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PubMed1988

Alpha 1-antitrypsin and serum albumin in tear fluids in acute adenovirus conjunctivitis.

The alpha 1-antitrypsin and serum albumin levels in tear fluids were measured by electroimmunodiffusion in 76 healthy subjects and 63 patients with acute adenovirus conjunctivitis. They were found to be significantly increased during the acute phase of the disease. There was a correlation between increased severity of disease and increased levels of both the proteins. There was no significant difference in the tear alpha 1-antitrypsin and serum albumin levels in viral isolation-positive and isolation-negative patients. The raised levels of the two proteins in tears may reflect conjunctival inflammation rather than infection, since both isolation-positive and isolation-negative patients had the raised levels. The levels of the two proteins returned to normal with clinical improvement.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1990

Infective conjunctivitis and corneal scarring in three brothers with sex linked hypogammaglobulinaemia (Bruton's disease).

The ocular findings in three brothers with Bruton's disease are reported. All three boys had purulent conjunctivitis, but the two older brothers also developed marked corneal scarring with visual impairment. Haemophilus influenzae was cultured from conjunctival swabs; it was resistant to neomycin but sensitive to chloramphenicol. Tear analysis showed that the three subjects had normal levels of lysozyme but no detectable IgA.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMed1990

An outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Kaduna, Nigeria.

Clinical studies were carried out on two groups of patients with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) during an epidemic in 1985 in Northern Nigeria. Group 1 consisted of 99 students attending a girls' boarding school, group 2 of 200 patients selected randomly from 1000 examined at the local clinic. Moderate to severe hyperaemia and papillary responses were present in the palpebral conjunctiva of all patients, and 234 (66%) had subconjunctival haemorrhages. Transient superficial punctate keratitis was noted in over 60% of patients. A transient flare suggestive of a low grade iritis was seen in five patients. No neurological disorders were noted. Serological studies were carried out on patients from group 2. Fifteen paired and 20 single serum samples were titrated against adenovirus type 4 (Ad-4) and enterovirus type 70 (EV-70). Two pairs of sera showed a 4-fold rise in antibody levels to EV-70, whereas the antibody titres to EV-70 in the rest of the sera ranged from 1:20 (no antibody) to 1:160. None of the paired serum samples showed a 4-fold rise in antibody levels to adenovirus. The results of clinical studies and serological findings support EV-70 as a probable cause of AHC in Nigeria.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1991

Tranexamic acid-associated ligneous conjunctivitis with gingival and peritoneal lesions.

A considerable number of agents have been proposed as causing ligneous conjunctivitis. We report the first case to arise as a side effect of tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron), an anti-fibrinolytic drug used in the treatment of menorrhagia. In addition to the typical conjunctival changes our patient had lesions affecting the gingiva and the peritoneum the last causing considerable protein loss into the peritoneal cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Activated T cells in an animal model of allergic conjunctivitis.

