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PubMedDate not supplied

Serum erythropoietin concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay in normal, polycythemic, and anemic dogs and cats.

Serum erythropoietin (Epo) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in normal, polycythemic, and anemic dogs and cats. The serum Epo concentration in normal dogs (n = 25) ranged from 7 to 37 mU/mL (median, 20 mU/mL); and in normal cats (n = 11) ranged from 9 to 38 mU/mL (median, 18 mU/mL). Polycythemic animals (PCV > 55% in dogs, > 45% in cats) were classified as those with primary (polycythemia vera), secondary, or polycythemia of uncertain etiology. Dogs with polycythemia vera (PV, n = 8) had a median serum Epo concentration in the normal range (17 mU/mL); cats with PV (n = 7) also had a median serum Epo concentration that was within the normal range (10 mU/mL). In the category of secondary polycythemias, dogs (n = 7) (median, 30.7 mU/mL) and cats (n = 2) had normal Epo concentrations. The median serum Epo concentration was significantly decreased (P < .05) in dogs with PV compared with dogs with secondary polycythemias. The median serum Epo concentrations in dogs (n = 13) and cats (n = 5) with anemias not due to chronic renal disease were significantly increased (P < .05) compared with normal dogs and cats. In cats with anemias due to chronic renal disease (n = 5) the median serum Epo concentration was not significantly different from normal cats. The measurement of the serum EPO concentration may be useful in assessment of anemia or polycythemia but the overlap of values with the normal range in all groups evaluated limit its diagnostic use.

Anemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heinz body formation associated with ketoacidosis in diabetic cats.

Oxidative damage plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and diabetic complications. Feline hemoglobin is uniquely susceptible to oxidative denaturation; therefore, Heinz body formation is a highly sensitive indicator of in vivo oxidative stress in this species. Heinz bodies also contribute to anemia. We investigated hematological and clinical biochemical changes in 30 cats with spontaneous diabetes mellitus (as compared to 15 healthy control cats) and evaluated the relationship of these changes to erythrocyte oxidative damage. Cats were categorized as ketoacidotic or nonketoacidotic based on their clinical presentation and the presence of urine ketones. Ketoacidotic cats had significantly (P = .0009) more Heinz bodies (28.3% +/- 9.1%) than nonketotic diabetic cats (6.5% +/- 1.60%) and healthy control cats (0.6% +/- 0.2%). Percent Heinz bodies in diabetic cats directly correlated with plasma beta-hydroxy-butyrate concentration (r = .622; P = .0002), as well as with serum chloride concentration (r = -0.576; P = 0.0009) and the number of monocytes (r = .536; P = .0023). Percent Heinz bodies were negatively correlated with erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. Erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation was slightly but not significantly increased in diabetic cats. There were no significant associations between percent Heinz bodies and degree of anemia, hyperglycemia, or glycohemoglobin. These data indicate that ketones are associated with oxidative hemoglobin damage in cats, and suggest that ketone metabolism, ie by cytochrome P450 2E1, may be a potential source of in vivo oxygen radical generation in animals with ketosis.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urine cortisol:creatinine ratio in healthy and sick cats.

Urine cortisol:creatinine ratios (UCCR) were determined from single urine samples obtained by cystocentesis in 47 cats allotted into 2 groups: 31 healthy cats and 16 sick, hospitalized cats with assorted clinical illnesses. The mean (+/- standard deviation) UCCR for healthy cats was 5.9 +/- 7.0 (median, 3.2; range, 0.6 to 27.8). Age or gonadal status had no significant effect on the magnitude of UCCR within this group. However, sick cats had significantly higher UCCR (P = .002) when compared with healthy cats. The mean UCCR for sick cats was 19.6 +/- 19.2 (median, 14.8; range, 1.7 to 75.1). This report establishes a reference range for UCCR in 31 normal cats and provides evidence that health status affects UCCR in cats.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in healthy cats.

