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PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive parameters of male dromedary and bactrian camels.

Functional anatomy of male reproductive organs and reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels are quite similar except for some differences in the seasonal pattern of reproductive events: left testes bigger than right; scrotum not pendulous; vas deferens very convoluted with 2 mm diameter; prostate divided into 2 parts by septum, with many ducts; bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands well developed and seminal vesicle absent; fibroelastic penis has "prescrotal" sigmoid flexure and the glans resembles crochet needle; triangular-shaped prepuce directed posteriorly to open to the rear, and can move cranially or caudally during erection or urination, respectively; semen ejaculate, 1-12 mL in volume with little gelatinous material, coagulates and liquifies within minutes; total sperm/ejaculate 6 x 10(9) sperm/mL; semen contains PGE1, PGE(2x,LH), estradiol progesterone/other metabolites; semen collected by AV used for bulls with long copulation time; ovulation induced 36-48 h after mating or insemination; sperm of a short life of 1-6 h at 0.4 degrees C, is prolonged in presence of mucopolysaccharide gel; fresh semen inseminated. Topics of future research on endocrinology of reproduction, gonadal physiology, semen biology assisted reproductive technology, and gene transfer to germ cells of camels are outlined. The prevention and control of STD is an important component of camel stud management to improve reproductive performance in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Topography of spatially directed conditioned responding: effects of context and trial duration.

Domesticated quail (Coturnix japonica) received a discrete conditioned stimulus (CS) at one end of the experimental chamber paired with the opportunity to copulate with a female quail (the unconditioned stimulus) in a goal box located 112 cm away. Approach to the CS (sign tracking) and approach to the goal area (goal tracking) were measured. The duration of exposure to the experimental context (C) was varied in Experiment 1, and the duration of the conditioning trials (T) was varied in Experiment 2 for independent groups, creating C/T ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 4.5, 45, and 180. Contrary to previous reports of a direct relation between the C/T ratio and conditioned responding, in the present experiments, a shift in the topography and stimulus control of conditioned behavior occurred. Low C/T ratios (1.0-4.5) produced goal tracking controlled by contextual cues, whereas high C/T ratios (45 and 180) produced sign tracking controlled by the discrete CS.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the Sexual Behavior of Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stolíczka)(Araneae, Araneidae)].

Courtship and copulation behaviour of the tropical spider Cyrtophora cicatrosa were observed in the laboratory. They are described and compared with the behaviour of C. citricola. Emphasis is placed on the roles of pheromones and web tapping, and on the species' different ways of overcoming the problems resulting from extreme sexual dimorphism.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1975

[Imprinting of domestic animals on man].

Male farm animals (kids, lambs and piglets) were kept isolated from conspecifics for their first 10 days of life. Until reaching sexual maturity they lived like pets in close contact with human beings; later some of them were removed to farms. Here they could interact with animals of other species, but not with conspecifics. Their first contact with conspecifics took place after they were sexually mature. In simultaneous choice experiments, offering a conspecific and a human being as passive participants, the animals were tested for any imprinted preference for human beings. Criteria were sexual advances and copulation attempts, as these indicate a strong social attachment. Two conditions proved necessary for imprinting on another species: 1. long-term isolation from conspecifics, and 2. close contact with another species during this time. Under these circumstances the term "sensitive period" may not be appropriate. Contrary to imprinting in birds isolation during the first days of life is not necessary for imprinting on another species to take place.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reproductive activity of Coelomera lanio (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)].

The Cecropia spp. (Cecropiaceae) trees are attacked by several insects; among them, Coelomera lanio (Dalman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The reproductive behavior of C. lanio was studied under laboratory conditions (12 hour photoperiod, 24.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C and mean relative humidity 67.7 +/- 0.6%), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The insects were reared in cages and in Petri dishes and fed leaves of Cecropia pachystachya Trec. Reproductive activity began 5.8 +/- 0.2 days after adult emergence and mean copulation time was 2.5 +/- 0.1 min. The female began oviposition only after 25.7 +/- 0.7 days. Each female laid a mean of 4.7 +/- 0.4 times (range 1-9). The mean number of eggs per oviposition and female was 129.2 +/- 2.4 and 587.4 +/- 92.1 respectively, and the time between egg-layings averaged 16.3 +/- 0.8 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Behavior of the African chevrotain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Its ecological and phylogenetic significance].

