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PubMed1980

Evaluation of standard curves in the graded hemagglutination-inhibition method applied to quantitation of human immunoglobulins.

For accurate quantitation of human immunoglobulins A and B by graded hemagglutination inhibition, I have established standard curves. For IgA, plotting the inner diameter of the ring formed by sedimented erythrocytes vs the log of the antigen concentrations gives a straight line. Plotting the same parameters for IgG gives a hyperbolic line. These ratios between antigen concentration and ring diameter were constant for at least one year. Both undiluted and 10,000-fold diluted human serum may be quantitated by this method, depending only on immunoglobulin concentrations. Precision (CV) of the system, assessed in 35 patients' sera over the period of one year, ranged from 0.5 to 15.2% (mean 10%) for IgA and from 1.4 to 14.9% (mean 7.3%) for IgG.

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests↗
PubMed1981

A rapid passive hemagglutination method for demonstrating serum antibodies to Candida albicans.

Soluble components from disrupted cells of Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungus which is a normal commensal in the throat and nasopharynx were conjugated by bis-diazotized benzidine to turkey erythrocytes to produce sensitized particles capable of reacting with specific serum anti-Candida factors. The rapid sedimentation of conjugated nucleated turkey cells in the presence of antibody permits hemagglutination titers to be read in less than an hour. Preliminary results indicate that this test which offers speed, specificity, and reproducibility may be of importance in monitoring changes in levels of anti-Candida factors in human sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparisons of hemagglutination inhibition, staphylococcal clumping, and latex agglutination tests for canine fibrinolytic degradation products.

Two assay systems for fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP) in canine serum, the glutaraldehyde erythrocyte hemagglutination-inhibition immunoassay (GEHII) and the staphylococcal clumping test (SCT), were compared for reactivity with the plasmin digests of canine fibrinogen and with sera obtained from dogs suspected of having circulating FDP, The GEHII reacted well with early and late plasmin digests of fibrinogen. With early-stage fibrinogen digests, the SCT was more reactive than was GEHII. However, after the appearance of D and E fragments in the digests, SCT reactivity decreased progressively during plasminolysis. The sensitivities of GEHII and SCT for assaying FDP were 0.5 and 0.125 microgram of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, respectively. Serum FDP values for dogs with desease were comparable, with values ranging from 1 to 122 micrograms/ml by GEHII and 8 to 64 micrograms/ml by SCT. One dog with fulminating disseminated intravascular coagulation had a serum FDP value of 128 micrograms/ml by SCT and 179 micrograms/ml by GEHII. Howeever, normal canine sera had values by SCT of 4 to 16 micrograms of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, whereas normal values by GEHII were 0.5 to 2 micrograms/ml. Serum FDP concentrations were also determined for healthy and diseased dogs by latex-agglutination test. The dog with fulminating disseminqated intravascular coagulation had a FDP value of greater than 40 micrograms/ml, and only 1 other diseased dog had greater than 10, but less than 40 micrograms of fibrinogen equivalent/ml. All other dogs were considered negative, with FDP values of less than 10 micrograms/ml.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Rubella immunity: comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and radioimmunoassay antibody methods.

A threshold (1:10) rubella antibody hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer was obtained for 288 of 6537 (4.4%) obstetric patients. Random sera from 84 of these patients were compared for rubella antibody by both HAI and a very sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. By RIA, 17% of the sera had no detectable rubella antibody, suggesting that those patients were truly susceptible to rubella. In addition, 8 of 55 paired prevaccine and postvaccine sera with titer increases demonstrated by HAI were analyzed by RIA. Seven of the 8 prevaccine sera were shown to have no rubella virus antibody by RIA, and RIA showed seroconversion in all 8 postvaccine sera.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of the hemagglutination inhibition assay kit for erythropoietin (ESF) with the fetal mouse liver cell bioassay in vitro.

The commercially available hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay kit for erythropoietin (ESF) was compared with the fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) bioassay. No correlation was obtained ESF levels determined by both methods in a variety of pathologic sera. The HAI kit showed a great batch variability. Significant immunoreactivity was found in those fractions of a normal human serum and a human urinary ESF preparation that were not active in the FMLC bioassay. A very poor recovery of immunoreactivity was found when the international reference preparation for erythropoietin (second IRPE) was added to a normal human serum.