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (PUC) is a minimally invasive technique for bile collection that is used successfully in human patients with cholecystitis. Its use in veterinary medicine for evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders has been limited because of the perceived unacceptable risk of bile peritonitis. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PUC, to collect data on bile cytology and bacteriologic culture, and to attempt to isolate Helicobacter spp. from the bile of healthy cats. In fasted and sedated cats, PUC was performed with a 22-gauge 1.5-in. (3.81 cm) needle with an attached 12-mL syringe via a right-sided transhepatic approach (n = 1) or into the fundus of the gallbladder (n = 11) via a right ventral abdominal approach. An attempt was made to completely empty the gallbladder. A small amount of abdominal effusion, consistent with bile or blood, was seen ultrasonographically immediately after aspiration in the 1st cat. Ultrasonographic complications with the 2nd technique were not observed in the remaining 11 cats. Decreased appetite and evidence of mild abdominal pain were detected in 4 cats within 2 days after PUC. The mean neutrophil count increased 2 days after PUC (P < .01) but remained within the reference range. The bile was acellular in 11 of 12 cats, and aerobic, anaerobic, and Helicobacter spp. cultures yielded no growth in 12 of 12 cats. There were no remarkable gross or histologic lesions of abdominal organs at the postmortem examination (8 cats) performed 7-8 days after the procedure. PUC appears to be a safe and technically simple procedure. Further studies are warranted to determine the use and safety of PUC in cats with hepatobiliary diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI mutations in Siamese cats.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI), a lysosomal storage disease, is one of the more prevalent inherited diseases in cats and is commonly found in cats with Siamese ancestry. The prevalence of 2 known MPS VI mutations in cats was investigated in 101 clinically normal Siamese cats, in 2 cats with clinical signs of MPS VI, and in 202 cats from 4 research colonies. The mutation L476P which causes a severe clinical phenotype, was present on both alleles in the known MPS VI cats from Italy and North America and was present in all research colonies that originated from North America. However, LA76P was not detected in the Siamese population screened. In contrast, the mutation D520N, which causes a mild clinical phenotype, was identified in 23 of 202 (11.4%) alleles tested in Siamese cats from 3 continents, 2 of which were homozygous for D520N. Thus, the D520N mutation was widespread, and it is likely that cats inheriting both mutations (LA76P/D520N compound heterozygotes) would be in the general Siamese population, particularly in North America. Practitioners should note the high incidence of degenerative joint disease in these animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Chlamydophila felis and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with conjunctivitis in northern Italy.

The prevalence of Chlamydophila felis and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection in cats with conjunctivitis in northern Italy was investigated by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. In cats with conjunctivitis, C felis and FHV-1 were detected in 14 of 70 (20%) and in 23 of 70 (33%) animals, respectively. None of the 35 control cats were positive for C felis, whereas 7 (20%) of these cats were positive for FHV-1. Mixed infections were present in 5 of 70 cats (7%). Cats positive for C felis were significantly younger than control animals (P = .02), whereas no significant age differences were observed between FHV-1-positive cats and control cats (P = .41) or between FHV-1-positive animals and C felis-positive animals (P = .16). Cats sampled during acute-phase conjunctivitis were also investigated for the presence of C felis by conjunctival scrapings. In this acute phase, substantial agreement was found when comparing the results of the 2 methods (K = .80). The association between PCR results and conjunctivitis was evaluated for the 2 pathogens. The presence of C felis was significantly associated with conjunctivitis (P = .004), whereas the detection of FHV-1 did not significantly correlate with the clinical sign (P = .25), suggesting that, by itself. PCR is not suitable for the diagnosis of FHV-1-related conjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detection and prevalence of Helicobacter infection in pet cats.

The presence of spiral bacteria in the feline stomach has been recognized for over a century, but the identities and degrees of prevalence of such organisms in privately owned cats are still poorly documented. The aims of this study were (i) to adapt different diagnostic tools and evaluate their practicality for diagnosing feline gastric Helicobacter colonization, (ii) to determine the prevalence of gastric Helicobacter-like organisms in pet cats, (iii) to identify the feline species, and (iv) to correlate the presence of a Helicobacter infection with gastritis. Biopsy samples were taken gastroscopically from the antra and the corpora of clinically healthy pet cats. Helicobacter-like organisms were detected by Gram staining, Warthin-Starry staining, and rapid urease testing in biopsy specimens and by [13C]urea breath testing in 79, 77, 78, and 85% of cases, respectively. PCR analysis revealed that 78% of the cats (38 of 49) were infected by Helicobacter heilmannii; however, none of them was harboring Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter felis. Culture was positive for one cat; the organism was identified as Helicobacter pametensis by dot blot DNA hybridization. By a combination of the detection methods, 91% of the pet cats were found to be Helicobacter positive. For 46 cats (79%) diagnostic tests were concordant. All cats showed mild to moderate gastritis in either the antrum or the corpus, regardless of the presence or density of gastric bacteria. In summary, pet cats are frequently colonized by H. heilmannii without a significant correlation between infection and degree of gastritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Isolation of Helicobacter canis from a colony of bengal cats with endemic diarrhea.

