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PubMed1987

Animal models of Mycoplasma genitalium urogenital infection.

Male and female animals were inoculated urogenitally with Mycoplasma genitalium, recovered originally from men with nongonococcal urethritis. Mice, hamsters and male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were resistant. Male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were not as sensitive as male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): 9 of 11 developed an obvious genital tract infection, some shedding organisms for more than 18 weeks. M. genitalium was recovered from the blood of two of them when large numbers of organisms were in the urethra. Most of the chimpanzees colonized with the organisms had increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the genital tract and developed a fourfold or greater antibody response. Female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and female tamarins (Saguinus mystar) exhibited low-level genital tract infections following intravaginal inoculation, whereas marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and chimpanzees developed prolonged infections after similar inoculation; thus, female chimpanzees shed organisms for 12 to 15 weeks. Marmosets and grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) developed salpingitis with antibody responses after intraoviduct inoculation, and baboons (Papio anubis) developed parametritis after intracervical inoculation. The results offer substantial evidence for the pathogenicity of M. genitalium for the urogenital tract of subhuman primates, and suggest that the microorganism may have a role in human genital tract infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-piracetam in the simian brain].

Autoradiography of the brain of the monkey Callithrix jacchus 2 and 6 h after oral application of 200 mg 14C-piracetam/kg (2-oxo-pyrrolidine-l-acetamide-2-14C) shows that the drug is preferably concentrated in the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum. This specific affinity of piracetam which was observed earlier in dog and rat is thus confirmed in the primate and seems to be species independent. Beside the dominant cortical concentration there is a characteristic storage of piracetam in many nuclei of other brain areas, for instance, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus, n. anteriores thalami, n. dorsales thalami, corpus geniculatum laterale and mediale, corpora mamillaria, nucleus supraopticus, substantia grisea centralis, colliculi superiores and inferiores. Furthermore piracetam is stored in the blood vessel wall of the brain over 6 h. The hypophysis and pineal body take up radioactivity intensively.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Marmoset evolution: the molecular evidence.

We report here the results of comparative immunological and electrophoretic studies of the serum proteins of the New World monkeys. Specifically, we find that the New World monkeys share a long period of common ancestry with the Catarrhini and that the divergence between these two groups occurred some 35-40 million years ago. The extant New World monkey lineages are then seen as sharing a long period of common ancestry subsequent to that divergence, with their radiation beginning in the early Miocene. We see seven distinct lineages stemming from this radiation: (1) Aotus, (2) Callicebus, (3) Cebus, (4) Saimiri, (5) Ateles-Lagothrix-Alouatta, (6) Pithecia-Cacajao and (7) Callimico-Callimico with Cebuella-Saguinus-Leontideus. Within those Ateles with Lagonthrix, and Callimico with Callithrix-Cebuella form further subgroups. The marmoset radiation appears to have begun some 7-10 million years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Callitrichids in Brazil and the Guianas: current conservation status and potential for biomedical research.

Brazilian and Guianan callitrichids are categorized as endangered, vulnerable, common or status unknown. Endangered species should not be used in biomedical research and a continuing supply of wild-caught vulnerable species is also out of the question. Common species, on the other hand, could withstand limited sustained yield cropping without difficulty. Species categorized as status unknown should not be used until more data on them become available. Callitrichids have a higher reproductive potential than other New World monkeys, are for the most part quite adaptable, and are rarely hunted for food or captured as pets locally. Widespread habitat destruction is the major threat to their survival and species with naturally small ranges in areas of high human activity (e.g. Leontopithecus, Callithrix flaviceps) are in the greatest danger.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Detection and control of rotavirus infections in zoo animals.

Fecal specimens from 15 exotic animal species, with and without diarrhea, were examined for the presence of rotavirus, bacterial enteropathogens, and intestinal parasites. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antigens of rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in the feces of 20 (57%) of 35 of the animals, which included addax (Addax nasomaculatus), nyala (Tragelaphus angasi), saiga (Saiga tatarica), white-tailed gnu (Connochaetus gnou), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti roosevelti), sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger), kob (Kobus kob leucotis), pygmy marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea), bush dog (Speothos venaticus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa). Bacterial pathogens were found in 8 animals, 5 of which had concurrent rotavirus infections. Most (60%) of the animals with rotavirus infection were less than 2 weeks old; however, rotavirus also was detected in feces from adult animals. Although most of the cases of rotavirus infection were detected in nursery-reared animals, exhibit-reared animals also were infected with rotavirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An immunohistochemical study of the middle ear muscles of some carnivores and primates, with special reference to the IIM and slow-tonic fibre types.

