Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CUES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Solution structure of a CUE-ubiquitin complex reveals a conserved mode of ubiquitin binding.

Monoubiquitination serves as a regulatory signal in a variety of cellular processes. Monoubiquitin signals are transmitted by binding to a small but rapidly expanding class of ubiquitin binding motifs. Several of these motifs, including the CUE domain, also promote intramolecular monoubiquitination. The solution structure of a CUE domain of the yeast Cue2 protein in complex with ubiquitin reveals intermolecular interactions involving conserved hydrophobic surfaces, including the Leu8-Ile44-Val70 patch on ubiquitin. The contact surface extends beyond this patch and encompasses Lys48, a site of polyubiquitin chain formation. This suggests an occlusion mechanism for inhibiting polyubiquitin chain formation during monoubiquitin signaling. The CUE domain shares a similar overall architecture with the UBA domain, which also contains a conserved hydrophobic patch. Comparative modeling suggests that the UBA domain interacts analogously with ubiquitin. The structure of the CUE-ubiquitin complex may thus serve as a paradigm for ubiquitin recognition and signaling by ubiquitin binding proteins.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2003

CUE'd up for Monoubiquitin.

The first structures have been obtained for complexes between CUE domains and monoubiquitin, one by NMR (Kang et al., this issue of Cell) and one by X-ray crystallography (Prag et al., this issue of Cell), thus providing insights into ubiquitin recognition by CUE domains. Structural comparisons suggest that different CUE surfaces can interact with ubiquitin, indicating that not all CUE domains are created equal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The use of olfactory and other cues for social recognition by juvenile pigs.

Social recognition is essential for the maintenance of a stable group structure. Failure to recognise familiar conspecifics in social groups of juvenile pigs may initiate agonistic encounters that can compromise welfare and productivity. Current housing systems may allow build up of atmospheric ammonia that might, in turn, interfere with the olfactory system and compromise olfactory perception. In the present study, 16 juvenile pigs were housed in fresh air while another 16 pigs were kept in an ammoniated atmosphere (approximately 36ppm) for 1 week prior to test and another week during testing. We then assessed the role of olfaction in social recognition and determined whether chronic exposure to ammonia compromised discrimination based on olfactory perception by comparing the pigs' responses to selected cues from a familiar and an unfamiliar pig presented simultaneously in separate chambers of a modified Y-maze in each of two test situations (near, remote). Visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile cues were all provided in the "near" test situation; here, the stimulus pigs were presented in two separate chambers behind clear perspex walls containing an aperture that allowed nose-to-nose contact between the test and stimulus pigs. On the other hand, the "remote" test provided only olfactory cues via air passed from the chambers containing the stimulus pigs into the test chamber. Each test lasted 5min and the pigs' behaviour was recorded via overhead video cameras; we then measured the accumulated times spent near and the numbers of visits made to the familiar and the unfamiliar stimulus pigs as well as the transitions between them. Overall, pigs made more visits to and spent significantly longer near both the stimulus pigs in the near test than in the remote one (ANOVA, P<0.001). They also made more transitions between the stimuli in the former test than the latter (P<0.001). Pigs from both the ammonia and the fresh-air treatment groups showed social discrimination. However, pigs that had received chronic exposure to ammonia visited the familiar pig more often and spent longer near it than the unfamiliar one regardless of the test situation (P<0.05) whereas those reared in fresh air spent longer near the unfamiliar animal (P<0.05). The present results suggest that pigs from both treatment groups employed olfactory cues in social recognition, but that chronic exposure to ammonia did not interfere with this ability. However, ammonia treatment seemingly affected social preferences, thus indicating an unknown and more fundamental effect of living in ammoniated atmospheres.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Associative interference between cues and between outcomes presented together and presented apart: an integration.

