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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Relationship of upper and lower airway cytokines to outcome of experimental rhinovirus infection.

To test the hypothesis that rhinovirus (RV)-induced immune responses influence the outcome of RV infections, we inoculated 22 subjects with allergic rhinitis or asthma with RV16. Nasal secretions and induced sputum were repeatedly sampled over the next 14 d. RV16 infection increased nasal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-8, which was accompanied by neutrophilia in blood and nasal secretions. Nasal G-CSF correlated closely with increased blood neutrophils (r(s) = 0.69, p < 0.005), whereas nasal neutrophils correlated with both G-CSF (r(s) = 0.87, p < 0.001) and IL-8 (r(s) = 0.75, p < 0.001). Although similar relationships were present in sputum, changes in sputum neutrophils and G-CSF with RV16 infection were relatively modest. In addition, virus-induced changes in the sputum interferon-gamma-to-IL-5 messenger RNA ratio were inversely related to both peak cold symptoms (r(s) = -0.60, p < 0.005) and the time to viral clearance (undetectable picornavirus RNA). These results indicate that airway IL-8 and G-CSF are closely associated with virus-induced neutrophilic inflammation during an experimental RV infection in atopic volunteers. In addition, the balance of airway T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-like cytokines induced by RV infection may help determine the clinical outcome of common cold infections, raising the possibility that the individual subject's immune response, rather than atopic status per se, is important in this regard.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sugar-free zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) do not adversely affect glucose control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Several controlled clinical trials have shown that zinc gluconate glycine lozenges can reduce symptom severity and duration of symptoms in patients with the common cold. Over-the-counter zinc lozenges are used commonly by the general population, including people with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of sugar-free Cold-Eeze (The Quigley Corp., Doylestown, PA), a commonly used zinc preparation, on glucose control in patients maintained on stable antidiabetic therapy. Forty-eight patients with either type 1 (n = 3) or type 2 (n = 45) diabetes were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive either zinc lozenges (four to six lozenges/day for 10 days) or matching placebo. The primary endpoint was change in serum fructosamine concentration. Secondary endpoints included daily home glucose and fasting blood glucose monitoring (baseline, days 10 and 21). The mean age for all patients was 54 years (range, 25 to 76), with slightly more women (60%). The treatment groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, body mass index, duration of diabetes, baseline hemoglobin A1C level, or fasting plasma glucose level. The patients treated with placebo (n = 13) and zinc (n = 34) had similar fructosamine levels (mean +/- SD) at baseline (318 +/- 90 versus 297 +/- 86 micromol/l, respectively). After 10 days of dosing, both groups showed modest reductions in serum fructosamine (-7 +/- 42 and -9 +/- 90 micromol/l). These changes were not statistically significant. In conclusion, these findings suggest that sugar-free zinc lozenges can be administered safely to patients with diabetes without deleterious effects on glycemic control.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

The effect of intranasal nedocromil sodium on viral upper respiratory tract infections in human volunteers.

Two studies involving double-blind group comparative trials in human volunteers compared the effects of intranasal nedocromil sodium (2.6 mg active drug per nostril, q.i.d.) with placebo on clinical symptoms and performance impairment associated with the common cold. In the first study volunteers were challenged with rhinoviruses (RV9 and RV14), and in the second study with respiratory coronavirus. In both studies, active and placebo groups of volunteers were demographically similar. Infection rates in both groups were also similar. There were no withdrawals resulting from unusual symptoms related to either treatment. In the rhinovirus study (19, placebo; 20, nedocromil sodium) daily symptom scores and daily mean nasal secretion weights were significantly lower in the nedocromil sodium-treated group. In the coronavirus study (26, placebo; 27, nedocromil sodium) there was little difference in the severity of colds between the active and placebo-treated groups, but trends favoured nedocromil sodium. In both studies the impairment of performance in volunteers who developed a cold was significantly less in those treated with nedocromil sodium than in those treated with placebo.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1999

Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection causes variable airway obstruction in subjects with atopic asthma.

Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with rhinovirus infections. However, it has not been investigated whether rhinovirus infection can induce variable airway obstruction in asthma. We examined the effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 (RV16) infection on daily home recordings of FEV(1) in 27 subjects (nonsmoking, atopic, mildly asthmatic) who participated in a parallel placebo-controlled study. The subjects used a microspirometer to record FEV(1) three times daily from 4 d before until 10 d after RV16 (n = 19) or placebo (n = 8) inoculation. In addition, symptoms of asthma and symptoms of common cold were scored. Airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine was measured 3 d before and on Days 4 and 11 after RV16/placebo administration. Home recordings of FEV(1) decreased significantly after RV16 infection, reaching a minimum 2 d after inoculation (ANOVA, p </= 0.005), which was significantly different from placebo (p </= 0.004). In the RV16 group the lowest FEV(1) (expressed as a percentage of personal best) during Days 0-3 after infection (mean +/- SEM: 78.7 +/- 2.6% versus baseline: 85.6 +/- 1.2%, p = 0.008) correlated significantly with the cold score (r = -0.47, p = 0.04), asthma score (r = -0.47, p = 0.04), and with the decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness on Day 4 as compared with baseline (r = 0.50, p = 0.03). We conclude that experimental RV16 infection augments variable airway obstruction in subjects with asthma. This favors a causative role for rhinovirus colds in asthma exacerbations, and is in keeping with rhinovirus-induced worsening of airway inflammation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults. Incidence, etiology, and impact.

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common types of infectious diseases among adults. It is estimated that each adult in the United States experiences two to four respiratory infections annually. The morbidity of these infections is measured by an estimated 75 million physician visits per year, almost 150 million days lost from work, and more than $10 billion in costs for medical care. Serotypes of the rhinoviruses account for 20 to 30 percent of episodes of the common cold. However, the specific causes of most upper respiratory infections are undefined. Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality for nonhospitalized adults despite the widespread use of effective antimicrobial agents. There are no accurate figures on the number of episodes of pneumonia that occur each year in ambulatory patients. In younger adults, the atypical pneumonia syndrome is the most common clinical presentation; Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most frequently identified causative agent. Other less common agents include Legionella pneumophila, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and Chlamydia. More than half a million adults are hospitalized each year with pneumonia. Persons older than 65 years of age have the highest rate of pneumonia admissions, 11.5 per 1,000 population. Pneumonia ranks as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonias are changing. Forty years ago, Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for the majority of infections. Today, a broad array of community-acquired pathogens have been implicated as etiologic agents including Legionella species, gram-negative bacilli, Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and nonbacterial pathogens. Given the diversity of pathogenic agents, it has become imperative for clinicians to establish a specific etiologic diagnosis before initiating therapy or to consider the diagnostic possibilities and treat with antimicrobial agents that are effective against the most likely pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Detection of rhinovirus infection of the nasal mucosa by oligonucleotide in situ hybridization.

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause the common cold and often induce lower airway symptoms such as cough and wheezing. Although HRV infection is presumed to involve primarily ciliated epithelial cells, this has not been confirmed in vivo, and the cellular distribution and spread of infection as well as the pathogenesis of cold related nasal and chest symptoms remain speculative. We have developed in situ hybridization (ISH) to explore localization of the virus to airway tissues, employing HRV 16-derived oligonucleotide probes after sequencing part of the genome of this serotype. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to generate DNA from HRV 16 for sequencing; this yielded 305 nucleotide bases that showed considerable homology to other HRVs. The HRV 16 sequence was used to design oligonucleotides functioning as antisense and sense probes. These probes as well as random sequence and pathogen control oligonucleotides were applied to HRV-infected cell-clot complexes and finally to sections from six paired nasal biopsies obtained before, during, or after HRV-proven colds. Specificity of hybrids was established by the absence of signal in uninfected tissue, in cells infected with other viruses, after RNase pretreatment, and with application of control probes. Hybridization signals were observed in epithelial cells in three of six biopsies obtained during a cold, using probes to viral (+) strand; intermediate (-) strand, implying viral replication, was present in one biopsy. Evidence for infection of nonepithelial cells was inconclusive. HRVs cause productive infection of nasal epithelium during a cold and their intracellular localization may produce perturbation of inflammatory mediators and cytokine profiles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Method for detecting health injury from prescriptions at a pharmacy.

A method is proposed to detect the abnormal situations of people's health in case of the unexpected outbreak of a disease by monitoring the daily variations in the prescriptions at a pharmacy. The abnormal situations are defined as the situations which are not included in the majority (99.9%) of the normal situations. An epidemic probably caused by infectious micro-organisms in a terrorist attack is taken as an example. The drugs for the typical symptoms are monitored: influenza anti-viral agent and common cold drug. This paper demonstrates that the border between the normal and abnormal situations corresponds to the detection limit which is a fundamental concept in analytical chemistry.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Welcome the friendly bacteria.

Recent research suggests that taking a probiotic and multivitamin and mineral supplement can reduce the misery of the common cold. But the findings remain controversial. The average adult has between three and four colds a year. Colds result in the loss of 150 million working days per annum in the UK. The cost of absenteeism to the economy is estimated to be pound 6.75 billion. About eight million people in the UK take multivitamins.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

Interferon for the treatment of infections.