The aim of this study has been to determine whether the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates observed in the histology of ocular allergic conditions in humans or in the late phase of ocular anaphylactic reactions in experimental animals is a non-specific event dependent only on the degranulation of mast cells, or is conditioned by a specific response to antigen. With this in mind, responses to antigen and to a non-immunological mast cell degranulator (compound 48/80) were compared in an experimental model of allergic conjunctivitis. Rats were sensitised to ovalbumin and challenged topically in the left conjunctival sac either with ovalbumin or compound 48/80. The presence of T cells and activated T cells in the infiltrate was studied by immunohistochemical staining on conjunctival tissue obtained at 4, 24, and 48 hours after challenge. Ovalbumin sensitised and challenged rats showed increased numbers of T cells in the conjunctival infiltrate, statistically significant when compared with compound 48/80 challenged rats at 48 hours and with controls at 4, 24, and 48 hours. The number of T cells was significantly higher in compound 48/80 challenged rats only at 48 hours when compared with controls. As for the number of activated T cells, only ovalbumin sensitised and challenged rats showed significantly increased levels of these cells compared with both sensitised animals challenged with compound 48/80 and controls at 4 and 24 hours after challenge. These results suggest that the infiltration of the conjunctiva by activated T lymphocytes is, at least in part, dependent on a specific response to antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Expression of gelatinase B in trachomatous conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gelatinase B is a matrix metalloproteinase involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown often associated with scarring and other pathological disorders. It was investigated whether gelatinase B is involved in the pathogenesis of ECM degradation associated with trachomatous conjunctivitis. METHODS: Conjunctival biopsy specimens obtained from six patients with active trachoma, six patients with active vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), and seven control subjects were studied. Immunohistochemical techniques and a specific monoclonal antibody against human gelatinase B were used, and a monoclonal antibody against macrophage CD68 to identify mononuclear cells with gelatinase B immunoreactivity. In addition, quantitative zymography was used to compare the activity of gelatinase B in conjunctival biopsy specimens from seven patients with active trachoma and seven control subjects. RESULTS: Gelatinase B was detected by immunohistochemistry only in polymorphonuclear cells located in the vascular lumens in three normal conjunctival biopsy specimens. In all trachoma specimens and in five VKC specimens, gelatinase B was localised in monocyte/macrophage cells, positive for the CD68 marker, and in polymorphonuclear cells. The majority of the latter cell type was located in intravascular spaces. Compared with VKC specimens, trachoma specimens showed significantly more immunoreactive gelatinase B monocyte/macrophage cells (52.3 (21.9) v 8.2 (6.4); p <0.001) and polymorphonuclear cells (23.2 (14.2) v 6.3 (5.4); p = 0. 013). Activated macrophages with giant cell morphology clearly stained with the gelatinase B specific monoclonal antibody were observed in trachoma specimens. Zymography revealed that gelatinase B levels in trachoma specimens were significantly higher than the levels found in normal conjunctiva (1739.6 (1078.3) v 609.3 (395.9) scanning units; p = 0.0127). CONCLUSIONS: The increased activity of gelatinase B and numbers of inflammatory cells containing gelatinase B in trachoma specimens suggest that this enzyme plays a part in the pathogenesis of conjunctival scarring in trachoma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy and safety of ketotifen eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Ketotifen blocks histamine H(1) receptors, stabilises mast cells, and prevents eosinophil accumulation. These multiple, pharmacological mechanisms provided the rationale for assessing the efficacy and safety of ketotifen 0.025% eye drops in subjects with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) in an environmental setting. METHODS: This was a double masked, randomised, multicentre trial conducted in Australia. Subjects were randomly assigned to ketotifen fumarate 0.025% ophthalmic solution, placebo (as vehicle), or levocabastine hydrochloride 0.05% ophthalmic suspension, twice daily in each eye for a 4 week period. Subjects were assessed at follow up (days 5-8) and termination (days 25-31) visits. The primary efficacy variable was the responder rate, based on the subjects' assessment of global efficacy at the follow up visit. RESULTS: 519 subjects were randomised to treatment. At the follow up visit, the responder rate, based on subjects' assessment of global efficacy, was significantly greater in the ketotifen group (49.5%) than in the placebo group (33.0%) for subjects with a positive diagnostic test for pollen allergy (p = 0.02). The investigators' assessment of responder rates also showed that ketotifen was superior to placebo (p = 0.001). Ketotifen produced a significantly better outcome than levocabastine (p<0.05) for relief of signs and symptoms of SAC, at both the follow up and the termination visit. The type and frequency of adverse events were similar across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: In an environmental setting, ketotifen fumarate 0.025% ophthalmic solution was well tolerated and effective in reducing the signs and symptoms of SAC, and in preventing their recurrence. Ketotifen consistently showed the best efficacy in comparison with both placebo and levocabastine. These results indicate that ketotifen eye drops are a valuable treatment option for this condition.

Anti-Allergic Agents↗
PubMed2002

Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Topical antibiotics in acute bacterial conjunctivitis.

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether there is any evidence to show if topical antibiotic therapy reduces time to remission in acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Altogether 1231 papers were found using the reported search, of which one presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of this paper are tabulated. A clinical bottom line is stated.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1973

The isolation of enteroviruses from cases of acute conjunctivitis.

In two epidemics of acute enterovirus conjunctivitis the diagnosis could only be established by the use of human embryonic organ cultures. In one instance cultures of ciliated respiratory epithelium proved sensitive to the virus but similar culture failed to support growth of the virus from the second outbreak which was isolated in organ cultures of conjunctiva. The virus associated with a third outbreak had previously been isolated from the original material by culture in human embryo kidney cells, but it required passage in organ culture for its detection after the specimens had been diluted.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

A comparative study of viruses associated with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

Seven representative isolates from six outbreaks of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis were shown to have the characteristics of enteroviruses. Two viruses differed from the remaining five isolates in producing paralysis in suckling mice and being resistant to 2-hydroxybenzyl-benzimidazole. These two viruses were also closely related antigenically and distinct from the other five viruses which were serologically similar to each other. Neither group of viruses was inhibited by antisera to the known enteroviruses and they probably represent two new enterovirus types one related to the Coxsackie A viruses and the other to the echoviruses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Sexually transmitted diseases profile of patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis.