The behaviour of the African chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus) was examined in 70 animals living in an enclosure. As far as possible every element of behaviour was seen in relationship to the animal's way of life in the field, and compared with the known behaviour of other Artiodactyla. It was attempted to ascertain the evolutionary stage of every behavioural element. Activity corresponds exactly to the dark period from 18.00 to 6.00. The males are by far more active than the females. An activity period during the night seems to be typical for the more primitive species. The sleeping position is reminiscent of the Suidae, the comfort behaviour of the smaller Artiodactyla. There is no mutual grooming. Hyemoschus aquaticus searches for food with its snout as do the Suidae, and can not rise on its hind legs as can most Artiodactyla. The alarm behavior is the same as in other forest-dwelling ruminants, behaviours of mainly visual importance are missing. Feces and urine are deposited anywhere. Both sexes announce their presence with these excrements, which are mixed with an excrete of the anal (male and female) and preputial glands (male). The interramal gland is occasionally used for marking twigs. Hyemoschus aquaticus does not have a single gland of the ruminant type. Fighting between females is seldom, between males more frequent, but of short duration. No demonstrations of rank order or territorial behaviour were observed. The male finds the female olfactorially. Precopulatory behaviour and copulation are similar to that of the Suidae. Early development and mother-infant behavior can be devided into 5 stages, which are described. Play behaviour of the young is very simple, there is no contact with peers. In its whole behaviour Hyemoschus aquaticus is the prototype of the solitary forest-dweller, more pig than ruminant. The Asian genus Tragulus of the same family is already more a ruminant than Hyemoschus aquaticus; the primitive Cervidae, with the genus Muntiacus, indicate the next level.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An experimental study of the mechanisms of precopulatory isolation between 3 genetic forms of the house mouse in the genus Mus].

Under experimental conditions, possible mechanisms of precopulatory isolation were studied in house mice of there forms: Mus musculus musculus, sympatric M. spicilegus, and allopatric hybrid population of M. m. domesticus x M. m. musculus. In these experiments, the animals were placed in pairs (a male and a female in state of estrus) on a neutral territory. Nine combinations of matching were used. No pronounced mechanisms were found to prevent the copulation of partners of different forms. The factor analysis has revealed the dependence of different forms of social interactions between potential sexual partners upon three factors: taxonomic position of female, taxonomic position of male, and variant of matching. It was shown that the behaviour of female was one principal determinant of the development of events during the experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The sexual behavior of the primates].

The article presents the review of modern data of the field and laboratory investigations of primate sexual behavior, cyclicity, reproductive strategies and copulation in different primates taxa: strepsirrhini, platyrrhyni, catarrhini. The specific character, progressiveness and adaptation of some reproductive models are discussed by the authors. A problem of connection between dominance and reproductive success is also discussed, the role of sexual teaching in postnatal ontogenesis, age and hormonal status for expression of sexual behavior are analysed. Some forms of sexual declinations in primates are considered.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Peculiarities in ontogenesis and reproductive cycle of the mite Varroa jacobsoni (Parasitiformes, Varroidae) and its relation to the host Apis mellifera.

On the basis on functional morphology and ecology of Varroa jacobsoni the reproductive cycle of female mites was divided into 5 stages: copulation, puberty, preoviposition, oviposition, rehabilitation. The whole ontogeny from egg to formed protonymph in the chorion proceeds very intensively (26 to 30 hours). Besides the reproductive potential is realized during an extremely short period (6 to 7 days) which duration is determined by the total duration of the mite's ontogeny, so that the development of adult mites in all of the viable eggs laid has to be completed by the time the bees leave the brood.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Stimulation of sexual performance in male rats with the root extract of dinh lang (Policias fruticosum L.).

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is probably the best known medicinal plant, the extract of which is used in the Far East as a traditional remedy. Dinh lang (Polycias fruticosum L.) root extract (DLRE) was found to have a pharmacological spectrum similar to Ginseng. Experimental and clinical studies have shown a wide range of pronounced stimulatory effects of DLRE which showed low toxicity. It increases mental and physical performance. This study is devoted to demonstrate the effect of DLRE on sexual performance of male rats. Different age-cohorts of Wistar male rats [6-8 months old (n = 204), 16-18-months old (n = 240) and 22-24 month old (n = 122)], were used for these experiments. The rats of each age cohort were divided into 4 groups. One group received saline, others were treated with various doses of DLRE daily. Treatment started 10 days before the screening test and continued during the test period. DLRE reduced the percentage of non-copulators in the aged rats compared to the younger ones. In the aged rats DLRE transformed high percentage of sluggish rats to sexually fully active animals. In sexually fully active 6-8 months old rats the percentage of rats displaying ejaculation with the second female was found to be significantly higher in DLRE-treated males. Also the recovery of the sexually exhausted male rats proved to be faster in DLRE-treated groups.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama glama)