The middle ear muscles of several species of carnivores (cat, dog, fox, ferret and stone-marten) and some New World monkeys (Callithrix, Saimiri) and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecus, Macaca) were examined. The fibre type compositions of these muscles were determined by a combination of the standard histochemical myofibrillar ATPase method, and immunohistochemical techniques using myosintype-specific antisera. Immunohistochemically slow-tonic fibres were found in the stapedius muscles of only two carnivores, the ferret and stone-marten. In all the carnivores and the New World monkeys, tensor tympani muscle contained IIM, slow-tonic and slow-twitch fibres, but in the Old World monkeys it resembled stapedius muscle, and contained only Type I (slow-twitch) and IIA fibres. Thus, because all the species examined had IIM fibres in the jaw-closer muscles, this means that the common embryological origin of tensor tympani muscle and the jaw-closers does not necessarily result in tensor tympani muscle containing this fibre type even though IIM fibres occur only in first branchial arch muscles. This fact, together with other species differences in the fibre type composition of these muscles, shows that there is no typical composition of middle ear muscles in general, and suggests that the differences are related to very different functional requirements.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Reissner's fiber in the central canal of primate spinal cord].

The Reissner's fibre (RF) in the canalis centralis of the spinal cord was studied with the aid of transmission and scanning electron microscope in Tupaia, Cebus, Sarmiri, Macaca, Alouatta, Ateles, Callithrix and Callicebus. The RF of the primates is structurally not different from the corresponding structure of other chordates. The diameter of the RF is slightly increasing in the canalis direction. The increase of the diameter varies between 2 and 5 micron. It is assumed that the increase is brought about by the inclusion of cell debris into the fibre. Material which definitely does not belong to the RF is found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the canalis centralis and occasionally it adheres to the surface of the fibre. This material appears either as amorphous flocculent substances, the granulation of which differs in both density and size of the granula or as vesicles. If the material makes contact with the RF, a membrane-like structure may appear which is a condensation restricted to the area of the contact between material of different viscosity and granulation. The origin of this variable material is still not clarified. According to our observations, it is probably sequestrated material from ependymal cells. It is not a secretion as sometimes assumed since the intracellular processes of the synthesis of the secretion have not been observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Development of a marmoset colony in Australia.

A breeding nucleus of 15 pairs of Callithrix jacchus jacchus was imported from an established colony in the United Kingdom in 1978, and these have now multiplied to 137 animals. Good reproductive efficiency and growth rates have occurred in this colony, with minimal problems from diseases of nutritional or infectious origin. One episode of cessation of breeding and abortions was attributed to excessive noise and disturbance of the normal routine.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

2-hydroxystilbamidine isethionate: a new fluorochrome for use in general pathology. II. The selective demonstration of fungi.

Paraffin sections of kidney, lung and oesophagus containing Aspergillus sp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida sp. were taken from human post mortem material and from the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Sections were stained for 1-5 min in buffered 2-hydroxystilbamidine isethionate containing sodium metabisulphite after pre-oxidation in 1 per cent aqueous periodic acid. Sections were dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Polymount. When excited with UV light hyphae and fungal bodies fluoresced white contrasting sharply with yellow nuclear fluorescence. With blue light nuclei and fungi fluoresced yellow. Staining with the fluorochrome was pH dependent and behaved as a Schiff type reagent indicative of its probable behaviour as a basic dye. The method was simple, rapid and provided permanent fluorescent preparations which over a number of years did not fade with routine storage.

Fluorescent Dyes↗
PubMed1980

[Ontogenesis of facial muscles in primates].

1. The development of facial muscles is studied in embryos of Tupaia belangeri, Tupaia javanica, Nycticebus coucang, Galago dimidovii, Tarsius bancanus, Callithrix jacchus, Colobus badius, Colobus verus, Nasalis larvatus, and Homo sapiens. 2. The facial muscles derive from a superficial blastema (anlage of platysma myoides) and another blastema laying beneath the first one (anlage of sphincter colli muscle). Both blastemas grow out from mesenchymal cells of the head after the anlagen of all other muscles are visible. 3. The myoblasts are arranged along the margines of the blastemas in a way that outline the run of the muscles. 4. Superficial muscle derives from the anlage of platysma, the profound muscles of the mouth and some of the rostral margine of the auricle derive from the anlage of sphincter colli muscle. 5. In species without sphincter colli muscle the myoblasts for muscles considered as derivates of sphincter colli (those muscles are identificable as derivates of sphincter colli in species which have it) grow out from mesenchymal cell directly. 6. The ontogenetic results show the principle of the way in which the facial muscles have evolved during phylogeny as described in comparative anatomy. 7. Muscles, which were present in an early state of phylogeny f. e. like sphincter colli muscle in the ancestors of Katarrhina, hav no anlage which later become reduced. 8. The facial muscles have a complete differentiation in an early state of prenatal development and the operate well until to the time of birth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary fats and cardiac arrhythmia in primates.

