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PubMed2003

[CHROMAgar Candida with fluconazole: comparison with microdilution techniques].

INTRODUCTION: The increasing incidence of fungal infections and the reported emergence of resistance to antifungal agents call for the development of techniques for in vitro measurement of antifungal susceptibility that will enable prediction of clinical outcome in patients suffering from these infections. METHODS. Susceptibility to fluconazole was tested in 156 clinical yeast isolates (109, Candida albicans; 19, C. parapsilosis; 12, C. glabrata; 11, C. tropicalis; 2, C. krusei; 1, C. pelliculosa; 1, C. lambica, and 1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and two control strains (C. krusei ATCC 6258 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019) using a simple screening method, CHROMAgar Candida with fluconazole (8 micro g/ml). This method was compared with two broth microdilution techniques: the reference method (NCCLS, document M27-A) and Sensititre(TM) YeastOne. RESULTS: Sensititre(TM) YeastOne showed close agreement with NCCLS M27-A results for all species (C. albicans and non albicans). CHROMAgar Candida with fluconazole (8 micro g/ml) yielded results matching those of the two broth microdilution methods for sensitive strains and strains highly resistant to fluconazole (C. krusei and C. glabrata), but performed less well with strains displaying dose-dependent susceptibility. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that CHROMAgar Candida with fluconazole (8 micro g/ml), appears to be a rapid, simple and sensitive screening method for detection and identification of fluconazole-susceptible and -highly resistant yeasts. However, additional methods should be used to determine whether positive growth in this medium is due to resistant strains (MIC > or = 64 micro g/ml) or to strains displaying dose-dependent susceptibility (MIC 16-32 micro g/ml). The usefulness of CHROMAgar Candida with fluconazole depends on the sample source and the species under study.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Esterase activities of Candida species].

The aim of this study was to determine the esterase activity of clinically important Candida species and to evaluate tween 80 opacity test medium as an additional identification method. A total of 118 Candida isolates (86 C. albicans, 12 C. tropicalis, 5 C. glabrata, 4 C. krusei, 3 C. guilliermondii, 3 C. kefyr, 3 C. parapsilosis, 1 C. famata, 1 C. dubliniensis) were examined for their response to tween 80 opacity test. Our results showed that, 83 of 86 (96.5%) Candida albicans, and all of the C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondii strains (100%) yielded a halo around their colonies. The remaining Candida species did not produce a positive test response after 13 days of incubation. It can be concluded that, tween 80 opacity test is a simple and economical test that can be used as a supplementary test for the identification of Candida species.

Candida↗
PubMed2004

[Rapid identification of Candida glabrata using a new commercial kit].

Candida glabrata is an emergent pathogen with diminished susceptibility to azoles, thus a rapid identification of this yeast could be of help to choose the appropriate treatment. GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics, France) is a new C. glabrata identification test. To evaluate its utility in the clinical laboratory daily routine, we prospectively tested 168 yeasts isolated in our hospital. GLABRATA RTT results had a sensitivity of 98.4% and a specificity of 100%. The combination of CHROMagar Candida isolation medium and GLABRATA RTT test allowed the identification of the four most common species in the clinical practice (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and C. glabrata).

Candida glabrata↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of Candida dubliniensis in a teenager with denture stomatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Test several methods that allow the differentiation between Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis, in an attempt to assess whether C. dubliniensis can be recovered from the oral cavity of teenagers wearing orthopedic oral prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve Candida strains were isolated from the prosthesis as well as the palatal mucosa in contact with the dental prosthesis from 12 teenager patients wearing orthopedic oral prostheses. Differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was achieved by a number of phenotypic tests (carbon assimilation by the commercially available ID 32C test, growth at 45 grades C on Sabouraud glucose agar, abundant chlamydospore production on Casein agar, and reactivity with a C. dubliniensis antiserum) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serotyping of C. albicans was performed with monoclonal antibody B9E. RESULTS: All 12 patients studied presented a Newton s type 2 denture stomatitis and in every patient the same Candida species were isolated from the prosthesis and the palatal mucosa in contact with the dental prosthesis. CHROMagar Candida and the germ tube test allowed the differentiation of isolates giving green colonies and a positive germ tube test from those giving violet colonies and a negative germ tube test. Only the isolate from patient 8 was stained by the C. dubliniensis antiserum and showed abundant chlamydospore production on Casein agar. Eight isolates did not grow at 45 grades C. Identification of all isolates was obtained by the ID 32C test. C. albicans was identified in 75% of patients, C. glabrata in 16,6% and C. dubliniensis in 8,3%. By using specific primers for typing C. dubliniensis, PCR allowed the identification of patient s 8 isolate as C. dubliniensis genotype 1. CONCLUSION: C. dubliniensis can be isolated from the oral cavity of teenagers wearing orthopedic oral prostheses and it is possible and technically amenable, the differentiation between C. albicans y C. dubliniensis using the ID 32C test, the observation of abundant chlamydospore production on Casein agar, the reactivity with a C. dubliniensis antiserum and the PCR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of Candida in the oral cavity of diabetic subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Estimation of prevalence of Candida in the oral cavity of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and three subjects of diabetes mellitus (49 Type 1 diabetes mellitus and 54 Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and one hundred non-diabetic subjects (control) were studied. RESULTS: 41(83.67%) out of 49 Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 37(68.52%) out of 54 Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 27(27%) out of 100 in non-diabetic subjects were found to carry Candida in their oral cavity. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) of Candida in the oral cavity ranking in groups was Type 1 diabetes mellitus > Type 2 diabetes mellitus > non-diabetic subjects. CONCLUSION: Colonization and carriage of Candida in the oral cavity was found to be higher in diabetic subjects than in non-diabetic subjects. However anti-diabetic therapy and glycaemic control in diabetes were found to bear no relation with carriage of Candida in the oral cavity.