Absorption↗
PubMed1980

A study of variation in the indirect hemagglutination antibody test for toxoplasmosis.

The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was compared both qualitatively and quantitatively to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique for the detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The coefficient of correlation between the two methods was +0.9561. Of the 89 samples tested, no significant disagreement between the IFA titers and mean titers of the IHA test was detected. Quantitative evaluation revealed 93.3 percent of the sera positive in both methods were within a one-tube dilution or same dilution, and 100 percent were within a two-tube (four-fold) dilution. A statistical evaluation of internal reproducibility of titer in the IHA test, utilizing 30 paired samples, indicated that titers by this method can be reproduced on a within-day basis within limits of +/- 1 two-fold dilution with 95 percent confidence. Day-to-day reproducibility of titers were 100 percent within limits of +/- 1 four-fold dilution. Because of its high reproducibility, prolonged stability, and ability to produce standardized results, the IHA technique is recommended over the IFA for mass screening.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The development of a rapid and sensitive method, based on hemagglutination inhibition, for the measurement of cow milk in goat milk.

The immunisation of goats with bovine IgG1 provides antisera capable of measuring the protein in cow milk. The serum specificity is absolute and there is no cross reaction with goat milk. The antiserum agglutinates bovine IgG1 sensitized hen red cells except when its activity has been neutralized by preincubation with goat milk containing milk added fraudulently. This hemagglutination inhibition reaction, carried out on microtiter plates allows the detection of one part of cow milk in 1000 parts goat milk within 30 minutes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Usefulness of concentrated CSF hemagglutination technique for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis.

Determinations were made in concentrated CSF immunoglobulins in two groups of patients with different neurological problems and in patients with surgically confirmed diagnosis of CNS cysticercosis. Antibody vs. cysticercus antigen determinations were also made in concentrated CNS by means of indirect hemagglutination as a procedure to establish CNS cysticercosis. Positive results were obtained in 68 per cent of surgically confirmed cysticercosis. This procedure seems to be more sensitive for CNS cysticercosis diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The passive hemagglutination test in the evaluation of antitetanus immunity].

The conditioned, passive hemagglutination method, which is simple, quick, economical and very sensitive, is suited for large-scale studies in which it is not possible to carry out the in vivo seroneutralization. However, our experience has confirmed that it has certain drawbacks and restrictions: (1) the technique must be applied very carefully and good laboratory training is required. The results obtained by this method vary according to several factors, especially the degree to which the antigen has been purified and its blood carriers, therefore these results are not always consistent; (2) the antibodies found were not a good indication of the degree of protection except at high titers. A study of correlations between HA titers and neutralizing (mice) titers carried out on the basis of 509 double titrations has demonstrated that, whereas they are satisfactory in clearly immune subjects, they show only mediocre results in subjects who are receptive or who are displaying a primary response: a wide range of variation has been observed as well as an optimalization of HA titers, perhaps because of IgM's. Therefore, the HA method, despite its usefulness, cannot provide precise evaluations for: --the amount of protection provided by an anti-tetanus vaccine, --the proportion of protected subjects in a certain group of people, --an injured person's anti-tetanus immunity. We should work to develop in vitro tests which are both sensitive and reliable in terms of the anti-tetanus protection threshold.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiological investigation of various tissue helminthiasis, by means of indirect hemagglutination test, in Lonquimay County, Chile].

In order to have a present perspective on the prevalence on the epidemiology of some tissue helminthiasis in Lonquimay County, southern Chile, in 1993 a seroepidemiological survey, by means of an indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) for hydatidosis, cysticercosis and trichinosis was undertaken. In 11 (1.2%), 10 (1.1%) and 6 (0.6%) out of 945 examined persons, most of them from rural areas, the corresponding IHAT resulted positive. Additionally, radiographic and ecotomographical studies for thorax and abdomen respectively were performed to the 11 individuals with serology positive for hydatidosis: whereas all the thoracic radiographies resulted negative, liver hydatic cysts were detected in five persons, who latter on were submitted to surgery. Prevalence rates of hydatidosis in Lonquimay are among the highest regional and national values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Cross reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and two Plasmodium species as demonstrated by passive hemagglutination.