Female llamas ovulate in response to copulation, and progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum indicates recent ovulation (mating) and, or, pregnancy. The plasma progesterone concentration was 0.9 to 1.4 ng/ml in five non-pregnant llamas and 7.4 to 9.2 ng/ml in three llamas in the last month of pregnancy. After ovulation had been induced in nine of 10 llamas by a single intramuscular injection of 500 or 750 iu of human chorionic gonadotrophin, the plasma progesterone concentration increased after two days from 0.5 to 1.2 ng/ml to 4.6 to 10.3 ng/ml after six to nine days and returned to basal values after 10 to 13 days, reflecting the life-span of a corpus luteum in the absence of conception. After a male llama had been introduced into a group of 13 females, 10 matings which resulted in eight conceptions occurred in the first 11 days, and 11 of the llamas became pregnant. The llamas' progesterone concentrations increased after mating and remained high if conception had occurred: 6 to 12 ng/ml in months one to four, and 5 to 9 ng/ml in months five to nine of the 11-month gestation. Two of the 13 llamas had high concentrations of progesterone although they did not become pregnant.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Breeding soundness of beef bulls after circumcision: 33 cases (1980-1986).

Case records of 33 beef bulls that had preputial prolapses and underwent circumcisions were reviewed. Data retrieved included age, breed, duration of preoperative medical treatment, complications of surgery, length of time from surgery to first breeding, ability of bull to copulate, duration of active breeding, and complications resulting in breeding unsoundness. The mean age of all bulls was 3.5 years (1 to 7 years). Breeds represented included Santa Gertrudis (n = 13), Beefmaster (n = 8), Brangus (n = 7), Brahman (n = 4), and Angus (n = 1). The mean duration of medical treatment before surgery for all bulls was 16.4 days (2 to 38 days). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean duration of medical treatment before surgery between bulls that became breeding sound (16 days), compared with those that were breeding unsound (19 days). However, bulls requiring more than 14 days of medical treatment before surgery were approximately 3 times (relative risk, 2.8) more likely to develop postoperative complications than those bulls requiring 14 days of treatment or less. Eleven bulls (33%) developed one or more postoperative complications. The complications resolved in 4 bulls, but 7 were never able to breed. Of these 7 bulls, 4 had problems directly related to the circumcision, 2 had extensive fibrosis of the prepuce already present at surgery, and 1 was discharged from the hospital with no apparent complications but was never able to breed. Twenty-five of the 33 bulls (76%) were breeding sound for 1 or more years after surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: parametric and background manipulations.

Recent studies have shown that a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) for unconsummated sexual arousal can increase the rate of copulation in the rat. This report includes five experiments examining the effects of parametric manipulations on the conditioned arousal response. Results show that between six and nine trials are necessary for reliable conditioning, but extinction is somewhat slower than acquisition. The function for the CS-US (unconditioned stimulus) interval is quadratic, with a minimum of several minutes required for effective conditioning. In the first three experiments, it appeared that background cues were conditioned as well as the designated CSs, and this was tested explicitly in the last two studies. In one, the effect of background cues was shown by training and testing in different situations; in the second, background cues were shown to be subject to latent inhibition. These results demonstrate the influence of Pavlovian learning in sexual behavior and help to provide the basis for an animal model of the acquisition of deviant sexual arousal in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Life-span changes in the copulatory behavior of male rats (Rattus norvegicus).

The copulatory behavior of 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-month-old sexually naive male rats (Long-Evans) was studied during 2-hr tests with receptive females. There was no apparent change in sexual arousal as measured by latency to initiate copulation across age, with subjects from all groups exhibiting comparable latencies to first mount and first mount with intromission. The numbers of ejaculations achieved were also similar across ages. Significant age differences were found for frequency of mounts, with 20-month-olds having the highest mean frequency. The persistent mounting by older males appeared to account for significant group differences in interintromission interval and ejaculation latency. It is suggested that motor deficits may impair the ability of older males to achieve intromission, increasing the number of mount bouts as well as the number of mounts per bout, thus extending the length of each copulatory series.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: first- and second-order effects.