Interferon, both natural and recombinant, has been shown in controlled clinical studies to be effective against herpes simplex virus infections, herpes zoster, the common cold caused by rhinoviruses, and some papilloma virus infections. In some cases, it is in competition with other antivirals, and in others its precise clinical indication is still unclear. Thus, further work and developments are required before interferon becomes a clinically recognized antiviral agent.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1988

Ipratropium bromide treatment of experimental rhinovirus infection.

The importance of parasympathetic-cholinergic mechanisms in the production of common cold symptoms is not clear. The quaternary ammonium anticholinergic antagonist ipratropium bromide was intranasally administered under double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled conditions to assess its tolerance and efficacy in reducing nasal hypersecretion in adult volunteers with experimental rhinovirus colds. Ipratropium was sprayed intranasally three times daily (80 micrograms per treatment) for 5 days beginning 24 h after intranasal inoculation of rhinovirus type 39. Clinical colds occurred in 50% of 30 infected ipratropium recipients and in 76% of 33 infected placebo recipients (P = 0.04). The nasal mucus weights tended to be lower for ipratropium-treated persons (mean +/- standard deviation, 14.7 +/- 15.1 g/5 days) than for placebo-treated recipients (24.7 +/- 28.0 g/5 days; P = 0.076). Whereas total nasal symptom scores were similar between the two groups, the rhinorrhea score analyzed for each day of treatment showed nonsignificant trends favoring the ipratropium group over the last 4 days of treatment. Ipratropium was generally well tolerated. The results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms are at least partially responsible for nasal mucus production in rhinovirus colds but that the effect of anticholinergic compounds alone is insufficient to be of practical use in treatment, although they may have value as components of multi-ingredient preparations.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selecting a decongestant.

Antihistamines and decongestants often are used interchangeably and in combination for a variety of upper respiratory illnesses ranging from allergic rhinitis to the common cold; yet, these two classes of drugs have distinct therapeutic actions. When administered alone, antihistamines are of no value in reducing nasal stuffiness. Therefore, many allergy products also contain decongestants. Conversely, cough-cold remedies often contain antihistamines despite their lack of efficacy in these conditions. Nasal congestion, on the other hand, regardless of its cause, responds quite well to decongestants. The topical route provides a faster and more intense decrease in nasal airway resistance, but has a shorter duration and the potential to produce rebound congestion in patients with allergic rhinitis, whereas oral agents do not. Phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylephrine are the most common decongestants. Although all are sympathomimetic amines, their efficacy varies. In particular, phenylephrine is subject to first-pass metabolism and therefore is not bioavailable in currently recommended doses. In addition, phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine, but not phenylephrine, are effective decongestants. Slow-release formulations allow a longer dosing interval, especially during the night. However, most formulations available in the United States are manufactured and sold without Food and Drug Administration scrutiny. Since the in vitro dissolution of many of these products differs, it is possible that some of the generic formulations are not bioequivalent to established brand-name products. Therefore, pharmacists should not substitute formulations without discussing the matter with the prescriber.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis on 2071 cases excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of cases excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the reasons for exclusion. METHODS: 2071 probable or suspected cases excluded from SARS between March and June, 2003 were analyzed. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the excluded cases were males. Construction workers, students and retired people ranked top three in all the occupation categories. Three peaks appeared in the dates of exclusion, and the most obvious one was from June 7 to June 13. There were two peaks in the distribution of time period from onset to exclusion, one was six to ten days and the other was forty-eight to fifty-two days after onset. Patients with history of close contact were more likely to be excluded within fifty days after onset than those without close history of contact. Pneumonia, common cold and lung infection were the leading causes for correction in the 1211 excluded cases. CONCLUSION: Study on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis should be emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Positive emotional style predicts resistance to illness after experimental exposure to rhinovirus or influenza a virus.