In recent years, 'stimulus competition' in the study of acquired behavior has referred exclusively to (a) associative competition between cues trained in compound (e.g. overshadowing and blocking). Rarely cited are older experiments cast in the verbal learning tradition, now complemented with data from humans and rats in Pavlovian preparations, that demonstrate (b) competition between cues separately trained with a common outcome (i.e. proactive and retroactive interference). Similarly neglected are numerous examples of (c) competition between outcomes separately trained with a common cue within the verbal learning literature (also proactive and retroactive interference) as well as within the Pavlovian literature (i.e. counterconditioning). Recent data demonstrate (d) competition between outcomes trained in compound, thereby completing the four cells of a 2x2 matrix (competing stimuli trained together vs. trained apart and the competing stimuli being cues or outcomes) which highlights the ubiquitous nature of associative stimulus interference/competition. Most contemporary theories of acquired behavior can account for the phenomena in one or at most two cells of this matrix. Whether a common mechanism underlies the phenomena in all four cells of the matrix is currently unclear, but until such time as data preclude a common mechanism, parsimony encourages efforts to develop a model that encompasses all four cells. Here we offer a tentative model that addresses all four cells, albeit with two processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The effect of retrieval cues on post-retrieval monitoring in episodic memory: an electrophysiological study.

The aim of the present experiment was to examine whether episodic retrieval and 'post-retrieval' monitoring are affected by the nature of the cue that guides a search of memory. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from young healthy adult participants while they tried to recall studied words (e.g. 'MOTHER') with the aid of word-stem (e.g. 'MOT') and word-fragment (e.g. 'M-TH--') retrieval cues. Analyses of the behavioural data showed that while it was far more difficult to generate completions per se for the fragments, the levels of conscious, or 'explicit', recall obtained with each type of cue were statistically identical. ERP analyses focussed upon differences in neural activity evoked by each type of cue (termed 'old/new' ERP effects) during successful versus unsuccessful retrieval. The stem and fragment old/new ERP effects were remarkably similar in their time course and magnitude, and also in their scalp distribution, which changed over time as multiple neuronal populations, and hence multiple cognitive operations, became activated. These behavioural and ERP findings suggest that the cognitive operations reflected by old/new effects in cued recall tasks may be insensitive to changes in the retrieval strategy, or effort, that participants apply to monitor the episodic status of retrieved information. The findings are discussed in relation to previous ERP and functional imaging studies that have investigated task-specific features of retrieval and post-retrieval processing in episodic memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Overweight children overeat after exposure to food cues.

Overweight is becoming more common in children, but we know nearly nothing about the eating behavior of overweight children. Learning theory predicts that overeating follows from learned associations between the smell and taste of palatable food on the one hand and intake on the other hand. It was tested whether overweight children overeat after confrontation to these cues. They indeed failed to regulate food intake after both the exposure to the intense smell of tasty food (without eating it) and after eating a small preload of appetizing food, whereas normal-weight children decreased their intake after both cues. Overweight children are thus more vulnerable to triggers of overeating. Their overeating was not related to psychological factors like mood, body esteem, and a restrained eating style, but it was related to cue-elicited salivation flow. Apart from supporting the cue reactivity model of overeating, the data point to an interesting satiety phenomenon in normal eaters after prolonged and intense smelling palatable food without eating it.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Brook charr alevins alter timing of nest emergence in response to chemical cues from fish predators.

Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) lay their eggs in gravel nests called redds. The nests are not defended for extended periods and the eggs and young may be subject to predation from predators that travel through the substrate into the redd. In this study we tested whether long-term exposure of brook charr eggs to chemical cues from predatory sculpins (Cottus cognatus) resulted in an adaptive shift in the timing of emergence of charr alevins from artificial redds. We reared brook charr eggs in the presence of chemical cues from sculpins fed brook charr eggs, sculpins fed brine shrimp, and a well water control. Significantly more alevins emerged during the first week of the emergence period when exposed to chemical cues from sculpins fed eggs than from cues from sculpins fed brine shrimp or from well water. Alevins that emerged sooner were smaller and possessed larger yolk sacs than alevins that emerged later in the emergence period. Our results suggest that alevins that emerge sooner may escape predation in the redd, but may pay a cost in being under-developed upon emergence into the open water of the stream or lake.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Avoidance response of juvenile Pacific treefrogs to chemical cues of introduced predatory bullfrogs.

Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), native to eastern North America, were introduced into Oregon in the 1930's. Bullfrogs are highly efficient predators that are known to eat a variety of prey including other amphibians. In laboratory experiments, we investigated whether juvenile Pacific treefrogs (Hyla regilla) recognize adult bullfrogs as a predatory threat. The ability of prey animals to acquire recognition of an introduced predator has important implications for survival of the prey. We found that treefrogs from a population that co-occurred with bullfrogs showed a strong avoidance of chemical cues of bullfrogs. In contrast, treefrogs from a population that did not co-occur with bullfrogs, did not respond to the bullfrog cues. Additional experiments showed that both populations of treefrogs use chemical cues to mediate predation risk. Treefrogs from both populations avoided chemical alarm cues from injured conspecifics.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Response to walnut olfactory and visual cues by the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha juglandis.

Diachasmimorpha juglandis is a specialist parasitoid attacking fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis that feed exclusively on walnut fruit husks. In a free-foraging assay comparing response to uninfested, infested, and mechanically damaged fruits, we first determined that D. juglandis use host feeding damage on the fruit as a cue for host presence. In another free-foraging assay that used artificial walnut models and wind tunnel experiments, D. juglandis distinguished infested from uninfested fruits by using either olfactory or visual cues separately. However, the response rate of wasps in the wind tunnel was raised considerably when visual cues were also available. We analyzed the volatile compounds emitted by cohorts of uninfested, mechanically damaged, and infested fruits 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 days after oviposition by flies into the infested fruits. Total volatile emissions did not differ significantly among treatments, but quantitative changes in volatiles distinguished infested fruits from uninfested and damaged fruits. The fact that parasitoids did not distinguish between infested and damaged fruits in assays where damage was visible indicates that they rely on visual cues when those are available.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Aging and single versus multiple cues in source monitoring.

Participants heard words said by 2 speakers and later decided who said each word. The authors varied the perceptual distinctiveness of the speakers and the distinctiveness of the cognitive operations participants performed on the words. Relative to younger adults, older adults had significantly lower source monitoring scores when perceptual or cognitive operations conditions were similar but not when either cue was more distinctive. Combining cues did not affect source monitoring of younger adults but hurt older adults' performance relative to the distinctive perceptual condition. Evidently, older adults generate cognitive cues at the expense of encoding perceptual cues; any deficit in binding perceptual and semantic information disadvantages them more in source monitoring than in old/new recognition. There was no correlation between neuropsychological tests assessing frontal function and source monitoring in older adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Latency of vocalization onset for stutterers and nonstutterers under conditions of auditory and visual cueing.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether stutters and nonstutterers differed in latency of vocalization onset as a function of auditory and visual stimulus presentations. Twelve adult stutterers and 12 adult nonstutterers were compared for phonation onset latency under conditions of visual, right ear auditory, and left ear auditory cueing. Analysis of the data indicated that (a) overall phonation onset time did not differ significantly between the groups, (b) no significant differences were found for phonation onset time under conditions of combined auditory cueing, (c) stutterers were significantly slower for /pae/when auditory cueing was presented to either the left or right ear, (d) stutters were significantly slower for /pae/ and /bae/ when the values were combined for the left ear, and (e) there were not significant differences between stutterers' and non nonstutterers' phonation onset times under visual cueing. The results are interpreted to implicate a possible role of auditory system functioning in stutterers' motor control for speech tasks such as phonation onset.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

The interaction of oculomotor cues and stimulus size in stereoscopic death constancy.