Despite the likely importance of Pavlovian conditioning in sexual behavior, previous evidence of reliable or sizeable effects is very sparse. This report includes four experiments in the conditioning of sexual arousal in the males of a mammalian species, namely, the rat. In each case the unconditioned response (UR) was unconsummated arousal after exposure to a female. There was evidence of a substantial conditioned effect, as shown by decreases in the time to complete copulation during postconditioning conditioned stimulus (CS) tests. It is also possible to establish a second-order conditioned response (CR), which retains its strength even after extinction of the first-order response. These results confirm the power of Pavlovian contingencies in sexual responding and provide implications for conditioning theory and applied work.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

An RNA viral infection of hamster testes and uteri resulting in orchitis and effects on fertility and reproduction.

A pantropic, attenuated RNA virus [TC83 strain of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus] grew in hamster testes after intratesticular inoculation. Virus did not grow in testes after subcutaneous injection nor in uninoculated testes after unilateral testicular injection. Although viremia disappeared within 6 days when virus-neutralizing antibodies appeared in serum, viral growth in testes continued for 2-3 weeks after intratesticular inoculation. Virus also persisted for 12 days in testes of hamsters immunized 4 weeks previous to intratesticular inoculation. Thus, there seemed to be a barrier between germinal epithelium and blood to early virus-neutralizing antibodies which developed within 2-4 weeks of infection. Cytonecrosis, inflammation, depression in the number of germinal cells, atrophy, fibrosis and eventual sterility occurred with viral growth in testes of normal hamsters, but no histopathology other than atrophy and aspermia was seen in epididymides. Similar changes occurred in testes of some previously immunized hamsters. Virus antigen was found in diploid, but not haploid germinal cells, and virus (either attenuated or virulent VE) did not adsorb to or grow in sperm maintained in vitro. Males with infected testes and virus in the epididymis remained fertile for about 2 weeks after inoculation. Virus was only occasionally transferred to the uterus-vagina of normal females by copulation with males with infected testes, and only rarely did such females become infected. Usually, pregnancy developed and progressed normally, and no convincing transfer of virus to progeny occurred. In normal female hamsters inoculated intrauterinely or subcutaneously, virus did not reach higher concentrations in uteri than in blood, virus disappeared concurrently in both and no histopathology developed in uteri. However, infection of females by intrauterine inoculation of attenuated VE virus 2 hours before mating prevented pregnancy whereas intrauterine inoculation of saline or an adenovirus did not.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Toxicological studies on a new cephamycin, MT-141. VIII. Its fertility test in rats].

A fertility study of MT-141 was performed in SD rats with the intramuscular (i.m.) injections at the dose levels of 400, 800 and 1,600 mg/kg/day. The male rats were injected with MT-141 for 63 days before mating and during the mating period, while the female rats were injected with MT-141 from the 14th day before mating up to the day 7 of gestation. All pregnant rats were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation followed by external, visceral and skeletal observations of their fetuses. The results are summarized as follows. The suppression of body weight gain was observed in males given above 800 mg/kg/day i.m. and in females of all treated groups during early period of gestation. However, no significant differences were found between treated groups and the control with regard to copulation rate and conception rate. Though no defects were observed for visceral and skeletal specimens in the fetuses of treated groups, MT-141 produced a delayed ossification of forelimbs in the fetuses at the doses above 800 mg/kg/day and of sternebrae at the dose of 1,600 mg/kg/day. It is concluded from the above-mentioned results that the maximal "no 'effective" dose of MT-141 on the fertility is above 1,600 mg/kg/day i.m. in parental rats and less than 800 mg/kg/day i.m. for the fetuses.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Causes of copulatory failure in beef bulls.

A cow in full standing estrus is required to assess a bull's ability to copulate. Insufficient libido is not involved if the bull sniffs the cow's vulva and attempts to mount. Blood or pus exiting the penis or prepuce indicates penile or preputial lacerations or other lesions. Rear foot or stifle lesions, seminal vesiculitis, traumatic reticulitis or lumbar spinal injuries may prevent the bull from mounting. Preputial stenosis, penile adhesions, desensitization, hematomas or deviations, peripreputial abscess, cavernosal shunts, insufficient penile length and occlusions of the cavernosal canals may prevent intromission after mounting.

Animals↗