OBJECTIVE: In an earlier study, positive emotional style (PES) was associated with resistance to the common cold and a bias to underreport (relative to objective disease markers) symptom severity. This work did not control for social and cognitive factors closely associated with PES. We replicate the original study using a different virus and controls for these alternative explanations. METHODS: One hundred ninety-three healthy volunteers ages 21 to 55 years were assessed for a PES characterized by being happy, lively, and calm; a negative emotional style (NES) characterized by being anxious, hostile, and depressed; other cognitive and social dispositions; and self-reported health. Subsequently, they were exposed by nasal drops to a rhinovirus or influenza virus and monitored in quarantine for objective signs of illness and self-reported symptoms. RESULTS: For both viruses, increased PES was associated with lower risk of developing an upper respiratory illness as defined by objective criteria (adjusted odds ratio comparing lowest with highest tertile = 2.9) and with reporting fewer symptoms than expected from concurrent objective markers of illness. These associations were independent of prechallenge virus-specific antibody, virus type, age, sex, education, race, body mass, season, and NES. They were also independent of optimism, extraversion, mastery, self-esteem, purpose, and self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: We replicated the prospective association of PES and colds and PES and biased symptom reporting, extended those results to infection with an influenza virus, and "ruled out" alternative hypotheses. These results indicate that PES may play a more important role in health than previously thought.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Therapeutic efficacy of inosiplex (Isoprinosine) in rhinovirus infection.

Inosiplex (Isoprinosine), the paracetamidobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol, has shown antiviral activity in cell culture and in animals. Controlled challenge studies using the drug in a prophylactic fashion, however, have been disappointing. In vitro studies, as well as uncontrolled clinical trials, have suggested that the drug might be more effective when used therapeutically. We therefore undertook to test inosiplex in a controlled, double-blind, therapeutic study of volunteers challenged with rhinovirus. Thirty-nine volunteers were randomly divided into groups receiving either inosiplex or placebo tablets. Drug or placebo was started either at the time of, or 48 hours after challenge with rhinovirus Type 21. Illness was assessed in terms of the classical common cold symptoms, and infection was also determined by viral isolation from daily nasal wash specimens and by serum antibody rises. Five of 19 volunteers in the inosiplex group became ill, whereas 14 of 20 in the placebo group were sick (p less than 0.01). There was no difference between the control and inosiplex groups in the number of volunteers from whom rhinovirus was isolated. There was, however, a reduction in the duration of virus shedding in the inosiplex group. Seroconversion was also slightly less common in the inosiplex group. Immunologic studies suggest that inosiplex stimulates the lymphocyte mitogenic response. The results suggest that inosiplex exerts significant therapeutic benefits in rhinovirus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Molecular diagnosis of human rhinovirus infections: comparison with virus isolation.

To compare the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR with that of virus isolation in the detection of human rhinoviruses, we tested nasopharyngeal aspirates from 200 patients on the 1st and 7th days after the onset of the common cold. An assay utilizing a short amplicon in the conserved 5' noncoding region was found highly sensitive. Of 192 positive samples altogether, 65 were found positive by RT-PCR only, 6 were positive by isolation exclusively, and 121 gave positive results in both tests.

Common Cold↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fixed drug eruption caused by tosufloxacin tosilate.

A 39-year-old woman presented with a purple-red macula, 2 cm in diameter, on the back of her right hand. She had had similar maculae at this location several times before and residual pigmentation had persisted for 6 months. Histopathological examination showed slight acanthosis of the epidermis and perivascular round-cell infiltration and melanophages in the dermis. Oral provocation tests with five drugs that the patient had received as common-cold treatments on different occasions were positive only in the case of tosufloxacin; after an hour the skin lesion reappeared. To our knowledge this is the first published report of a fixed drug eruption caused by tosufloxacin, although such eruptions have previously been reported for several other fluoroquinolones.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[New knowledge regarding the effect and effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extracts].

Preparations made from the pressed juice of the flowering aerial parts of the Purple Coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench represent the most commonly used herbal immunnomodulatory agents. They are frequently administered for the supportive treatment of common viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. New clinical studies are reviewed, which demonstrated that corresponding preparations can diminish the severity and the length of common colds significantly, and that they can also be used efficiently for the treatment of children. New investigations have also shown, that stimulation of makrophages and induction of cytokins are major parts of the mode of action, and that glycoproteins/polysaccharides and alkamides are part of the activity relevant constituents.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

ARI concepts of mothers in Punjabi villages: a community-based study.

Pneumonia is a major child killer in the developing world; to prevent such deaths, mothers must be able to differentiate pneumonia from common cold. Local concepts regarding these illnesses were studied by interviewing 315 mothers of young children in their homes in Punjabi villages. Mothers described pneumonia differently from cough-and-cold but only a few volunteered fast breathing as a sign of pneumonia. Both illnesses were thought to be caused by "coldness," and were initially treated with "heat-producing" home remedies and feeding was continued in both. Spiritual healers were not consulted for cough-and-cold or pneumonia. Virtually all mothers said that allopathic medicines were necessary for both illnesses and 2/3rd said that if a child did not improve after 2 days of a given medicine, they would change the medicine and/or the doctor.

Acute Disease↗