Candida↗
PubMed1992

[The candida antigen titer by CAND-TEC in patients with pulmonary disease].

In order to elucidate the background of candida infection in patients with pulmonary disease, we divided 100 patients into 2 groups according to their serum titer of CAND-TEC determined by latex agglutination test for candida antigen. Group C1 (83 patients) had CAND-TEC value less than 2:1, and Group C2 (17 patients) had CAND-TEC value greater than 4:1. There was a significantly higher incidence of respiratory failure, hypoalbuminemia, and fever unresponsive to antibiotics in Group C2 compared with Group C1. Regarding the sputum culture of candida, there were significantly more positive cases in Group C2 than in Group C1. Furthermore, Group C2 showed a significantly poorer prognosis than Group C1. Generally, the candida antigen titer correlated well with clinical findings and with the course of infection and treatment with antifungal drugs. These results suggest that administration of antifungal drugs may be indicated in patients with fever unresponsive to antibiotics when the candida antigen titer is greater than 4:1.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1992

Study of suppressive effect of intravenous fluconazole on endogenous Candida endophthalmitis in rabbits.

The effect of intravenous fluconazole on endogenous Candida endophthalmitis in rabbits was investigated. Preventive and therapeutic experiments were carried out. In the preventive series, rabbits were injected intravenously with 5 mg/kg of fluconazole at 30 minutes, 1 day and 2 days after intravenous inoculation with Candida albicans spores. The control group received no medication. No treated rabbits developed ocular lesions and no Candida spores were isolated from the treated eyes. On the other hand, all control rabbits developed bilateral chorioretinitis and C. albicans was isolated invariably from the control eyes. In the therapeutic series, intravenous fluconazole (5 mg/kg body weight) was administered from 3 to 6 days after inoculation. All rabbits developed chorioretinitis and Candida spores were isolated from all eyes. Therefore, the results of this study prove that intravenous fluconazole is more effective in preventive use than in therapeutic use against endogenous Candida endophthalmitis in rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of electromagnetic waves on sensitivity of fungi of the genus Candida to miconazole.

Increasing use of elctromagnetic fields (EF) in the treatment of various diseases may have potential impacts on fungi--possible aetiological factors of concomitant mycoses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EF on miconazole susceptibility among fungi of the genus Candida showing confirmed pathogenicity in humans. Fifteen Candida strains obtained from patients were used and their susceptibility to miconazole was determined by diffusion in agar gel. Antifungal activity of miconazole was assessed as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was calculated for Candida strains not exposed to EF (control) and EF-exposed (3 experiments). In the majority of cases the susceptibility of Candida species to miconazole decreased (higher MICs) after the first week of EF exposure, regardless of the EF's parameters. This was followed by an increase in susceptibility (lower MICs) after the second week of exposure to EF of 2 mT intensity and frequency 3 Hz (experiment I) and an EF of 9 mT intensity and 12.5 Hz frequency (experiment II) relative to control. An increase in susceptibility (lower MICs) was observed in the second week of exposure, whatever the parameters of the EF. The application of low intensity, low frequency EF for a period of at least two weeks may be beneficial in the treatment of mycoses caused by pathogenic fungi of Candida genus.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Preparation of chicken egg yolk antibody against Candida albicans and effect of temperature on its titer].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) against Candida albicans and to study its biological properties in the interest of its further application. METHODS: Ten 25 weeks old laying hens were immunized with Candida albicans. IgY was isolated from the yolks of eggs by the water dilution (WD) method. Its yield, purity, and molecular weight were measured by Bradford method and Tris-tricine gel electrophoresis, respectively. The antigenicity of IgY was determined with Western blot method. The specific combination of IgY and Candida albicans was assayed with immunohistochemistry method. The activity of IgY was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The yield and purity of IgY were 7.9 g/L and 91.5%, respectively. It had the same molecular weight and antigenicity in comparison with IgY of chicken serum and normal chicken IgY. It could specifically combine with Candida albicans. Its titer was 1:12,000. CONCLUSION: The production and purity of IgY were high. Its titer was good and did not decrease under a body temperature condition after 48 h. The IgY antibody had a combination capacity of specificity for Candida albicans in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitivity of yeasts of the genus Candida to new antifungal agents].