On the basis of biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analyses, Helicobacter canis was isolated from Bengal cats with and without chronic diarrhea. Because the cats were coinfected with other potential pathogens, including Campylobacter helveticus, and because H. canis was isolated from nondiarrheic cats, the causal role of H. canis in producing the diarrhea could not be proven. Histologically, the colons of the four affected cats were characterized by mild to moderate neutrophilic, plasmacytic, and histocytic infiltrates in the lamina propria. Rare crypt abscesses were also noted for three cats but were a more prominent feature of the colonic lesions noted for the fourth cat. This is the first observation of H. canis in cats and raises the possibility that H. canis, like H. hepaticus and H. bilis in mice, can cause inflammation of the colon, particularly in hosts with immune dysregulation. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of H. canis as a primary enteric pathogen in cats and the role of cats in the possible zoonotic spread of H. canis to humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Epidemiology of feline foamy virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in domestic and feral cats: a seroepidemiological study.

Although foamy viruses (Spumaviruses) have repeatedly been isolated from both healthy and diseased cats, cattle, and primates, the primary mode of transmission of those common viruses remains undefined. A database of the feline foamy virus (FeFV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibody status, age, and sex of 389 domestic cats presented to veterinarians was assembled. A similar database for 66 feral (wild) cats was also assembled. That FeFV antibody status reflects infection was validated by PCR. Both FeFV and FIV infection rates were found to gradually increase with age, and over 70% of cats older than 9 years were seropositive for FeFV. In domestic cats, the prevalence of FeFV infection was similar in both sexes. In feral cats, FeFV infection was more prevalent in female cats than in male cats. Although both FeFV and FIV have been reported to be transmitted by biting, the patterns of infection observed are more consistent with an interpretation that transmission of these two retroviruses is not the same. The prevalence of FIV infection is highest in nondesexed male cats, the animals most likely to display aggressive behavior. The gradual increase in the proportion of FeFV-infected animals is consistent with transmission of foamy viruses by intimate social contact between animals and less commonly by aggressive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence, risk factors, and genetic diversity of Bartonella henselae infections in pet cats in four regions of the United States.

Blood was collected from a convenience sample of 271 pet cats aged 3 months to 2 years (mean age, 8 months, median and mode, 6 months) between May 1997 and September 1998 in four areas of the United States (southern California, Florida, metropolitan Chicago, and metropolitan Washington, D.C.). Sixty-five (24%) cats had Bartonella henselae bacteremia, and 138 (51%) cats were seropositive for B. henselae. Regional prevalences for bacteremia and seropositivity were highest in Florida (33% and 67%, respectively) and California (28% and 62%, respectively) and lowest in the Washington, D.C. (12% and 28%, respectively) and Chicago (6% and 12%, respectively) areas. No cats bacteremic with B. clarridgeiae were found. The 16S rRNA type was determined for 49 B. henselae isolates. Fourteen of 49 cats (28.6%) were infected with 16S rRNA type I, 32 (65.3%) with 16S rRNA type II, and three (6.1%) were coinfected with 16S rRNA types I and II. Flea infestation was a significant risk factor for B. henselae bacteremia (odds ratio = 2.82, 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.3). Cats >or=13 months old were significantly less likely to be bacteremic than cats <or=6 months old (odds ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.61). Flea infestation, adoption from a shelter or as a stray cat, hunting, and being from Florida or California were significant risk factors for B. henselae seropositivity. DNA fingerprint was significantly associated with region (P = 0.03) and indoor/outdoor status of cats (P = 0.03).

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence, risk factor analysis, and follow-up of infections caused by three feline hemoplasma species in cats in Switzerland.

Recently, a third novel feline hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. (aka hemoplasma), "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis," in a cat with hemolytic anemia has been described. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and risk factors for all three feline hemoplasma infections in a sample of 713 healthy and ill Swiss cats using newly designed quantitative real-time PCR assays. "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" infection was detected in 7.0% and 8.7% and Mycoplasma haemofelis was detected in 2.3% and 0.2% of healthy and ill cats, respectively. "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" was only detected in six ill cats (1.1%); three of them were coinfected with "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum." The 16S rRNA gene sequence of 12 Swiss hemoplasma isolates revealed >98% similarity with previously published sequences. Hemoplasma infection was associated with male gender, outdoor access, and old age but not with retrovirus infection and was more frequent in certain areas of Switzerland. "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum"-infected ill cats were more frequently diagnosed with renal insufficiency and exhibited higher renal blood parameters than uninfected ill cats. No correlation between hemoplasma load and packed cell volume was found, although several hemoplasma-infected cats, some coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus, showed hemolytic anemia. High M. haemofelis loads (>9 x 10(5) copies/ml blood) seem to lead to anemia in acutely infected cats but not in recovered long-term carriers. A repeated evaluation of 17 cats documented that the infection was acquired in one case by blood transfusion and that there were important differences among species regarding whether or not antibiotic administration led to the resolution of bacteremia.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Recovery of feline leukaemia virus from non-viraemic cats.

