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PubMed2002

National regulations for diagnostics in health surveillance, therapy and compensation of hand-transmitted vibration injury in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: During the period of technological innovation and rapid economic development, portable power tools were introduced on a large scale in Japan. Vibration disease from the operation of those tools and its prevention and therapy became urgent social problems in the 1970s. This paper aims to introduce national regulations in Japan for diagnostics in the health surveillance, certification, therapy and compensation of vibration disease and evaluates them in the present perspective. METHOD: Relevant laws, regulations and administrative directives were described in chronological order. Effect of those laws, regulations and directives were evaluated by statistics. RESULTS: Relevant regulations were established in 1947 and were revised in the 1960s and 1970s. According to those regulations, administrative directives were issued. Relevant vibration-disease statistics improved from the 1970s to 1990s. The annual ratio of workers examined was 95% to 100% in national forests (NFs), 47.3% in 1980 and 40.8% in 1990 in private industry (PI). The number of workers certified in NFs was 1,796 from 1971-1975, with a decrease to nine from 1991-1995, while in PI there were 9,783 from 1976-1980, decreasing to 2,331 from 1991-1995. However, in the construction industry the number increased again in the 1990s. The top four workers certified by the type of tool from 1994-1997 were operators of rock drills, chainsaws, pick hammers and concrete vibrators. The annual number of workers under treatment (at highest level) was 3,605 (1982; NFs) and 13,501 (1987; PI), with a decrease to 3,481 (1997; NFs) and 8,958 (1997; PI). Regulations for compensation covered 3,670 workers from 1965 to 1997 (NFs) and 22,723 from 1976 to 1997 (PI) in medical treatment benefits, and 189 (NFs) and 15,448 (PI) in disability benefits during the same term. CONCLUSION: The national regulations developed in Japan since 1965 for health surveillance, certification, therapy and compensation of hand-transmitted vibration disease have proven effective for prevention and compensation of vibration disease in many industries, but unsolved problems remain in the construction industry.

Hand↗
PubMed2005

Geochemical distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals and oxalate in street sediments from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a preliminary investigation.

As urbanisation accelerates within less-economically developed countries, populations in cities such as Rio de Janeiro are subject to numerous health risks relating to "heavy metal", sewage and vehicle pollution. These risks apply especially to children, through inhalation and dermal contact with pollutant-rich street sediments that reflect contamination from atmospheric deposition and act as effective sinks for heavy metals and oxalates. To assess the nature and extent of these risks street sediments were collected from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas with varying traffic densities within Rio de Janeiro. A modified selective extraction procedure was used to study the geochemical partitioning and bioavailability of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and C(2)O(4) (-). Oxalate partitioning has not been studied by traditional sequential methods and results from this procedure highlight the potential bioavailability of both oxalates and "heavy metals", especially Pb and C(2)O(4) (-) in industrial and recreational areas.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2005

Modeling desertification change in Minqin County, China.

Monitoring environmental processes is becoming increasingly important wherever there is increasing population and economic development pressure placed on fragile environments. Remote sensing, digital image processing, and spatial analysis have proven to be useful technologies in both assessing and monitoring environmental change. In this study, they were used to assess desertification processes and change in Minqin County, China from 1988 to 1997. The results suggest that wind erosion was the dominant cause of desertification in more than half of the study area. Coupled with this were increases in salinization processes, affecting 33.62% of the land area in 1997. Overall, moderate desertification was found to be the dominant desertification grade (43.64% of total area), followed by extreme/severe desertification (26.15% of total area) in 1997. In addition, examination of landscape pattern changes indicated that desertification processes at the landscape level were becoming evident at increasing levels of fragmentation, complexity in shape, and isolation of patches. Major fluctuations in desertification type and grade were found at the fringes of oases, where an ongoing shift was taking place between cultivation, abandonment, and reclamation.

China↗
PubMed2005

Spatial analysis and eutrophication assessment for chlorophyll a in Taihu Lake.

Spatial structure analysis and kriging analysis have been identified to be useful tools in illustrating the spatial patterns of variables. Taihu Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in China, and has suffered serious eutrophication in recent years due to the rapid economic development and growing environmental pollution in the Taihu Catchment. In this paper, spatial structural analysis, kriging interpolation and eutrophication assessment were carried out for chlorophyll a in the lake. Studies show that spherical model could be applied to fit all experimental variograms. Positive nuggets were observed for three directions except NE-SW direction. The variograms show some anisotropy with anisotropic ratio falling within 1.76. The spatial structural patterns of chlorophyll a in the lake were affected by factors such as distribution of pollution sources, water flow and wind. Two-dimensional ordinary block kriging was applied for interpolation process. An eutrophication assessment map was also made based on a water-quality evaluation standard. Results show that the content of chlorophyll a in Taihu Lake was quite high. The whole lake has suffered serious eutrophication. However, the eutrophic situation varied in space. Higher contents of chlorophyll a appeared mainly in the northern part of the lake.

China↗
PubMed2006

A GIS-based assessment on the vulnerability and future extent of the tropical forests of the Congo Basin.