Two types of antigens were prepared from each of 3 partially purified preparations of Anaplasma marginale, Plasmodium lophurae, and P berghei. Hemagglutination tests were conducted with homologous serums to detect antigenic relationships between these organisms. Serums were also absorbed with both homologous and heterologous antigen preparations. Cross reactivity between these organisms was observed.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1976

[Type specific antistreptococcal antibodies in the passive hemagglutination test].

The authors present materials of the elaboration of a method of obtaining stable erythrocytic diagnostic agents from semipurified preparations of type-specific antigens of the hemolytic streptococcus of the 1st, 4th, 12th and 18th serotypes. Adequate specificity and high sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination test was shown in examination of the sera of experimental animals. In the sera of healthy children the type-specific antibodies were revealed with a different frequency at various seasons of the year; this was in inverse correlation with the level of scarlet fever morbidity.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

[Rubella virus hemagglutination inhibition IgM antibodies: the method of absorption of IgG by staphylococcal protein A as compared with density gradient ultracentrifugation (author's transl)].

The elimination of IgG by adsorption to Protein A of S. aureus was used for the demonstration of rubella virus specific IgM by hemagglutination inhibition. The validity of the method was proved by comparison with the results of density gradient centrifugation. The adsorption procedure led to false positive results in 9 of 56 cases and to false negative results in 12 of 46 cases, i.e. 20.7% of the results were discordant, when the sera were tested with short incubation time (30 min. room temperature) and the residual IgG (and IgA) were not excluded by controls with 2-ME (table 1 and table 2). By prolonged incubation time (18 hrs + 4 degrees C) and controls with 2-ME, false positive results were avoided, and the number of false negative results was reduced to 9 (table 2 and table 3). The latter occured mostly in cases where the disease had started 3 or more weeks ago and the titer in the IgM fraction of the sera was low (fig. 3). Under these conditions the absorption of IgG by staphylococcal Protein A proved to be a simple, specific and reliable procedure for the demonstration of rubella virus IgM within 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1976

[Properties of O-antigens of enterobacteria and construction of preparations for serological diagnosis of enteric infections by passive hemagglutination].

Quantitative assessment of the main properties of the O-antigens of enterobacteria of significance in the reactions based on passive hemagglutination revealed the character of inter-relations between the antibody-binding, hemosensitive and specific agglutinating activity in various O-antigen preparations, and to lay foundation under the most effective method for obtaining the preparations with set properties for various preparations and reactions.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of antibody avidity using passive hemagglutination reaction].

The antibody avidity index is suggested for the assessment of antibody avidity, that is calculated according to the formula: (T4:T56) x (T4:T37) x (T4:T21), where Tn is the reverse value of antibody titer in the passive hemagglutination test with the same serum at various incubation temperatures. The interpretation of various values of the index is explained, both for the determination of antibody avidity level and for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bordetella avium hemagglutination and motility mutants: isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity.

Transposon mutagenesis was used to produce Bordetella avium mutants, which were screened for the lack of potential virulence factors, including a hemagglutinin, flagella, pili, and toxins. A mini-Tn10 transposon containing a kanamycin-resistance gene was introduced into the chromosomal DNA of the virulent 002/S isolate by electroporation. A hemagglutination-negative (HA-) mutant and a motility-negative mutant were obtained. Southern blot analysis showed that only the motility-negative mutant contained the transposon, whereas the HA- mutant was a spontaneous kanamycin-resistant mutant. Both mutants were stable in vitro and in vivo. Following inoculation of 2-week-old poults, the HA- mutant was determined to be less virulent than the 002/S parent, whereas the motility-negative mutant was similar in virulence to the 002/S parent. These results indicate that the hemagglutinin of B. avium is a virulence factor, but motility does not appear to contribute to virulence.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Investigations on the presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to dengue virus in apparently healthy subjects of several counties in Romania.

The presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies to dengue virus, types 1, 2, and 3 was studied in 1219 apparently healthy subjects of four counties in Romania. The proportion of positive reactions was of 0.40% to type 1, of 1.23% to type 2, and of 3.90% to type 3. Antibody proportion was different from one county to another.

Antibodies, Viral↗