The persistence of virus in the bone marrow of cats which had ostensibly recovered from feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection was investigated. Nineteen cats were exposed to FeLV by natural, contact infection and 36 weeks later three were found to be persistently viraemic while the remainder were non-viraemic and had virus neutralising serum antibodies. Virus was isolated in bone marrow cultures established from nine of the 16 non-viraemic cats which were considered, therefore, to have latent infections. Cats infected soon after exposure to FeLV carrier cats were more likely to become persistently viraemic or develop a latent infection than those infected later, which tended to recover. There was no difference in serum antibody levels between the latently infected and recovered cats. Whether cats with latent infections spread virus or develop FeLV-negative haemopoietic tumours was considered. Six kittens housed together for eight months with a cat with a latent infection showed no signs of having been exposed to FeLV. Virus was not isolated from bone marrow cultures of two cats with FeLV-free lymphosarcoma or myelomonocytic leukaemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore.

From the foregoing discussion of the nutritional requirements and some of the metabolic anomalies of the cat, it is clear that the cat is adapted to eating a carnivorous diet. It may, however, have less capability than omnivores and herbivores to adapt to wide ranges in dietary composition. For example, the lack of ability to synthesize sufficient vitamin A from carotene, ornithine from glutamic acid, arachidonate from linoleate, and taurine from cysteine results from a complete deletion or severe limitation of the enzyme or pathway that makes each nutrient. Other nutrient requirements, such as the absolute requirement for niacin and the high protein requirement, appear to result from the high activity of one or more enzymes and the fact that these enzymes are not adaptive in the cat. For example, the cat cannot decrease picolinic carboxylase in order to force tryptophan toward the niacin-synthetic pathway (244) nor can it decrease the urea cycle enzymes when dietary protein is decreased in the diet in order to conserve nitrogen (209). Indeed, the cat appears to have less capability to adapt to most changes in dietary composition because it cannot change the quantities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways (209). This evolutionary development has resulted in more stringent nutritional requirements for cats than for omnivores such as the rat, dog, and man. What little evidence exists for other carnivore species leads us to suggest that this pattern may well be common among other strict carnivores. The metabolic differences between the cat and omnivores provide the researcher with a useful animal model for studying the biochemical basis of some nutrient requirements. For example, because there is no significant conversion of linoleate to arachidonate in cat liver (101, 150, 231), the physiological functions of linoleate can be determined independent of it having a role as a precursor of arachidonate (150). This has not been possible with other species. It is anticipated that further studies of the nutrition of the cat will increase our understanding of metabolic adaptation and nutrient functions.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

The lesions of experimental equine morbillivirus disease in cats and guinea pigs.

Nine cats and four guinea pigs became affected with severe disease during experiments on the infectivity of equine morbillivirus, a newly recognized cause of respiratory disease in horses and humans. Four of the cats were challenged by subcutaneous inoculation, two by intranasal installation, two by oral dosage, and one by direct contact with a cat previously infected by subcutaneous inoculation. All four guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously. Gross pathology seen in all affected cats was characterized by hydrothorax and dark, heavy, wet, congested and/or hemorrhagic lungs with froth sometimes found in the respiratory passages. Pulmonary lymph nodes were enlarged and edematous. Six cats also had congested ceca with accompanying edema of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologically, the lesions in the lungs of the cats were those of severe interstitial pneumonia characterized by serofibrinous alveolar edema, alveolar macrophages, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, thrombosis of small veins, alveolar wall necrosis, and syncytial cells. Clearly defined vascular lesions included intramural hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis and syncytial cells in the endothelium of pulmonary arteries and veins, 20-80 microm in diameter. Vascular lesions accompanied by parenchymal degeneration were also seen in the gastrointestinal and lymphoid organs. Syncytial cells were also visible in the lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches. At necropsy, all guinea pigs were cyanosed and had congestion and edema in the gastrointestinal tract. Histologically, there was widespread vascular disease in arteries and veins, 20-80 microm in diameter, in many organs such as the lungs, kidneys, spleens, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tracts, and skeletal and intercostal muscles, but there was no severe pulmonary edema as seen in horses and cats. Sections of tissues of the cats and guinea pigs, examined by indirect immunocytochemical stains, confirmed that the vascular damage was associated with the presence of equine morbillivirus antigen. The syncytia in small blood vessels in the lungs and other organs of both cats and guinea pigs were similar to those seen in horses, and their presence was interpreted as an important characteristic of the disease consistent with a reaction to a morbillivirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital.

