides a quadratic dependence of mu'(s) on the volume-to-volume scatterer concentration, C(IP), in the range of C(IP) values (0.0024<C(IP)<0.0075). These deviations from the linear behavior are related to the failure of the independent scatterer approximation. CONCLUSION: The quadratic dependence of mu'(s) on C(IP) is in agreement with recent results obtained by other groups with different experimental techniques and is validated by a recent theoretical work.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Distribution and fine structure of the lymphatic system in the human testis.

The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, and light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and anchoring filaments of the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps measuring up to 2 micron. The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymph vessels merges into collecting ducts, which together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by the lymphatic system in the spermatic cord.

Endothelium↗
PubMed1995

Ovarian and uterine lymphatic drainage in Australian flying-foxes (genus Pteropus, suborder Megachiroptera).

Ovarian lymphatics of flying-foxes were traced to determine if they could transport hormones directly from ovary to ipsilateral uterine horn, thereby stimulating the localised endometrial growth which is characteristic of these animals. Intra-ovarian injections of ink and serial histological sections did not reveal any such connection. All major ovarian lymphatics and those from the cranial tip of each uterine horn drain cranially, terminating in 1 or 2 lymph nodes lying caudal to the ipsilateral kidney. For much of their course, the major ovarian lymphatics run in the adventitia of the ovarian venous sinus. This sinus encloses the coiled ovarian artery, which provides the major blood supply to the cranial end of the ipsilateral uterine horn. Some fine ovarian lymphatics run in the adventitia of the coiled ovarian artery. The enclosure of the coiled ovarian artery by the ovarian venous drainage is thought to provide the main route for transfer of steroids from ovarian vein to ovarian artery and thence to ipsilateral uterine horn. The ovarian lymphatics described here do not bypass the vascular pathway but provide an additional route for counter- or cross-current transfer of ovarian steroids to the ovarian arterial supply to the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Some experiences concerning the effect of fetal respiratory movement (author's transl)].

The effect of negative pressure by intrauterine respiratory movements of 115 fetal rabbits is examined between the 25th and 28th day of gestation. An intraamnial injection of Burri-ink with particles of the size between 20 and 50 nm and of a suspension of polyamid (size between 25 and 40 micrometer) in physiological NaC1-solution was done. Both markers are not inspirated during the time of 24 h p.i. However you can find them after 19 min in the circulated fetal blood. There is the same effect if you block respiratory movements by drugs. There is a correlation to the concentration of the markers in the amniotic fluid, but no correlation to the size of the particles of those markers.

Amnion↗
PubMed1977

[Macroscopic and micro-morphologic evaluation of viability in extracorporeal perfused pig livers (author's transl)].

Several biochemical reactions are used in evaluating viability of extracorporeal perfused livers. Simple and quick tests of organ function, however, are needed in therapeutic application in man. In 33 homologous porcine liver perfusions we found that accurate observation of the macroscopic aspect gave a good criterion of organ function. The combination with micro-morphologic findings, especially after perfusion with Indian ink, proved to be a reliable base for evaluating the functional state of the livers used.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Deinking of laser printed copy paper with a mediated free radical system.

This work investigated the effect of a chelator-mediated bio-mimetic free radical treatment on repulping and flotation operations during the deinking of laser printed copy paper. A chelator-mediated free radical treatment was carried out at two different chemical levels and a two-step repulping method, which combined conventional alkaline repulping as well as free radical treatment, was also developed. Flotation trials were performed on each of these treated samples to separate ink particles. Results from image analysis and paper physical properties testing are presented, and the deinking efficiency for these different treatments is also compared. Results indicate that under properly controlled conditions, free radical treatment can perform better than conventional chemical deinking methods.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2001

The development and mature organisation of the end-artery retinal vasculature in a marsupial, the dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata.

The end-artery retinal vasculature of a marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart, was defined by India ink injection and studied in wholemounts. In the adult, the vitreal vasculature supplying the ganglion-cell layer has major paired-vessels in a horizontal H shape. These vessels skirt the area centralis and visual streak that are supplied by fine end-loops. A second vascular layer of uniformly distributed endloops arises from the superficial vessels and lies at the inner nuclear/outer plexiform border. During development, vessels enter the eye via the optic nerve head to form the upper vasculature, assuming an essentially mature arrangement prior to the formation of the area centralis and visual streak. Vessels then descend to form the lower bed. Unlike the cat, the dunnart has retinal vessels that are patent throughout development, their growth is interstitial and reductive remodelling is not seen. A retinal end-artery system may have evolved in marsupials because their precocity requires a vasculature that is functional from early stages of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

3D volume-ablation rate and thermal side effects with the Er:YAG and Nd:YAG laser.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of a variety of parameters on the effectiveness of hard substance ablation and the thermal side effects when using Er:YAG laser (Key I and II, KaVo) and Nd:YAG laser (SunLase 800, Sunrise Technologies/Orbis). METHODS: For this study, ablation and temperature measurements were carried out on 170 dentin slices and 170 extracted teeth via computer-controlled cavity preparation. The Er:YAG laser settings varied from 250-400 mJ/pulse, 3-15 pps and 20-180 s processing time, and in the case of the Nd:YAG laser from 83-100 mJ/pulse, 10-20 pps, and 20-260 s processing time. The ablation rate was measured volumetrically via a 3D sensor. Temperatures were measured for each setting both on the dentin slice and in the pulp of the extracted teeth. The results were analyzed using a t-test for independent samples and a one-way ANOVA (Bonferroni). Also a liner regression analysis was done using Pearson's coefficient. RESULTS: The results show that with the Er:YAG laser, in combination with water-spray cooling, an effective 3D ablation rate (up to 0.017 mm3/pulse = 50 microns linear) can be achieved without raising the temperature of the surrounding tissue. In the case of the Nd:YAG laser, no measurable ablation rate was evident without conditioning of the dentin surface and, in the case of conditioning with black ink, a low ablation rate (0.00004 mm3/pulse = linear 0.2 micron/pulse) was found. SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to the Er:YAG laser, it is apparent, that with the Nd:YAG laser from a total energy of 80 J onwards, the rise in temperature in the pulp is above 8 degrees C. For that reason, the use of the Nd:YAG laser at higher total energies is not recommended. The temperature rise with the Nd:YAG laser is dependent on the direction of the dentin tubuli. Dentin tubuli running parallel to the surface prevent significant heat penetration, whereas those running in a transverse direction to the surface (= parallel to the laser beam) support the penetration of heat. This finding supports the light-propagating theory for spreading effects of laser beams in dentin.

Aluminum Silicates↗