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PubMed2000

Needs and opportunities for improving the health, safety, and productivity of medical research facilities.

Medical research facilities, indeed all the nation's constructed facilities, must be designed, operated, and maintained in a manner that supports the health, safety, and productivity of the occupants. The National Construction Goals, established by the National Science and Technology Council, envision substantial improvements in occupant health and worker productivity. The existing research and best practices case studies support this conclusion, but too frequently building industry professionals lack the knowledge to design, construct, operate, and maintain facilities at these optimum levels. There is a need for more research and more collaborative efforts between medical and facilities engineering researchers and practitioners in order to attain the National Construction Goals. Such collaborative efforts will simultaneously support attainment of the National Health Goals. This article is the summary report of the Healthy Buildings Committee for the Leadership Conference: Biomedical Facilities and the Environment sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the National Association of Physicians for the Environment, and the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers on 1--2 November 1999 in Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2000

Development of biotechnology in India.

India has embarked upon a very ambitious program in biotechnology with a view to harnessing its available human and unlimited biodiversity resources. It has mainly been a government sponsored effort with very little private industry participation in investment. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) established under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1986 was the major instrument of action to bring together most talents, material resources, and budgetary provisions. It began sponsoring research in molecular biology, agricultural and medical sciences, plant and animal tissue culture, biofertilizers and biopesticides, environment, human genetics, microbial technology, and bioprocess engineering, etc. The establishment of a number of world class bioscience research institutes and provision of large research grants to some existing universities helped in developing specialized centres of biotechnology. Besides DBT, the Department of Science & Technology (DST), also under the Ministry of S&T, sponsors research at universities working in the basic areas of life sciences. Ministry of Education's most pioneering effort was instrumental in the creation of Biochemical Engineering Research Centre at IIT Delhi with substantial assistance from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland to make available state-of-the-art infrastructure for education, training, and research in biochemical engineering and biotechnology in 1974. This initiative catalysed biotechnology training and research at many institutions a few years later. With a brief introduction, the major thrust areas of biotechnology development in India have been reviewed in this India Paper which include education and training, agricultural biotechnology, biofertilizers and biopesticides, tissue culture for tree and woody species, medicinal and aromatic plants, biodiversity conservation and environment, vaccine development, animal, aquaculture, seri and food biotechnology, microbial technology, industrial biotechnology, biochemical engineering and associated activities such as creation of biotechnology information system and national repositories. Current status of intellectual property rights has also been discussed. Contribution to the India's advances in biotechnology by the industry, excepting a limited few, has been far below expectations. The review concludes with some cautious notes.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Meeting medical challenges in a changing world: the international program of the U.S. Army Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC).

The U.S. Army Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) manages more than 200 research projects in advanced medical technologies, with concentration in disciplines such as simulation, distance learning, information and communications, or robotics to name a few. In recent years, TATRC has progressively increased its international portfolio and is now overseeing several programs in cooperation with foreign countries. This paper describes the mechanisms through which TATRC supports funding foreign projects, training colleagues from other countries, and sponsoring international meetings.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2005

Leadership and public policy.

This article outlines some of the key issues that medical science, research, and technology raise for society and urges nurses to play a larger role in setting public policy to define and regulate their future use and development. It notes the unique clinical and academic experiences of nurses that qualify them for this task and suggests specific ways these goals can be achieved through the Center for Health Policy, Research and Ethics at George Mason University.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2004

A survey of urological manpower, technology, and resources in Canada.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the current status of manpower and resources is important in understanding the state of any medical specialty, and critical in planning for future recruitment, funding and infrastructure development. METHODS: In 2003, the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) conducted two nationwide surveys examining manpower, resources, and the technology available. One survey went only to academic and hospital leaders across the country (the resources survey), while the other was sent to the entire general membership of the CUA. RESULTS: The response rate for the resources survey was 67%, while that for the membership survey was 50.4%. The respondents' ages were evenly distributed, with the modal 5-year range being 51 to 55 years of age. Eighty-eight percent of respondents were Canadian-trained. Two-thirds of respondents spent over 80% of their practice time in direct patient care, and most practiced general urology. The majority of respondents practiced in smaller hospitals: 57.6% in centres with 300 or fewer inpatient beds, and 47.2% of centres reported < 500 procedures/year. Community hospitals (62% of responses to the resources survey) generally had fewer advanced technologies than academic centres. A quarter of the cystoscopy equipment used by respondents was over 15 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these surveys present a snapshot of the current state of urology resources and manpower across Canada, potentially allowing better planning and negotiations with hospitals and governments.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2004

I-wear for health care and wellness--state of the art and future possibilities.

The background of the development of i-wear for health care and wellness are two actual trends: The wellness trend with its expectation to stay fit and healthy and the increasing life expectancy of the Europeans and the challenges, which are resulting thereof for the medicine and the technology that goes with it. Already in 2040 the amount of people over 60 years in Europe will amount to 40% of the entire population [1,2]. In recent years the co-operation of physicians, biologists, physiologists, engineers for electronics and information technologies and textile scientists has produced a multitude of innovative applications for textiles, especially in the medical and wellness field. This presentation will cover the state of the art and some future aspects of textile-integrated solutions for health and wellness services, with intelligent application forms or integrated electronics (i-wear), which are an increasing market for textiles.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The ethics of ex utero research on spare 'non-viable' IVF human embryos.

