Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dieldrin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The impact of contamination by organochlorine insecticides on poultry nutrition and feeding.

Nutrient interactions with organochlorine insecticides have been described primarily for vitamin A and protein. Storage of liver vitamin A is reduced by DDT and dieldrin. Low protein diets protect rats from heptachlor toxicity, whereas the toxicity of DDT, dieldrin and lindane is reduced by increasing the quantity and quality of diet protein intake. Biological performance of poultry is adversely affected by 50 to 500 ppm of most of these compounds. Hatchability of eggs and survival of chicks from hens fed insecticides are usually the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Higher levels of DDT decrease thyroid activity. While several insecticides reduce egg shell thickness in wild birds, such changes are not observed in poultry. Extensive low level contamination of poultry tissues and eggs results from the organochlorine insecticides, with the exception of methoxychlor where tissue residues are not a problem. Tissue and egg accumulation of residues is related to dose but quantitatively different for each organochlorine compound. Tissue withdrawal and excretion takes place slowly and most of the compounds are metabolized by liver hydroxylating enzymes to various derivatives that are also stored in the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the body. In one case (heptachlor epoxide), the oxidation product is more toxic than the parent compound.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring of pesticide residues in human milk, soil, water, and food samples collected from Kafr El-Zayat Governorate.

Pesticide residues in human milk and environmental samples from Kafr El-Zayat Governorate in Egypt were analyzed. This governorate is located near one of the biggest pesticide factories in Egypt. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were monitored, including those that have been prohibited from use in Egypt. Human milk samples (31 samples) from Kafr El-Zayat were compared with 11 samples collected from Cairo. Data were compared with results from studies performed in 1987 and 1990. The present study showed that aldrin and dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, and endrin residues have been eliminated from human milk. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of DDT complex and gamma-HCH by breast-fed infants in Kafr El-Zayat were 85.96 and 3.1% of the respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). beta-HCH residues showed an increasing pattern, especially in human milk samples from Cairo. DDT complex and HCH isomers in orange, spinach, lettuce, potatoes, and clover samples ranged from undetectable to very low concentrations. Higher levels of DDT and HCH were detected, but aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and the heptachlors were not detected in food of animal origin. Residues in fish samples were below maximum residue limits established by some developed countries. Those in animal milk samples approached the extraneous residue limits of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. HCH residues in soil were negligible, but DDT residues in soil were somewhat higher. Among water samples, groundwater samples had the highest residues of HCHs and DDTs, followed by Nile River water and then tap water. However, the organochlorine pesticide residues were found at concentrations below the maximum allowable limits set by the World Health Organization for drinking water. Among 12 organophosphorus pesticides monitored as parent compounds, dimethoate, malathion, methamidophos, and chlorpyrifos residues were detected in low concentrations in soil samples from a pesticide factory. No organophosphorus pesticide residues were found in plant samples, except for very low residues of dimethoate in an orange sample. Water samples were devoid of organophosphorus residues as parent compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to organochlorine, organophosphate & carbamate compounds in some arid areas of western Rajasthan.

Insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate compounds has been estimated in Pali and Barmer districts of Rajasthan. Tests revealed that this species was resistant to DDT but susceptible to dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur. Efficacies to these compounds at 50 and 95 per cent levels have been estimated by probit-analysis. The LC50 values for both DDT and dieldrin, were found much lower than those reported from other parts of the country. Heterogeneity of the response was found highly significant [X2 = 43.8(3)] in case of propoxur only.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk, Nicaragua].

This work reports on a preliminary study carried out in Nicaragua to build a profile of the contamination of cow's milk with 10 organochlorine pesticides and make recommendations based on the findings. Between December 1993 and March 1994, milk samples were collected from 48 different sites in the country. The samples were analyzed for residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-BHC, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, oxychlordane, heptachlor epoxide, and the principal metabolites of DDT (p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT) by means of solid-phase extraction from milk fat, and the quantity of the residues was determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Heptachlor epoxide was found in 1 milk sample, dieldrin in 1, lindane in 3, oxychlordane in 3, alpha-BHC in 3, aldrin in 6, HCB in 9, and metabolites of DDT in 39 (81% of the samples). The six samples most heavily contaminated with by-products of DDT came from the departments of León and Chinandega, in the Pacific region, where there used to be intensive cotton production. The highest concentration was found in the sample from Malpaisillo, with 1105 micrograms of pesticide per kg of milk fat. The authors recommend that studies should be done so that the risk of contamination of other food products can be estimated, and that the public's health should be protected through strict control of the production or importation, storage, sale, and use of organochlorine pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-73.

