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Results for “Family Planning Programs”

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PubMed1990

Birth intervals and childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh.

This study investigates the relationship between birth intervals and childhood mortality, using longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh known to be of exceptional accuracy and completeness. Results demonstrate significant but very distinctive effects of the previous and subsequent birth intervals on mortality, with the former concentrated in the neonatal period and the latter during early childhood. The impact of short birth intervals on mortality, however, is substantially less than that found in many previous studies of this issue, particularly for the previous birth interval. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential for family planning programs to contribute to improved child survival in settings such as Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1997

The buzz outside the clinics: conversations and contraception in Nyanza Province, Kenya.

When women talk with each other about family planning outside the clinic, are they really only spreading myths and rumors? If nurses give good information about family planning, why do women go and talk with other women? Why would a woman instructed by a nurse at a workshop want to talk to the workshop cleaner as well? To answer these questions, findings are used from a household survey and in-depth interviews that examine the role of informal social interaction in influencing the use of contraceptives in rural Kenya. The women in the study area are found to be ambivalent about family planing, and they supplement providers' instructions with the experiences of women whose bodies and circumstances are similar to their own. Family planning programs could improve their effectiveness by viewing clients and providers not only as individuals but also as members of informal networks that are meaningful to them.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regression models for variables expressed as a continuous proportion].

OBJECTIVE: To describe some of the statistical alternatives available for studying continuous proportions and to compare them in order to show their advantages and disadvantages by means of their application in a practical example of the Public Health field. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the National Reproductive Health Survey performed in 2003, the proportion of individual coverage in the family planning program--proposed in one study carried out in the National Institute of Public Health in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico (2005)--was modeled using the Normal, Gamma, Beta and quasi-likelihood regression models. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) proposed by McQuarrie and Tsai was used to define the best model.Then, using a simulation (Monte Carlo/Markov Chains approach) a variable with a Beta distribution was generated to evaluate the behavior of the 4 models while varying the sample size from 100 to 18,000 observations. RESULTS: Results showed that the best statistical option for the analysis of continuous proportions was the Beta regression model, since its assumptions are easily accomplished and because it had the lowest AIC value. Simulation evidenced that while the sample size increases the Gamma, and even more so the quasi-likelihood, models come significantly close to the Beta regression model. CONCLUSIONS: The use of parametric Beta regression is highly recommended to model continuous proportions and the normal model should be avoided. If the sample size is large enough,the use of quasi-likelihood model represents a good alternative.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1986

Performance of supply-oriented family planning policy in Bangladesh: an examination.

Using data from four nationally representative sample surveys conducted since 1968, this paper examines the performance of the family planning program of Bangladesh, which placed emphasis on its supply component. The very low contraceptive prevalence rate and the large gap between knowledge and use of contraceptive methods indicates the poor performance of the program. After discussing the probable reasons for such performance, the paper suggests accelerating the demand for contraceptives among the married women of Bangladesh through persuasion and by improving the existing contraceptive distribution system. This is required for increasing the use of family planning methods in the country.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2001

[Nursing diagnoses in women attending a family planning service].

The purpose of this study was to identify nursing diagnoses in women enrolled in a family planning program. An instrument of data collection was elaborated according to the Functional Health Patterns. The sample consisted of 100 adult women. Forty-nine nursing diagnoses, of which 9 with a frequency equal or higher to 45.0% were identified. Further studies are still needed in institutions that offer assistance in the area of family planning in order to examine if the nursing diagnoses found in these women can be generalized to the population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of a new approach to family planning services in rural Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: In 1993, the government of Pakistan started a new approach to the delivery of contraceptive services by training literate married women to provide doorstep advice and supplies in their own and neighboring communities. This report assesses whether this community-based approach is starting to have an impact on contraceptive use in rural areas. METHODS: A clustered nationally representative survey was used to collect data on contraceptive use and access to services in each cluster. Two-level logistic regression was applied to assess the effects of service access, after potential confounders were taken into account. RESULTS: Married women living within 5 km of 2 community-based workers were significantly more likely to be using a modern, reversible method of contraception than those with no access (odds ratio = 1.74; 95% confidence interval = 1.11, 2.71). CONCLUSIONS: After decades of failure, the managers of the family planning program have designed a way of presenting modern contraceptives that is appropriate to the conditions of rural Pakistan. The new community-based approach should be steadily expanded.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social content of services.

Since the 1960s, survey data have indicated that substantial proportions of women who have wanted to stop or delay childbearing have not practiced contraception. This discrepancy is referred to as the "unmet need" for contraception. The traditional interpretation, that these women lack access to contraceptive supplies and services, has led in turn to an emphasis on expanding family planning programs. This study analyzes survey data and related anthropological studies on the causes of unmet need and concludes that the conventional explanation is inadequate. Although for many environments geographic access to services remains a problem, the principal reasons for nonuse are lack of knowledge, fear of side effects, and social and familial disapproval. This finding underscores the need for expanded investment in services that not only provide contraceptives, but also attend to closely related health and social needs of prospective clients. Programs are likely to be most successful when they reach beyond the conventional boundaries of service provision to influence and alter the cultural and familial factors that limit voluntary contraceptive use.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of spouses over each other's contraceptive attitudes in Ghana.

To what extent do spouses influence each other's reproductive goals? This question was investigated in Ghana with particular reference to family planning attitudes. Two mechanisms were identified as plausible explanations for why an individual's characteristics may affect a partner's beliefs and behavior. Quantitative evidence from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey and qualitative information from focus-group research in Ghana were used in the analysis. Results from both data sources show that spousal influence, rather than being mutual or reciprocal, is an exclusive right exercised only by the husband. The study attributed the limited impact of family planning programs in Ghana and most of sub-Saharan Africa to the continued neglect of men as equal targets of such programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Trends in unwanted childbearing in the developing world.