We studied the in vitro activity of cloconazole, sulconazole, butoconazole, isoconazole, fenticonazole and ciclopirox, as well other classical antifungal agents against 188 Candida spp. strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) have been determined by dilution-agar technique. Of all the imidazole compound tested, isoconazole showed the greatest activity against 186 Candida strains isolates (MIC 90%: 4 micrograms/ml). Sulconazole and cloconazole showed their best activity against 106 Candida albicans isolates. Butoconazole and isoconazole had demonstrated good activity against C. albicans and also were the most active agents against 80 Candida spp. isolates. In vitro activity of ciclopirox against Candida is close to that of econazole (MIC 90%: 8 micrograms/ml).

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1991

Early recovery of lymphocyte response to Candida after bone marrow transplantation in colonized patients.

Blood lymphocyte responses to Candida protein antigen (CP, Candida mannan mitogen (CM) and Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) were followed in 133 bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to CP and SPA normalized within 6-12 months. The response to CM was only decreased in non-colonized patients during the first 2 months post-BMT and had already returned to normal by 1 month in colonized patients. During the forthcoming years all three lymphocyte stimulatory tests responses reached donor levels. There was a tendency for low lymphocyte reactivity to CP, high reactivity to CM and equal reactivity for SPA among recipients of T cell-depleted marrows as compared to patients with conventional graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. After BMT, patients who were colonized with Candida recovered and increased their lymphocyte response to CP and CM within 1-3 months, while non-colonized patients required more than 6 months to regain normal stimulatory capacity. Patients who developed grades II-IV acute GVHD had significantly higher pretransplant lymphocyte responses to both CP (p = 0.02) and CM (p = 0.02) than patients with grades 0-I acute GVHD. There was also a trend for patients who later had a confirmed invasive Candida infection to have high responses to CP before BMT (p = 0.07). After BMT, stimulation by CM, CP and SPA was not affected by acute or chronic GVHD or cytomegalovirus. In conclusion, proliferative capacity to Candida is restored early after BMT and superficial fungal colonization seem to be of importance for this maturation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The importance of adhesion capacity in Candida to pathogenicity in mucosal and skin candidiasis].

The authors describe the mechanism of adherence of Candida cells to biological and non-biological materials and the effect exerted on this property by various factors. They explain the importance of adherence capacity of Candida for the pathogenesis of mucosal, skin, disseminated, invasive infections, for Candida sepsis and Candida endocarditis. They describe methods which determine the adherence capacity of Candida and therapeutic and preventive possibilities of candidiasis by blocking adherence.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of pepstatin A on Candida albicans infection in the mouse].

The intravenous injection of 10(6) to 10(7) Candida albicans cells revealed to be a reliable model in mice produce infections of the kidney. Higher germ contents could be yielded in the kidney after the application of protease positive Candida-strains as compared to protease negative ones. Additionally, after the infection with protease positive strains a proteolytic activity could be found in the kidney homogenates in vitro on casein plates. The modulation of this Candida infection by pepstatin A, an inhibitor of extracellular yeast proteases in vitro, has also been studied in the same mice model in vivo. The growth rate of Candida albicans has been measured in the left kidney by counting the germ content as described by Haenel. Infections could be reduced after single doses of 120 micrograms pepstatin A contrary to 60 micrograms pepstatin A. The same was with three doses of 180 micrograms at 24 h intervals. This protease inhibitory effect could also be found in kidney homogenates in vitro on casein plates and lasted until 48 h post injection. On the basis of this positive effects on the Candida infection in mice pepstatin A should be considered as an adjuvans in the therapy of severe yeast infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Regulation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activity against Candida albicans by large granular lymphocytes via release of a PMN-activating factor.