Shells of brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs collected in South Carolina from 1969 through 1973 were significantly thinner than shells of those collected before 1947. Residues of 10 organochlorine pollutants and 10 heavy metals were found in these eggs. Total organochlorine residues were apparently magnified 23 times from fish to pelican eggs, but interpretation of biomagnification was complicated by the migratory habits of both the pelicans and their chief prey fish. Residues of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals were also found in tissues of brown pelicans. Dieldrin was probably involved in the death of a pelican that exhibited myocardial necrosis. Other pelicans died from gunshot wounds, various diseases, or unknown causes. From 1969 through 1973, there was a significant decline in residues of p-p'-DDE, p-p'-TDE, p-p'DDT, and dieldrin in eggs of the brown pelican in South Carolina, but the rate of decline was different for each pollutant. PCB's peaked in 1972 and then declined in 1973 to the lowest level in 5 years. In 1973, the first time in many years, South Carolina brown pelicans reproduced very well. The excellent reproductivity seemed related to lowered organochlorine residues and favorable tides, weather, and food supply.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Nationwide residues of organochlorines in starlings, 1974.

Organochlorine residues in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from 126 collection sites were monitored during the fall of 1974. DDE, DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and benzene hexachloride were present in all samples. Dieldrin, heptachlor expoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and oxychlordane were present in approximately 97% of the samples. DDE, dieldrin, and PCB residues in starlings were significantly lower than they had been in 1972.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Residue levels of organochlorinated insecticides in breast milk: a preliminary report from Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.

Breast milk samples obtained from 115 mothers residing in Al-Kharj area, Saudi Arabia, were quantified by gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for lindane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD, and p,p-DDT. The results showed that 80.9% of the samples contained p,p-DDT, 93.9% p,p-DDE, and 74.8% p,p-DDD. Whereas lindane, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, dieldrin, and endrin were found in 23.5, 20.9, 36.5, 48.7, and 32.2% screened samples, respectively. Results of this survey clearly show that infants were exposed to organochlorinated pesticides. Although the levels of organochlorinated pesticides reported here are lower than those reported from several other countries, the maximum daily intakes of those pesticides exceeded the WHO/UNEP Acceptable Daily Intakes for a 5-kg infant. This finding warrants further research to determine the magnitude of the problem in Saudi Arabia. As there is a bulk of literature that highlights the adverse health effects of organochlorinated pesticides on children and infants, it would be advantageous to establish a regular organochlorinated pesticides monitoring program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1964

CHLORINATED INSECTICIDES: FATE IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING MOSQUITO LARVAE.

Aldrin, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, gamma chlordane. heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, J-hydroxychlordene, and lindane were bioassayed against larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say; the remnant amounts of insecticide and metabolites in larvae and medium were determined by electron-affinity gas chromatography. The insecticides were surprisingly nonpersistent at concentrations normally used.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

THE HUMAN BLOOD INDEX OF MALARIA VECTORS IN RELATION TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT.

The human blood index, or estimated proportion of the blood meals of a mosquito population obtained from man, is provisionally assessed for certain anophelines from blood-meal samples collected during the period 1959-62 and subjected to precipitin testing at the Lister Institute. In malaria eradication programmes this index is relevant to epidemiological assessment and to the modification of measures to interrupt transmission, since a mosquito's vectorial capacity and the malaria reproduction rate both vary as the square of the human blood index.There are serious difficulties in achieving representative sampling for this index and in interpreting the index obtained. These are discussed in some detail. In practice, the human blood index is often best estimated by applying the unweighted mean of a part-sample collected from human dwellings and one from other types of resting-place.Applying this calculation to the samples under review, it appears that DDT exerts a moderate, and dieldrin a more pronounced, impact on the human blood index of Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus; such an effect, indeed, may be general in house-visiting anophelines. Some 18 anopheline species are tentatively graded as having low, medium or high natural human blood indices. Regular and careful sampling, combined with recording of all relevant information, is recommended in view of the epidemiological and operational importance of the human blood index in assessment of eradication programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pesticide bioaccumulation in cattle.

A simple partition model was developed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (dieldrin and heptachlor) in the soil-pasture-grazing animal system. Biomagnification factors (BFL) calculated on a lipid basis ranged from 0.115 to 0.175, but could not be directly compared with other values from the literature because of different methods of calculation. The partition model predicted values of somewhat less than unity, indicating that it does not fully account for pesticide pathways and mechanisms. However, the lack of variation of these values from two compounds indicates a lack of dependence on the octanol/water coefficient which is in accord with the model. The results suggest partitioning between food in the stomach and body tissues is a major bioaccumulation process but other major processes are also involved.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

GABA receptor minigene rescues insecticide resistance phenotypes in Drosophila.

A single point mutation within the GABA receptor gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) confers a high level of resistance to cyclodiene insecticides in a wide range of insects. Previous studies have shown partial rescue of the susceptible phenotype via germline transformation of a 36 kb cosmid coding (or all four alternative Rdl splice forms. Here, we describe the construction of two Rdl promoter/cDNA minigenes, each coding for one of the splice forms alone. Single splice forms rescued both the insecticide susceptible and resistant phenotypes associated with the locus as effectively as the complete cosmid. The minigenes also rescue the lethality associated with homozygous re-arrangements disrupting the Rdl gene, and the level of rescue observed is not increased by the addition of more than one splice form. This demonstrates that only a single Rdl splice form is necessary both to confer insecticide sensitivity and also to rescue lethality. Methods by which phenotype rescue could be enhanced and the potential advantages of using Rdl as a selectable marker are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Modulation of the in vivo covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA by selective induction of microsomal and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity.