This study analyzes trends in unwanted fertility in 20 developing countries, based on data from the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys. Although wanted childbearing almost invariably declines as countries move through the fertility transition, the trend in unwanted fertility was found to have an inverted U shape. During the first half of the transition, unwanted fertility tends to rise, and it does not decline until near the end of the transition. This pattern is attributed to the combined effects of an increase in the duration of exposure to the risk of unwanted pregnancy and a rise in contraceptive use as desired family size declines. The substantial variation in unwanted fertility among countries at the same transition stage is caused by variation in the degree of implementation of preferences, the effectiveness of contraceptive use, the rate of induced abortion, and other proximate determinants, such as age at marriage, duration of breastfeeding, and frequency of sexual relations. The principal policy implication from this analysis is that vigorous efforts to reduce unwanted pregnancies through family planning programs and other measures are needed early in the fertility transition because, in their absence, unwanted fertility and abortion rates are likely to rise to high levels.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Standards of compliance for abortion-related services in family planning services projects. Office of Population Affairs, OPHS, DHHS. Final rules.

The rules issues below revise the regulations that apply to grantees under the federal family planning program by readopting the regulations, with one revision, that applied to the program prior to February 2, 1988. Several technical changes to the regulation are also made to remove and/or update obsolete regulatory references. The effect of the revisions made by the rules below is to revoke the compliance standards, promulgated in 1988 and popularly known as the "Gag Rule," that restricted family planning grantees from providing abortion-related information in their grant-funded projects.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1977

IUD use effectiveness in an urban Guatemalan clinic.

Contraceptive continuation rates-the rates at which people continue to use a particular contraceptive method-can be a great help in determining whether a family planning program is effective or whether new contraceptive methods should be introduced. Until now, very little systematic work has been done to study contraceptive continuation rates in Latin America. The present article reports the results of one of the few existing studies on this subject, which examined the IUD experiences of women admitted to a large family planning clinic in Guatemala City. The study showed that these experiences compared favorably with the IUD experience of groups previously studied in Costa Rica, Taiwan, and the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Factors affecting desired family size among preliterate New Guinea mothers.

A random sample of 331 Enga mothers in Papua New Guinea perceived that an average of 5.96 live births (S.D. = 1.88) were needed to achieve their mean desired completed family size (DFS) of 4.65 children (S.D. = 1.32). The mean of the personal child mortality rates projected by the individual mothers. 194/1000, is very close to the rate of 198/1000 (224 deaths among 1134 live births) experienced by the women as a group and the 177/1000 documented in a 1972 prospective study in the area. This suggests that as a group preliterate women may possess an accurate estimate of prevailing child mortality rates. Considerable interest in family planning was shown. However for cultural or linguistic reasons, the majority (except in the case of the pill and tubal ligation) expressed no opinions about their readiness to use specific modern methods. The mean parity of 43 women seeking tubal ligation was 5.98 (S.D. = 1.81). An integrated maternal health and family planning program focusing on the health benefits to mother and child of the current 3-4-year birth interval seems indicated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mexico: reproductive behavior and social margination, 1970-1990. Elements of geographic diagnosis in reproductive health].

The lack of a definite knowledge on regional reproductive behavior characteristics hinders the evaluation of the goals stated in the General Population Law (Ley General de Población) and counteracts any efforts towards equating population growth with regional development. The present work aims at overcoming this problem. Indirect specific fertility rates and global fertility rates (GFR) were obtained by state, using census and vital statistics data for the states of Mexico during the 1970-1990 period. Reproductive behavior was related to social deprivation indexes used by PRONASOL and CONAPO for those years. A high statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between state social deprivation levels and the downward trends of GFR for the same decades was found. Findings evidence a general downward trend of GFR during the period of study. However, this trend was not uniform across the country. Further studies are needed to determine whether these differences are due to the various social deprivation levels rather than to the effectiveness and extension of family planning programs. Mapping these results could be useful as diagnostic elements of the reproductive behavior of the population and also generates information necessary to support social organized responses in reproductive health.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics and the reproductive process.

Changes in reproductive technology and contraceptive availability have resulted in ethical reconsiderations in many countries. The United States has been no exception. A discussion of the applicable ethical principles for contraceptive research and family planning programs is presented. Each country must decide its own individual response to a given ethical problem. The paper does not propose solutions but is designed to raise the necessary questions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

The dilemma of past success: insiders' views on the future of the international family planning movement.

Many observers believe that the international family planning movement has played a significant role in reducing fertility levels and slowing population growth in the developing world. Yet the perceived success of family planning programs recently has led some researchers to formulate questions about their relevance and future place on the development policy agenda. Within a framework derived from the sociological literature on social movements, we use interviews and focus-group discussions with insiders in the field of population studies to examine current perspectives on the status and future of the family planning movement, factors contributing to its declining international visibility, and possible responses from the family planning field. Informants cited four possible courses of action for the movement: (1) forming strategic alliances with other movements, specifically HIV/AIDS prevention; (2) redefining the family planning message to mobilize and strengthen support; (3) improving service delivery to broaden public acceptance and contraceptive method use; and (4) nurturing new leadership. The future course of the movement--whether it be one of cooptation by overlapping movements or revitalization--requires waiting until its full history can be written.

Family Planning Services↗