During 1980-85, 1648 patients with conjunctivitis attended an Eye Hospital in Liverpool. Of these, 195 had proven chlamydial infection. On referral, only 68 adults and 27 children of this group, and 66 adults as 'contacts' attended the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic. Screening tests detected a significant number of STD's among the adults. Though asymptomatic, a large proportion of them had chlamydia a potential pathogen, in their genital tract. The need for such a referral, full S.T.D. screening and appropriate systemic treatment to prevent some of the sequele of untreated chlamydial infection are emphasised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Animal model studies of genital chlamydial infections. Immunity to re-infection with guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent in the urethra and eye of male guinea-pigs.

A previous report demonstrated that male guinea-pigs could be infected in the urethra with guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) agent and that the infection was transmitted during mating from infected males to females. In the experiments reported here, inoculation of male guinea-pigs in the urethra with GPIC organisms resulted in infection which subsided spontaneously in about 2 weeks. Males were demonstrated to be completely resistant to urethral challenge with 10(3)ID50 when tested 6 weeks after urethral infection. These guinea-pigs, immune to re-infection of the urethra, remained susceptible to infection of the eye, but this ocular infection was shorter in duration than that in previously uninfected control animals. Infection in the eye resulted in immunity to both ocular and urethral infection when animals were challenged 6 weeks after the ocular infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from cases of conjunctivitis in a colony of cats.

This report describes the isolation in cell cultures of Chlamydia psittaci from cases of conjunctivitis in a colony of cats. The organism was identified in McCoy cell monolayers by staining the intracytoplasmic chlamydial inclusions with a fluorescent antibody technique, and serological evidence of chlamydial infection in cats was obtained by indirect immunofluorescence. The possible role of C psittaci as an ocular, upper respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen in cats is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Growth characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus in monkey kidney cells. III. Viral RNA synthesis at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures.

Monkey kidney cells infected with the J 670/71 strain of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) virus in the presence of actinomycin D synthesized two species of viral RNA. One species had properties similar to the virion RNA, sedimented in a sucrose gradient with a sedimentation coefficient of 34S, and was sensitive to RNase. The other species sedimented at 18S and was resistant to RNase. The inability of AHC virus to replicate at 39 degrees was attributed to a lack of virus-specific RNA synthesis in infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70.

During 1981-1982, epidemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred in and around Chandigarh, India. Conjunctival swabs were taken from AHC cases and investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence method both in Chandigarh and in Houston. By using reference antiserum, both laboratories proved enterovirus type 70 to be the causative agent of the epidemics. The immunofluorescence test was evaluated as a rapid method for the diagnosis of AHC.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Growth characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) virus in monkey kidney cells. II. Temperature sensitivity of the isolates obtained at various epidemic areas.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) virus strains isolated in eight different areas during epidemics of AHC were tested for the reproductive capacity at 33, 37 and 39 degrees. All of the 25 strains tested grew better at 33 degrees but restrictively at 39 degrees. The degree of temperature sensitivity varied slightly from one strain to the other, but generally exceeded that of attenuated poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab. Temperature-resistant clones were selected by repeated passages of originally temperature-sensitive prototype strains at supraoptimal temperature. The importance of using a low temperature (32-34 degrees) for isolation of virus from external tissues of the body and for subsequent passages has been emphasized. It was suggested that the relatively low temperature of the conjunctiva has played a role in perpetuating temperature sensitivity of this virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Yugoslavia in 1973.

An outbreak of approximately 200 cases of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is described in Prekmurje, a northern province in Yugoslavia. The epidemic was caused by enterovirus type 70, serologically identical with the causative agents of similar outbreaks in London and Japan. The origin of the outbreak could not be elucidated but a link was seen between this case and a small outbreak in Veenendaal in the Netherlands.

Acetates↗
PubMed1981

Studies on histamine and histaminase in spring catarrh (vernal conjunctivitis).

Patients with spring catarrh (vernal conjunctivitis) were studied for blood histamine (36) and plasma histaminase (16), and were compared with control histamine (22) and histaminase (19) levels. The patients group showed significantly higher histamine and lower histaminase levels than the respective controls. In addition, the patients also had higher eosinophil counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The data suggest that a systemic allergic process may be the most important underlying causative factor in this disorder.

Adolescent↗