The influence of microsomal (mAHH) and nuclear (nAHH) aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity on the covalent binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA was evaluated in vivo. Induction of mAHH was obtained after phenobarbitone treatment (180% of control), which increased DNA binding to 210%, but left the nAHH unchanged. mAHH and nAHH were slightly induced with dieldrin (130% and 120%), but the binding remained unchanged. The increasing effect of mAHH as well as the possibly decreasing effect of nAHH induction on the binding became obvious when the data of 11 individual rats were used to solve the equation Binding = aX(mAHH) + bX(nAHH) + c. Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in positive values for a and c, a negative value for b, and a multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.82. An influence of other enzymes involved in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene cannot be excluded. The study shows clearly that the binding of a foreign compound to DNA in vivo is not only dependent on microsomal enzyme activities but also on nuclear activities even if the latter are considerably lower than those of microsomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Synergistic inhibition of metabolic cooperation by oleic acid or 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) in Chinese hamster V79 cells: implication of a role for protein kinase C in the regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication.

The effects of TPA and/or DDT and oleic acid and/or DDT on gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (i.e. metabolic cooperation) between Chinese hamster V79 cells was examined. Addition of TPA, DDT or oleic acid alone to cocultures of 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGR) and 6-thioguanine-sensitive (6-TGS) V79 cells significantly increased the recovery of 6-TGR cells indicating inhibition of metabolic cooperation. In the presence of TPA and DDT or oleic acid and DDT the observed recovery of 6-TGR cells was significantly greater than the expected (calculated) additive 6-TGR cell recovery. No synergistic increases in 6-TGR cell recovery were observed when co-cultures of V79 cells were exposed to dieldrin and DDT. These results indicate that TPA and DDT or oleic acid and DDT can act synergistically to inhibit metabolic cooperation. These data suggest a role for protein kinase C in the regulation of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A screening technique for assessing effects of pesticides on population and activities of non-target soil microorganisms.

A simplified technique for assessing the effect of pesticides on non-target soil microorganisms was developed. Changes in microbial population determined by the dilution plate method, in nitrification by the soil perfusion technique, and in oxygen consumption using a differential respirometer are the only measurements required. A comparison of the effects observed for three pesticides, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos and Vorlex, in three soil types with those produced by an antibiotic, a fungicide, a nitrification inhibitor and steam pasteurization of the soil clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the simple technique.

Chlorpyrifos↗
PubMed1975

Absorption and elimination of photodieldrin by Daphania and goldfish.

The alga, Ankistrodesmus spiralis, becomes saturated with photodieldrin in 8 hours. The Daphnia whether contaminated by feeding on the algae saturated with photodieldrin or by directly absorbing this insecticide eliminate about 50 per cent of the absorbed photodieldrin in 4 days which increases up to 70 per cent in 7 days. However, continuous exposure of daphnids to photodieldrin results in increased absorption and accumulation of this insecticide. Transfer of the goldfish contaminated with photodieldrin to clean water results in initial elimination in 24 hours whose rate in is then is then subsequently reduced. These two organisms are thus capable of eliminating their body residues of photodieldrin, the "terminal residue: of dieldrin, if their environment is decontaminated.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Percutaneous absorption and metabolism of aldrin by rat skin in diffusion cells.

Using a static diffusion cell with varying receptor fluids the viability of isolated rat skin mounted as whole skin or as split thickness skin has been studied. Skin viability decreased with time with phosphate buffer or Eagles MEM and was not supported with ethanol/water as the receptor fluid. The pesticide aldrin was absorbed through the skin into ethanol/water but not the aqueous receptor fluids. With viable skin preparations aldrin was metabolised to dieldrin and absorbed aldrin and the metabolite remained in the skin. Viable skin preparations must be used to assess in vitro, the degree of metabolism of xenobiotics which occurs during percutaneous absorption.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1976

Insecticide and nutrient transport in water, related to agricultural land use of a stream basin in Ontario, Canada.

Transport by stream water of insecticides and nutrients in Big Creek, Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, was examined by combining concentrations of substrates with flow data. Big Creek has its headwaters in dairy cattle country, its central basin area is mainly devoted to tobacco growing, and its lower reaches contain mixed farming, corn and vegetables, etc., before it flows into Lake Erie. Three sampling sites were chosen to represent these 3 different land uses. Generally concentrations of substrates in the water were quite uniform at the 3 sites resulting in transport of quantities in proportion to stream flow. Certain anomalies occurred and are discussed. The 2 chief insecticides found were DDT and dieldrin. Analyses for potassium, calcium and magnesium indicated that these nutrient losses into the stream were area-rather than usage-dependent. Midseason variations in loss of nitrogen and phosphorus may be the result of agricultural practices in the three areas represented in this study. The largest quantities of all nutrients lost occurred early in the season before crops were established.

Agriculture↗