In the natural world, observers perceive an object to have a relatively fixed size and depth over a wide range of distances. Retinal image size and binocular disparity are to some extent scaled with distance to give observers a measure of size constancy. The angle of convergence of the two eyes and their accommodative states are one source of scaling information, but even at close range this must be supplemented by other cues. We have investigated how angular size and oculomotor state interact in the perception of size and depth at different distances. Computer-generated images of planar and stereoscopically simulated 3-D surfaces covered with an irregular blobby texture were viewed on a computer monitor. The monitor rested on a movable sled running on rails within a darkened tunnel. An observer looking into the tunnel could see nothing but the simulated surface so that oculomotor signals provided the major potential cues to the distance of the image. Observers estimated the height of the surface, their distance from it, or the stereoscopically simulated depth within it over viewing distances which ranged from 45 cm to 130 cm. The angular width of the images lay between 2 deg and 10 deg. Estimates of the magnitude of a constant simulated depth dropped with increasing viewing distance when surfaces were of constant angular size. But with surfaces of constant physical size, estimates were more nearly independent of viewing distance. At any one distance, depths appeared to be greater, the smaller the angular size of the image. With most observers, the influence of angular size on perceived depth grew with increasing viewing distance. These findings suggest that there are two components to scaling. One is independent of angular size and related to viewing distance. The second component is related to angular size, and the weighting accorded to it grows with viewing distance. Control experiments indicate that in the tunnel, oculomotor state provides the principal cue to viewing distance. Thus, the contribution of oculomotor signals to depth scaling is gradually supplanted by other cues as viewing distance grows. Binocular estimates of the heights and distances of planar surfaces of different sizes revealed that angular size and viewing distance interact in a similar way to determine perceived size and perceived distance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Horses are sensitive to pictorial depth cues.

In an attempt to demonstrate whether horses could make use of pictorial cues to depth, two were trained initially to make a relative-line-length discrimination between two lines placed one above the other. Psychophysical measurement of their discrimination thresholds showed that from a viewing distance of approximately 160 cm they could reliably distinguish a lower line of 10 cm from an upper one of 14 cm. In the second phase of the experiment, two lines of equal length were superimposed on a photograph of a set of railway tracks with many pictorial cues to depth, or a photograph of a pastoral scene with fewer obvious depth cues. To humans, the railway tracks created a Ponzo illusion, making the upper line-appear longer. When the horses were allowed to choose between the photographs, they overwhelmingly chose the display containing the converging railway tracks. Control experiments ruled out alternative explanations, leading to the conclusion that horses are susceptible to a Ponzo illusion created by depth cues in photographs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Linkage of butterfly mate preference and wing color preference cue at the genomic location of wingless.

Sexual isolation is a critical form of reproductive isolation in the early stages of animal speciation, yet little is known about the genetic basis of divergent mate preferences and preference cues in young species. Heliconius butterflies, well known for their diversity of wing color patterns, mate assortatively as a result of divergence in male preference for wing patterns. Here we show that the specific cue used by Heliconius cydno and Heliconius pachinus males to recognize conspecific females is the color of patches on the wings. In addition, male mate preference segregates with forewing color in hybrids, indicating a genetic association between the loci responsible for preference and preference cue. Quantitative trait locus mapping places a preference locus coincident with the locus that determines forewing color, which itself is perfectly linked to the wing patterning candidate gene, wingless. Furthermore, yellow-colored males of the polymorphic race H. cydno alithea prefer to court yellow females, indicating that wing color and color preference are controlled by loci that are located in an inversion or are pleiotropic effects of a single locus. Tight genetic associations between preference and preference cue, although rare, make divergence and speciation particularly likely because the effects of natural and sexual selection on one trait are transferred to the other, leading to the coordinated evolution of mate recognition. This effect of linkage on divergence is especially important in Heliconius because differentiation of wing color patterns in the genus has been driven and maintained by natural selection for Müllerian mimicry.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Visual form discrimination from color or motion cues: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography.