Several epidemiological surveys have suggested that an alteration in the habitual intake of the type rather than the amount of dietary fat may offer a nutritional means for a reduction in mortality from severe cardiac arrhythmia which cannot be achieved at present by the post hoc administration of anti-arrhythmic agents. We have examined this possibility in a series of long-term feeding studies with the small non-human primate marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus. In both in vitro and in vivo studies of the mechanical performance of cardiac muscle we have found that diets rich in saturated fatty acids promote arrhythmia when the heart is subjected to pharmacological or ischemic stress. Conversely, diets enriched in either omega-6 or omega-3 PUFA are beneficial, reducing the vulnerability to pharmacologically induced dysrhythmia in vitro or ischemic arrhythmia in vivo. In addition, PUFA enriched diets enhance myocardial performance (left ventricular ejection fraction and end diastolic volume) and raise the electrical threshold at which ventricular fibrillation can be induced. These diet-induced changes in cardiac performance are accompanied by significant alterations in the PUFA composition of cardiac muscle membranes, and the subsequent production of myocardial eicosanoids. Both omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA increase the ratio of myocardial prostacyclin:thromboxane, but omega-3 PUFA is more effective as less is required to achieve a significant decrease in pro-arrhythmic thromboxane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Enzymatic Methylation of Arsenic Compounds

The methylation of inorganic arsenic to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) have been generally considered to be the major pathway for inorganic arsenic biotransformation and detoxification. Yet, when arsenate/arsenite is injected into the Callithrix jacchus (marmoset) monkey or chimpanzee, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid are not found in the urine. With the development of a rapid assay for the methyltransferases of arsenic metabolism, we have investigated the methyltransferases of the marmoset monkey liver. We have found that the marmoset, a New World animal, is deficient in liver arsenite and monomethylarsonic acid methyltransferase activities. However, the rhesus monkey, an Old World animal, has ample amounts of such methyltransferase activities. The tamarin, another New World species, is also deficient in these methyltransferases. Polymorphism and deficiency of these methyltransferases may have allowed high levels of arsenite to be maintained in the blood and liver of the marmoset and tamarin. Such high levels of arsenite may have been selective for survival of the species. The rhesus liver methyltransferases for arsenite and MMA have been purified and found to have some properties different from those of the previously reported purified rabbit liver activities. The rhesus and rabbit liver arsenite and MMA methyltransferases are devoid of catechol O-methyltransferase activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Immunisation of common marmosets with vaccinia virus expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp340 and challenge with EBV.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with a variety of life-threatening diseases in humans. Therefore the development of an effective vaccine is an important objective. Many of the initial studies of vaccine efficacy analyse the ability of vaccine preparations to prevent the induction of lymphomas in cottontop tamarins by the B95-8 strain of EBV. We used a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing gp340, vMA1, tested previously in the cotton-top tamarin, to evaluate a common marmoset model in which the challenge virus, M81, resembles more closely the wild-type strains of EBV in the general population than does the standard B95-8 strain. We characterised the M81 strain of EBV with respect to the sequence of its gp340/220 gene and in regard to the presence of a region deleted in B95-8. Replication of the challenge virus in the group vaccinated with vMA1 was decreased when compared to control groups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Immunization of common marmosets with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) envelope glycoprotein gp340: effect on viral shedding following EBV challenge.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the cause of infectious mononucleosis, is involved in the pathogenesis of several human cancers, the highest frequency of association being found in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. The development of animal models in which potential vaccines can be tested is important. EBV infection of the common marmoset, using the M81 strain originally derived from a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, induces a carrier state in this animal. Persistent infection is characterized by the production of antibodies to viral antigens, and the secretion of EBV DNA into buccal fluids. Following immunization with envelope glycoprotein gp340 derived from a bovine papilloma virus expression vector, prior to EBV infection, viral DNA was detected significantly less frequently in the buccal fluids of immunized, than of nonimmunized, infected animals, indicating that although the carrier state had not been abolished, it had been altered. A reduction in virus load was also observed when offspring of seronegative, and on occasion seropositive, parents were immunized neonatally, before EBV challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Shell and core in monkey and human nucleus accumbens identified with antibodies to calbindin-D28k.