This paper examines the vulnerability of the Congo Basin's forests through a GIS platform, taking into consideration the variables of population growth, road density, logging concession, and forest fragmentation. The assessment indicates that the forests will continue to shrink towards the interior over the next 50 years. Current contiguous forests will fragment into three large blocks, including one on the west side of the Congo River and two in the Democratic Republic of Congo, while a large number of small forest patches will retain in the periphery of the large blocks. The study shows that integrated GIS assessment of the driving forces of tropical deforestation can shed light on the future forest distribution and provide a tool to address the broader implications of social and economic development for tropical deforestation.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2005

Factors that influence efficiency in performing ENT cases: a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

The aim of this study was to assess procedures with high turnover time to procedure time ratios, estimate the effect of productivity changes on case efficiency, and determine causative factors. We specifically focused on suspension direct microlaryngoscopy (SML) (CPT 31526) cases because significantly greater productivity was possible for these cases in terms of ratios. After determining process times, we developed economic scenarios that employed time-reductions, and then assessed involved staff opinions using brainstorming and cause--effect methods. Improving all process times by 30% achieved up to a 50% improvement in revenue and the return on investment in additional scope equipment occurred within 2 months.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed1976

Synaptic depression at a synapse in Aplysia californica: analysis in terms of a material flow model of neurotransmitter.

When a pair of stimuli separated by an appropriate interval is given to the right visceropleural connective of Aplysia californica the amplitude of the second EPSP elicited in cell R15 is usually smaller than the amplitude of the first EPSP. In the present paper we show that this phenomenon, synaptic depression, can be analyzed in terms of the material flow model of neurotransmitter economics developed in our preceding publications. We specifically show how changes in the 4 model parameters; A, the available pool of transmitter; F, the fraction of the available pool released by a presynaptic action potential; M, the rate of transmitter mobilization into the available pool; and D, the rate constant of demobilization of transmitter from the available pool, all effect synaptic depression. In addition, we show how transient changes in F and M, that are observed immediately and for seconds after a stimulus, influence the time course of synaptic depression. Using this analysis we then tested our previous inferences about changes in the model parameters produced either by pharmacological manipulations or repetitive stimulation, by comparing the observed effects of these manipulations on synaptic depression with the theoretical predictions. The theoretical and experimental findings agreed, thereby strengthening both our previous conclusions of the mode of action of these manipulations and the model itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The current status and future challenges of psychiatric/mental health nursing.

To obtain a global picture of the current status of nursing education and nursing practice in the mental health/psychiatric field, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) sent a questionnaire to 23 of its 101 member associations. The basis for the selection was to obtain information from a broad spectrum of different associations, e.g. state of development--economic and political, language, and geographical region. Of these, 16 (or 69%) returned completed questionnaires, often accompanied by extensive supporting documentation. In addition, four nurses' associations in Africa completed the questionnaire during staff field visits in that region. This paper makes reference to the responses received to the questionnaire and some verbatim quotes are included.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed1989

Malaria control by antivectorial measures in a zone of chloroquine-resistant malaria: a successful programme in a rice growing area of the Rusizi valley.

Within a large project for the socio-economic development of the rice growing area of the Rusizi valley in Burundi, a malarial control programme has been set up. This programme has several components: improvement of curative services, promotion of use of impregnated mosquito nets, and use of environmental engineering and indoor spraying with residual insecticides to control infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Training, migration, and regional income disparities.

"It is assumed that there are two regions, that production requires both skilled and unskilled labour, and that one region is innately more productive than the other. Workers, who differ in their migration or training costs, make individually rational decisions. In equilibrium the ratio of skilled workers to unskilled workers is always higher in the more productive region. Average incomes differ between regions because regional differences in wage rates are reinforced by regional differences in the structure of employment. The model is also used to analyse the effects of policies intended to equalize the distribution of income."

Demography↗
PubMed1982

The rural-urban population balance again.

"This paper explores further the economics of the rural-urban population balance, using the method of comparative statics. It confirms the results obtained by Artle and his colleagues, using the method of excess demand analysis, thus demonstrating that the two methods of analysis are equivalent in this context. In analysing the effects of non-neutral technological change upon urbanization, it is essential to distinguish between the total elasticity of demand for manufactured products, and the income and (compensated) price elasticities, respectively. The empirical plausibility is questioned of assuming that total demand for the aggregate of manufactured goods is elastic."

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1987

The aging of man and society.

The author takes the main themes of an International Colloquium held in Toulouse on 15 June 1984 as a starting point to present some reflections on aging. In particular the need for aged societies to face important problems regarding dynamism is stressed, in order to maintain a confrontation with other, younger, societies and to provide people with the same levels of welfare. Moreover, in the future, towns will be more compact with less space so that within a limited environment the elderly individual--whose degree of mobility is ever-decreasing--can carry out his daily activities independently and with ease. From now on, collective savings--adequately invested in production--can assure economic development and a pension system worthy of a progressively aging society.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Implications of basing health-care resource allocations on cost-utility analysis in the presence of externalities.

Cost-utility analysis is increasingly being advocated as a tool for helping to establish funding priorities among programs and services in the health-care sector. As currently conducted, however, cost-utility analysis is problematic as a basis for achieving allocative efficiency because it excludes externalities. The exclusion of externalities may bias program ranking in unpredictable ways, leading to a non-optimal allocation of resources. Consideration of externalities also raises a number of distributional issues for the evaluation of health services and highlights the important of developing economic evaluation methods that are consistent with the conceptual basis for allocating resources.

Canada↗