Fecal samples collected from 245 cats over a 6-month period were analyzed for the presence of Clostridium difficile. After culture on selective media, isolates were identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of toxin A and toxin B gene sequences was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 23 (9.4%) of the cats, and 34.8% of that group were colonized with toxigenic strains. All of the cats colonized with toxigenic C. difficile had > or = 1 of the risk factors (antibiotic use, antineoplastic therapy, immunosuppressive virus infection) associated with C. difficile infection in humans. Clostridium difficile was not found in any of the cats from a clinically healthy outpatient group of cats examined from the same hospital nor in cats from a specific-pathogen-free research colony on the same campus tested during the same time period. The data obtained in this study confirm the presence of C. difficile in cats at a veterinary teaching hospital. DNA fingerprinting analysis of these isolates allowed separation of the strains into 5 groups. Type 4 strain found in 7 cats was also recovered from the floor drain in the same hospital, suggesting a possible source of infection. Whether the organism is of clinical significance in diarrheal diseases of cats remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Hepatozoon canis in stray dogs and cats in Bangkok, Thailand.

A rapidly increasing stray animal population in Bangkok has caused concern regarding transmission of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine if stray animals in Bangkok are a potential reservoir of Hepatozoon, a genus of tick-borne parasites that has received little attention in Thailand. Blood samples were collected from stray companion animals near monasteries in 42 Bangkok metropolitan districts. Both dogs and cats were sampled from 26 districts, dogs alone from 4 districts and cats alone from 12 districts. Samples were collected from a total of 308 dogs and 300 cats. Light microscopy and an 18 S rRNA gene-based PCR assay were used to test these samples for evidence of Hepatozoon infection. Gamonts were observed in blood smears for 2.6% of dogs and 0.7% of cats by microscopy. The PCR assay detected Hepatozoon in buffy coats from 11.4% of dogs and 32.3% of cats tested. The prevalence of infection was the same between male and female dogs or cats, and PCR-positive dogs and cats were found in 36.6% and 36.8% of the districts surveyed, respectively. There was an association between the percentages of PCR-positive dogs and cats in districts where both host species were sampled. Sequences of representative amplicons were closest to those reported for H. canis. These results represent the first molecular confirmation that H. canis is indigenous to Thailand. The unexpectedly high prevalence of Hepatozoon among stray cats indicates that their role in the epizootiology of hepatozoonosis should be investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Anthelmintic efficacy of milbemycin D against Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in domestic cats.

Anthelmintic efficacy of milbemycin D was evaluated against Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in domestic cats. Twelve cats naturally infected with each nematode species were allocated among 2 groups of 6 animals each, and milbemycin D was orally administered to the 2 groups of cats in doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In all the cats infected with T. cati, fecal egg counts decreased followed by their disappearance from the feces and 2-35 worms were excreted into the feces after the medication in both doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg. At postmortem of these medicated groups, no worms were detected from 4 cats of each group, but 1 and 2 immature worms were recovered from the other 2 cats respectively. In the cats infected with A. tubaeforme, fecal egg counts decreased followed by the disappearance from the feces and 2-62 worms were excreted into the feces in all the cats of the 2 groups, no nematodes remaining at postmortem. These results indicate that milbemycin D is fully effective against T. cati and A. tubaeforme in cats in a dose of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in cats in Saitama, Japan.

To clarify Dirofilaria immitis infection among cats in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, 1,840 cats were examined postmortem for adult worms and microfilariae in the blood from 1989 to 1995. As a reference control, 500 dogs from the same area were examined in the same way and period. D. immitis worms were found in 15 cats, one of which had microfilariae in the blood. Prevalence rate of D. immitis infection was 0.8% (15/1,840) in cats and 46.8% (234/500) in dogs examined, whereas it was 4.1% and 64.6% in cats and dogs, respectively, aged 2 years and over. Worm burden per positive cat was 1.5 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SD), the maximum number of worm was 3 in 2 cats, and 10 cats had a single worm each. All the worm-positive cats were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and antigens of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in sera. Positive rates of coinfection with D. immitis were 26.7% and 13.3% for FIV and FeLV, respectively.

Animals↗