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PubMedDate not supplied

[Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection].

The paper is a review of scientific data obtained in 1990-1998 and concerning the up-to-date diagnostical approaches used in the laboratory practice. The main widely used methods of HIV-specific antigens and antibodies detection in biological fluids are discussed. The paper deals with the basic methods of HIV-infection diagnosis, an analysis of their specificity, sensitivity, their advantages and possible pitfalls. The principal approach permitting one to improve the current test-systems is the elaboration of automated and express tests side by side with the increasing of their sensitivity and specificity.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2003

Laboratory diagnosis of enteroviral infections of the central nervous system by using a nested RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Enteroviruses are the most common pathogens identified in infants hospitalized for suspected aseptic meningitis. Rapid detection of enterovirus infection is essential in taking the decision for treatment with antiviral agents and applying infection control measures in hospitalized pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of conventional virus isolation with those of enteroviral RNA detection by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method in identical specimens from cases of suspected aseptic meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected for viral examination from 68 pediatric patients with suspected aseptic meningitis from 1999 to 2002. These samples were inoculated in HeLa, Hep-2 and RD cell culture. The viral RNA was investigated by in-house RT-PCR method. The isolated viruses were typed by neutralization test. 36 of the 68 specimens were detected to be enterovirus positive by culture method, while 43 of them yielded positive results when RT-PCR method is used. Discrepancies occurred between the two methods in 15 specimens. While 11 specimens were positive by RT-PCR, these are found to be culture-negative. The isolated viruses were typed as Echovirus 30 (n: 30), Group B coxsackievirus (n: 5) and one isolate could not be typed by neutralization. Because of higher sensitivity and rapidity of RT-PCR, it is superior (p = 0.016) to virus culture of CSF for the diagnosis of enterovirus meningitis. Although the clinical usefulness of viral culture from CSF is limited, the final laboratory identification needs cultural techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Laboratory diagnosis of zinc deficiency.

Zinc status in human subjects is assessed by measurement of zinc in plasma, erythrocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and hair. Available data indicate that zinc in neutrophils and the assay of activity of alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils may be the best tools for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency. Measurement of zinc in the plasma is simple and readily available in many laboratories. Plasma zinc is useful provided the plasma is unhemolyzed and conditions, such as infections, acute stress, myocardial infarction and intravascular hemolysis, are ruled out. Inasmuch as hair and erythrocytes turn over slowly, their zinc levels do not reflect recent changes with respect to zinc status. Other useful parameters for assessment of zinc status include metabolic balance studies, urinary zinc excretion. Cu:Zn ratio, zinc tolerance test, and measurement of activities of zinc-dependent enzymes in suitable biological samples.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed2003

[Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis].

Invasive aspergillosis is major cause of morbility and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, in part due to the inability to identify infected patients at an early stage of the disease. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging (high-resolution computed tomography) and a number of laboratory techniques including direct examination, culture and circulating markers (galactomannan and Aspergillus DNA) which can be detected at early stages of the infection.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Percentage of serological positivity examined in 4205 blood sera by serological method microscopic agglutination test (MAT) on the hinterland territory of our laboratory (East Bohemia; 1999-2003) was 0.38-4.7 %. By the PCR method for detection of DNA of pathogenic leptospires (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii and L. kirschneri) from 57 samples of different biological materials from patients with fever of unknown etiology positive results were obtained in 4 specimens (7 %; 3 samples of urine and 1 sample of blood). This method was shown to distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains and can detect 2.5-10 cells per mL of biological material. As an important presumption of successful detection of pathogenic leptospires a correct collecting of blood, urine samples or liquor is required before starting antibody therapy. The PCR method possesses a clear advantage over other methods, such as MAT, which relies on the detection of antibodies the presence of which cannot be detected until days after infection.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2005

[Laboratory diagnosis of polysystemic autoimmune diseases].

After a short description of the mechanism of the development of polysystemic autoimmune diseases, this paper presents the in vitro laboratory methods suitable for the characterization of the humoral and cellular elements of immune system, furthermore, summarizes the characteristic autoantibodies and other laboratory alterations in these diseases.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1991

Laboratory diagnosis of retroviral infections.

The molecular biology techniques that were once the exclusive domain of the basic researcher are now becoming apparent within the diagnostic laboratory. Techniques that can detect and quantify the specific genes of retroviruses without the need for radioactive compounds are becoming a reality. In addition, they are rapidly being applied to other viral and nonviral infectious diseases. For the present, techniques that detect the presence of antiretroviral antibodies are the front-line tests for screening and detecting infected, mostly asymptomatic individuals. As vaccines and chemotherapies become the standard of care, tissue culture, PCR, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry will become the core diagnostic technologies that will enable an accurate prognosis of disease and evaluation of therapy; however, as with any diagnostic procedures, they must be performed against a background of a strong and aggressive quality control and assurance program.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1989

[A staged plan for laboratory diagnosis of hereditary metabolic diseases].

When clinical evidence provides grounds for suspecting inborn errors of metabolism it is urgent to perform the necessary, relevant, specific laboratory investigations in good time and with a view to quality. Normally, the realization depends on individual initiatives and the use of laboratories mainly designed for pediatrics and human genetics. Consequently the results are equally a matter of chance. Nothing in this situation can be changed in principle by using the catalogue of services of the Society for Human Genetics of the GDR. Central administrative provisions are necessary to improve the present unsatisfactory situation. Proposals for regulations, division of responsibility and a graduated programme of parameters are discussed here with a view to establishing uniform procedures.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Neonatal Chagas disease: laboratory diagnosis during the first year of life].

This paper describes the parasitologic and serologic studies carried out during the first year of life in 721 pediatric patients born to mothers serologically positive for Chagas disease. The search for circulating trypomastigotes was performed by Strout, blood culture and/or Xenodiagnosis. In some cases, amastigotes were also detected in placenta and umbilical cord. Complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence were used to detect Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies. The dosage of total Ig by single radial immunodiffusion was also carried out. The results obtained showed an absolute correlation between parasite detection and the persistence of antibodies after six months of life. In the first group (GI) formed by 8 children, the diagnosis of congenital infection could not be confirmed because the isolation of T. cruzi was obtained only in later studies. In another 8 children grouped in GIII, it was impossible to detect parasitemia, and the diagnosis was reached by the serological positivity after six months of life. Finally, in 684 patients with anti-T. cruzi antibodies at birth, the serology became negative at the age of 3 months (GIV) or 6 months (GV). The methodology employed in this work is accessible to laboratories of medium complexity, and permits the diagnosis of congenital or neonatal chagasic infection with a high degree of reliability. On the other hand, it avoids unnecessary administration of trypanomicide drugs in a number of newborn and infants who have only received maternal antibodies at birth and were not infected by T. cruzi.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Incidence, laboratory diagnosis and serologic prediction of hemolytic disease of newborn infants due to ABO incompatibility].

The frequency of the haemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO-incompatibility (ABO-HDN), requiring treatment, is with approximately 5% of all hyperbilirubinemias in newborns lower than usually expected. Contrary to common conception the serologic diagnosis of ABO-HDN by means of the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is possible with satisfactory accuracy. The enormous laboratory burden of IgG-anti-A, -B testing during pregnancy is in poor conformity with clinically demonstrable illness. This discrepancy is due to the rarity of true ABO incompatibilities and not to the ineffectiveness of laboratory investigations.

ABO Blood-Group System↗