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Molecular approaches to aggregation behavior and social attachment.

In many animal species individuals aggregate to live in groups. A range of experimental approaches in different animals, including studies of social feeding in nematodes, maternal behavior in rats and sheep, and pair-bonding in voles, are providing insights into the neural bases for these behaviors. These studies are delineating multiple neural circuits and gene networks in the brain that interact in ways that are as yet poorly understood to coordinate social behavior.

Animals↗

Open-field activity in mice as a function of ceiling height: A genotype-environment interaction.

Three inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6, DAB/2, and BALB/c, were run in the standard McClearn-type open-field with l-, 1 5/8-, and 36-inch ceiling heights. Although all strains showed increased activity as a function of lowered ceiling height, an interaction between strain and ceiling height was obtained: while BALB/c mice were the least active strain in the 36-inch-ceiling-height field, they were the most active strain in the 1-inch condition. Implications of this strain times environment interaction for the well-established low open-field activity of BALB/c and other albino strains are discussed.

Age Factors↗

Ethical implications of scientific research on the causes of sexual orientation.

In this article, we evaluate the status of current biological research into sexual orientation and examine the relevance of such research on the legal and social status of gay men and lesbians. We begin with a review of hormonal neuroanatomical and genetic studies of sexual orientation. We argue that the scientific study of sexual orientation is, at best, still in its infancy. We turn then to the ethical and social implications of this research. We argue that even if scientists could explain how sexual orientation develops, no significant ethical conclusions would follow. Further, we suggest that the current emphasis on finding a biological basis for sexual orientation is potentially harmful to lesbians, gay men and other sexual minorities in various ways (although perhaps it is in some ways potentially helpful as well).

Animals↗