The neurochemical division of the rodent nucleus accumbens into shell and core is now a widely accepted concept. However, such divisions in the primate nucleus accumbens have yet to be fully clarified and described. In the present study, the forebrains of three primates--marmoset, rhesus monkey, and human--and a Wistar rat, were immunoreacted with antibodies directed against calbindin-D28k. The patterns of immunoreactivity in the primates' ventral striatum were mapped and compared to that of rat. Calbindin staining was uneven in all species and there was no evidence of a bicompartmental organization, i.e., striosome/patch and matrix, in central parts of the nucleus. Nucleus accumbens in primates, as in rat, could be divided immunohistochemically into a crescent-shaped outer shell--medially, ventrally and laterally--and an inner core. In general, medial parts of the shell stained less intensely for calbindin than did lateral parts. However, interspecific variation in the intensity of the immunoreactive staining and the mediolateral extent of the shell was obvious. The core, which immunostained unevenly, was consistently more intensely immunoreactive than either medial or lateral shell in all species except the marmoset. These results suggest that the neurochemical subdivisions of shell and core established for nucleus accumbens of rodents are also present in primates. However, further work is needed to establish whether these territories are homologous and, if so, the full extent of that homology.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Developmental profile of GABAA-receptors in the marmoset monkey: expression of distinct subtypes in pre- and postnatal brain.

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)A-receptors are expressed in fetal mammalian brain before the onset of synaptic inhibition, suggesting their involvement in brain development. In this study, we have analyzed the maturation of the GABAA-receptor in the marmoset monkey forebrain to determine whether distinct receptor subtypes are expressed at particular stages of pre- and postnatal ontogeny. The distribution of the subunits alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 2,3 was investigated immunohistochemically between embryonic day 100 (6 weeks before birth) and adulthood. Prenatally, the alpha 2- and beta 2,3-subunit-immunoreactivity (-IR) was prominent throughout the forebrain, whereas the alpha 1-subunit-IR appeared in selected regions shortly before birth. The alpha 2-subunit-IR disappeared gradually to become restricted to a few regions in adult forebrain. By contrast, the alpha 1-subunit-IR increased dramatically after birth and replaced the alpha 2-subunit in the basal forebrain, pallidum, thalamus, and most of the cerebral cortex. Staining for the beta 2,3-subunits was ubiquitous at every age examined, indicating their association with either the alpha 1- or the alpha 2-subunit in distinct receptor subtypes. In neocortex, the alpha 1 -subunit-IR was first located selectively to layers IV and VI of primary somatosensory and visual areas. Postnatally, it increased throughout the cortex, with the adult pattern being established only during the second year. The switch in expression of the alpha 1- and alpha 2- subunits indicates that the subunit composition of major GABAA-receptor subtypes changes during ontogeny. This change coincides with synaptogenesis, suggesting that the emergence of alpha 1- GABAA-receptors parallels the formation of inhibitory circuits. A similar pattern has been reported in rat, indicating that the developmental regulation of GABAA-receptors is conserved across species, possibly including man. However, the marmoset brain is more mature than the rat brain at the onset of alpha 1-subunit expression, suggesting that alpha 1-GABAA-receptors are largely dispensable in utero, but may be required for information processing after birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The second visual area in the marmoset monkey: visuotopic organisation, magnification factors, architectonical boundaries, and modularity.

The organisation of the second visual area (V2) in marmoset monkeys was studied by means of extracellular recordings of responses to visual stimulation and examination of myelin- and cytochrome oxidase-stained sections. Area V2 forms a continuous cortical belt of variable width (1-2 mm adjacent to the foveal representation of V1, and 3-3.5 mm near the midline and on the tentorial surface) bordering V1 on the lateral, dorsal, medial, and tentorial surfaces of the occipital lobe. The total surface area of V2 is approximately 100 mm2, or about 50% of the surface area of V1 in the same individuals. In each hemisphere, the receptive fields of V2 neurones cover the entire contralateral visual hemifield, forming an ordered visuotopic representation. As in other simians, the dorsal and ventral halves of V2 represent the lower and upper contralateral quadrants, respectively, with little invasion of the ipsilateral hemifield. The representation of the vertical meridian forms the caudal border of V2, with V1, whereas a field discontinuity approximately coincident with the horizontal meridian forms the rostral border of V2, with other visually responsive areas. The bridge of cortex connecting dorsal and ventral V2 contains neurones with receptive fields centred within 1 degree of the centre of the fovea. The visuotopy, size, shape and location of V2 show little variation among individuals. Analysis of cortical magnification factor (CMF) revealed that the V2 map of the visual field is highly anisotropic: for any given eccentricity, the CMF is approximately twice as large in the dimension parallel to the V1/V2 border as it is perpendicular to this border. Moreover, comparison of V2 and V1 in the same individuals demonstrated that the representation of the central visual field is emphasised in V2, relative to V1. Approximately half of the surface area of V2 is dedicated to the representation of the central 5 degrees of the visual field. Calculations based on the CMF, receptive field scatter, and receptive field size revealed that the point-image size measured parallel to the V1/V2 border (2-3 mm) equals the width of a full cycle of cytochrome oxidase stripes in V2, suggesting a close correspondence between physiological and anatomical estimates of the dimensions of modular components in this area.

Animals↗