In this paper, the focus is not on some particular developmental feature of the human embryo, but rather on the embryo's potential for development tout court. To this end, the moral relevance of the difference between human embryos that have the potential for continued human growth and development and human embryos that do not have this potential is explored and a distinction between viable and non-viable IVF human embryos is introduced. This is followed by a discussion of what is morally wrong with killing to show that none of the concerns associated with the act of killing apply to the destruction of non-viable IVF human embryos. On this basis, it is argued that scientifically and ethically sound research on spare non-viable IVF human embryos may proceed.

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed2001

[Human cloning, as ideological construction of technology].

The article treats the issue of cloning as a part of the dominant ideology of the so-called technical progress. The author shows that the notion of "technical progress" is an ideological construction full of hidden valuation. The whole class of technicians is simply materially interested in disseminating this ideology. According to the author the so-called technical progress doesn't improve the quality of life as far as psychological satisfaction is concerned. The cult of technology is rooted in the crisis of humanistic values and civilization. It implies avoiding serious existential questions and civilization challenges. Technology itself appears in this statement only as a result of concrete conditions in concrete historical moment, but not as an independent process. Cloning can be only the contemporary answer to the collapse of the art of breeding and educating consecutive generations. It can be only the next step of the fall of western civilization or the so-called revolt of the masses.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2003

Home informatics in healthcare: assessment guidelines to keep up quality of care and avoid adverse effects.

Due to an ageing population and improved treatment possibilities, a shortage in hospital beds is a fact in many countries. Home healthcare schemes using information technology (IT) are under development as a response to this and with the intention to produce a more cost-effective care. So far it has been shown that home healthcare is beneficial to certain patient groups. The trend is a widening of the criteria for admission to home healthcare, which means treatment in the home of more severe conditions that otherwise would require in-hospital care. Home informatics has the potential to become a means of providing good care at home. In this process, it is important to consider what new risks will be encountered when placing electronic equipment in the home care environment. Continuous assessment and guidance is important in order to achieve a safe and effective care. Based on a review of current knowledge this paper presents an inventory of risks and adverse events specific to this area. It was found that risks and adverse events could stem from technology in itself, from human-technology interaction conditions or from the environment in which the technology is placed. As a result from the risk inventory, this paper proposes guidelines for the planning and assessment of IT-based hospital-at-home schemes. These assessment guidelines are specifically aimed at performance improvement and thus to be considered a complement to the more general guidelines on telehomecare adopted by the American Telemedicine Association (ATA) in October 2002.

Accidents↗
PubMed2003

[Ethical aspects of short health technology assessments--a systematic review].

Ethical aspects are of high relevance to Short Health Technology Assessments (HTAs). We therefore conducted a systematic review to find out to what extent ethical aspects have been considered in previous Short HTAs. We included articles whose title or abstract suggested that it was a "short", "rapid" or "brief" assessment published in German, English, or French. 272 out of 513 Short HTAs were included. Twenty-five publications (9%) explicitly mentioned ethical aspects, 32 publications (12%) dealt with ethical aspects without explicitly addressing them as 'ethical', 208 publications (76%) did not consider ethical aspects and in another 7 publications (3%) ethical aspects were not relevant. Short HTAs are regularly used to assess sparsely evaluated and/or emerging technologies for which a particular need for an ethical assessment can be assumed. However, the majority of the Short HTAs included in this review did not consider ethical aspects. In this article we therefore suggest a set of key words that will allow authors of Short HTAs to do a systematic literature search for ethical papers in their respective subject of investigation.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

UK budgetary systems and new health-care technologies.

OBJECTIVES: This article outlines the budgetary setting within the UK health-care system. METHODS: It is argued that while prospective budgets can give rise to efficient resource allocation outcomes, this relies on the budget being set at an appropriate level and the accompanying incentive structures being efficient. The organizational structures and the interrelationships are critical. The recent history of UK National Health Service reforms and expenditure is outlined. It is suggested that until recently, although the budget system has the potential to promote efficiency, the aggregate budget allocated to the NHS has probably been too low given public expectations, technology advances, and preferences for health care. RESULTS: The aggregate budget is due to rise considerably over the next 5 years. While some incentive and regulatory provisions will move the budget toward an efficient allocation many microlevel incentive issues remain. CONCLUSION: Whether efficient patterns of health-care allocation emerge remains open to debate, however, because the existing incentive mechanisms are not optimal.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2004

Technological and medical advances: implications for health psychology.

Behavioral telehealth, health informatics, organ and tissue transplantation, and genetics are among the areas that have been affected by advances in technology and medicine. These areas illustrate the opportunities and the challenges that new developments can pose to health psychologists. Each area is discussed with respect to implications for practice, research, public policy, and education and training: recommendations are provided.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Tech vendors getting fiscal. General Electric Co. is leading the way with an array of services, from capital and equipment to consulting over quality, efficiency.

General Electric Co. and other technology vendors see a golden opportunity in cash-strapped hospital clients. By also offering financing and consulting services, they're helping their providers stay in the game long enough to pay them back for their high-tech goods, and come back for more. GE's Rick Wolfert says, "We have reason to believe we either are or soon will be the leading provider."

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technology and the legal discourse of fetal autonomy.

The relationship between society, medicine, and the law is multi-faceted and complex. This Article examines the process of, and the influences on, the construction of fetal personhood in the legal discourses in American and Commonwealth case law and statutes. It demonstrates how the physical and visual separation of the fetus, as made possible by medical advances, has influenced the development of legal doctrine relating to the rights of the fetus.

Abortion, Induced↗