Using a 24-hr radiolabel microassay developed in our laboratory that measures [3H]glucose uptake in residual Candida, we have identified the effector cells responsible for in vitro inhibition of Candida albicans growth as mainly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes within the human peripheral blood cells. Highly purified T cells and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) that mediate natural killer activity which were obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation were found to have no innate activity against C. albicans. The LGL could not be activated by interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma or interleukin 2 to inhibit Candida growth although their K562 tumor cytotoxic activity was readily enhanced by these cytokines. Stimulation with heat-killed C. albicans also did not activate fungal growth inhibitory function in LGL and the supernatant of these activated LGL had no direct fungicidal activity. However, the activated LGL supernatant had the capability to enhance PMN function against C. albicans growth. Addition of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor, affinity-purified interferon-alpha, or interferon-gamma to PMN caused increased antifungal activity in PMN. However, antibodies to these cytokines had only a partial adverse effect on the ability of the activated LGL supernatant to stimulate PMN anti-Candida function. Therefore, the activated LGL supernatant appeared to contain a potent stimulator of PMN function which is as yet unidentified. These data indicate that LGL did not directly mediate anti-Candida activity but could indirectly influence C. albicans growth by activating PMN against the fungi through the release of a specific PMN-activating factor. Our findings therefore add another role to LGL which is the regulation of PMN function, the consequence of which is regulation of fungal immunity.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1989

Association of Candida with carcinoma of esophagus.

Twenty-five patients with carcinoma of the esophagus (group I) and 25 patients suffering from non-ulcer dyspepsia with normal endoscopy (group II) were studied to know the incidence of isolation of Candida from their esophagus. Endoscopic brushings were taken from the esophagus in both groups and studied by smear examination and culture. Fungal organisms could be detected in 75% of cases of group I and 32% of cases of group II by culture techniques, and 45.8% and 12% respectively by smear examination. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05) for both the techniques. Candida albicans was the commonest species isolated. No correlation was found between Candida agglutination titres and density of Candida growth on culture. We conclude that an association exists between carcinoma esophagus and the occurrence of Candida in the esophagus.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1989

Immunologic significance of diverse specificity of monoclonal antibodies against mannans of Candida albicans.

Two agglutinating IgM mAb against mannan Ag of Candida albicans strains were investigated for their specificity. The agglutinating patterns of both mAb with a panel of stationary phase of yeast cells of standard strains did not match those of any known polyclonal antibody (PAb) factors. The reactive patterns of both mAb for a given panel of 202 isolates of seven Candida species and the mode of competitive binding between mAb and a PAb factor, as determined by a combination of direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining, demonstrated that the two mAb were a part of PAb factor 4 (a prescribed reactive pattern of adsorbed PAb) but were different from each other in their specificity. The thereby designated mAb 4b and 4c were tested under PAb factor 4-positive Candida strains and further division into two to three serotypes of each species were made. 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (500 MHz) of purified neutral mannans from strains of each serotype showed that although the 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of mannans from two subtypes of C. albicans serotype A and from each of two serotypes of Candida guilliermondii and Candida glabrata were identical or similar, the two mAb were still able to distinguish their fine determinant structures. Our findings suggest that mAb with entirely identical specificity cannot be produced against even the same determinant groups of mannan. In addition, the fact that microheterogeneity may occur without limit in the mannans of the strains suggests that antibodies with unlimited diverse specificities are produced directed against these antigenic varieties as well.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

"Mycelial vaginal test" and Candida susceptibility.

We have investigated the possibility of vaginal liquids affecting the transition from a yeast form (Y) to a mycelial one (M) in C. albicans and the possible relation to microbial flora, pH and glycogen. The C. albicans Y----M conversion, "mycelial vaginal test", in 250 specimens of vaginal liquid shows a 70% positivity rate against a test Candida strain. Results of the vaginal test are not related to bacteria, flora and pH, but to Candida infection and to glycogen concentration. Using a Y----M good-responder Candida strain in the vaginal test it is possible to have a global index of the factors affecting the Candida filamentation in the host. It can be advisable to utilize the vaginal test as a virulence test for Candida strains and as an indicative test of phenotypic drug resistance.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1988

Microwave sterilization of Candida on underwear fabric. A preliminary report.

Candida-contaminated underwear might not be sterilized by ordinary laundering. The effectiveness of microwaving against Candida albicans on fabric was therefore determined. Swatches of Candida-impregnated cotton underpants fabric were subjected to domestic microwaving at the high setting for up to 30 minutes. If the fabric was microwaved dry, the Candida organisms survived. If the fabric was moistened, sterilization occurred within five minutes. Microwaving wet, freshly laundered cotton underpants should sterilize residual Candida and reduce the risk of reinfection.

Candida albicans↗