To explore the extent to which various cortical functional pathways are involved in processing and analyzing different types of information that yield the same perceptual entity, we mapped anatomical structures in the human brain participating in the discrimination of visual forms mediated either by motion or color cues. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow were measured in 10 young male volunteers with positron emission tomography and with [15O]butanol. During the measurements, the subjects performed four visual discrimination tasks (form-from-motion, motion alone, form-from-color, and color alone discrimination). The individual regional cerebral blood flow images were standardized in shape and size with the help of a computerized brain atlas. Subtraction images were determined and averaged across data from all subjects. The resulting images were analyzed for statistically significant changes between specific and reference tasks. The discrimination of form by means of motion cues activated functional fields bilaterally in the inferior and lateral occipital gyri, in the lingual, anterior cingulate, middle frontal and orbitofrontal gyri, and in the left fusiform and right inferior temporal gyri. Form discrimination by color cues resulted in activation bilaterally in the inferior temporal, lateral occipital, and orbitofrontal gyri, the left precuneus and intraparietal sulcus, and the right precentral gyrus. The regions engaged in the two kinds of form discrimination did not overlap, demonstrating that differences in visual forms mediated by color or motion cues are processed and analyzed by disparate networks of functional fields in human cerebral cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Representation of sound localization cues in the auditory thalamus of the barn owl.

Barn owls can localize a sound source using either the map of auditory space contained in the optic tectum or the auditory forebrain. The auditory thalamus, nucleus ovoidalis (N.Ov), is situated between these two auditory areas, and its inactivation precludes the use of the auditory forebrain for sound localization. We examined the sources of inputs to the N.Ov as well as their patterns of termination within the nucleus. We also examined the response of single neurons within the N.Ov to tonal stimuli and sound localization cues. Afferents to the N.Ov originated with a diffuse population of neurons located bilaterally within the lateral shell, core, and medial shell subdivisions of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Additional afferent input originated from the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. No afferent input was provided to the N.Ov from the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus or the optic tectum. The N.Ov was tonotopically organized with high frequencies represented dorsally and low frequencies ventrally. Although neurons in the N.Ov responded to localization cues, there was no apparent topographic mapping of these cues within the nucleus, in contrast to the tectal pathway. However, nearly all possible types of binaural response to sound localization cues were represented. These findings suggest that in the thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathway, sound localization is subserved by a nontopographic representation of auditory space.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1982

Movement cue reproduction under preselection.

A series of three experiments was undertaken to determine the role of prior knowledge of different movement cues in the preselection effect. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the singular and combinative role of location and extent cues under both preselected and constrained conditions. The third experiment provided a framework for evaluating the sources of informations which may contribute to the preselection phenomenon. In experiments 1 an 2, the results suggest the advantage of preseleted over constrained movement was constant across movement cues. The second experiment demonstrated that the dual cue condition was superior to location alone and extent alone in both accuracy and consistency. Finally, the third experiment indicated that prior knowledge (strategy) was the primary variable responsible for the preselection effect.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Cue reactivity in dependent amphetamine users: can monistic conditioning theories advance our understanding of reactivity?

Forty-eight dependent injecting amphetamine users (AUs) and 48 controls were exposed to an amphetamine-related video and three affective control videos, and their amphetamine-related responses (amphetamine symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, and for AUs, "positive" and "negative" craving, based on the desire for positive and negative reinforcement, respectively) were recorded after each one. Both groups responded to the amphetamine video with increased withdrawal symptoms relative to control videos, suggesting that drug-related cues have significant unconditioned aversive properties. Between-group differences in amphetamine symptoms were evident only after the amphetamine video, supporting a conditioned drug agonistic model of cue reactivity. Among AUs, both positive and negative craving increased significantly after the amphetamine video, providing prima facie evidence for both conditioned withdrawal and conditioned drug agonistic accounts of cue reactivity. However, the lack of consistent and strong correlations between the two types of craving and the affective states hypothesized to induce such craving cannot be accommodated by the dominant models of the role of conditioning in maintaining addictive behaviours. This suggests a need to build upon theories of cue reactivity which predict conditioned responses to be either drug-like or drug-opposite.

Journal Article↗