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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Serotonin function in panic disorder: effect of 1-5-hydroxytryptophan in patients and controls.

The responsivity of the serotonergic system to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) administration was investigated in seven patients with panic disorder and seven healthy controls. Using cortisol and beta-endorphin as hormonal probes, no evidence was obtained for a dysfunction of the serotonin system in patients. Behaviorally, controls responded differently from patients, in that controls seemed to be more sensitive to 5-HTP. None of the subjects reported an increase in anxiety.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1993

Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children's peer interactions.

The behavioral constructs that emerge from observers' open-ended impressions of methylphenidate effects on the social behaviors of hyperactive children were examined. Ninety-six undergraduates observed videotapes of two different hyperactive "target" boys, each playing an interaction game with three peers. One target was taking methylphenidate and the other was taking placebo. The valence and content of observers' social perceptions were analyzed. Overall, more negative than positive behaviors were detected, a pattern more pronounced for the placebo than for the medication condition. Interestingly, placebo targets received negative evaluations for poorly controlled behaviors such as noncompliance, aggression, and disruption, but medicated targets received negative evaluations for social inhibition--passive and submissive behaviors. In contrast, the boys' medication state did not consistently influence observers' perceptions of positive social behaviors. Discussion focused on the extent and consequences of medication-related increases in social disengagement and on the ultimate impact of stimulant treatment on hyperactive children's social worlds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function.

Unraveling the functional role of neuromodulatory systems has been a major challenge for cognitive neuroscience, giving rise to theories ranging from a simple role in vigilance to complex models concerning decision making, prediction errors or unexpected uncertainty. A new, simplified and overarching theory of noradrenaline function is inspired by an invertebrate model: neuromodulators in crustacea abruptly interrupt activity in neural networks and reorganize the elements into new functional networks determining the behavioral output. Analogously in mammals, phasic activation of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in time with cognitive shifts could provoke or facilitate dynamic reorganization of target neural networks, permitting rapid behavioral adaptation to changing environmental imperatives. Detailed analysis and discussion of extensive electrophysiological data from the locus coeruleus of rats and monkeys in controlled behavioral situations is provided here to support this view. This simplified 'new look' at locus coeruleus noradrenaline function redirects the challenge of understanding neuromodulatory systems towards their target networks, particularly to the dynamics of their interactions and how they organize adaptive behavior.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Altered emotional and locomotor responses in mice deficient in the transcription factor CREM.

Various transcription factors act as nuclear effectors of the cAMP-dependent signaling pathway. These are the products of three genes in the mouse, CREB, CRE modulator (CREM), and ATF-1. CREM proteins are thought to play important roles within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and in the control of rhythmic functions in the pineal gland. We have generated CREM-mutant mice and investigated their response in a variety of behavioral tests. CREM-null mice show a drastic increase in locomotion. In contrast to normal mice, the CREM-deficient mice show equal locomotor activity during the circadian cycle. The anatomy of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the center of the endogenous pacemaker, is normal in mutant mice. Remarkably, CREM mutant mice also elicit a different emotional state, revealed by a lower anxiety in two different behavioral models, but they preserve the conditioned reactiveness to stress. These results demonstrate the high degree of functional specificity of each cAMP-responsive transcription factor in behavioral control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Family functioning in the families of psychiatric patients: a comparison with nonclinical families.

OBJECTIVE: To examine family functioning in the families of psychiatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Families of psychiatric patients and nonclinical families were compared. There were 60 families in each group. The instrument included a semistructured interview of family functioning and the Chulalongkorn Family Inventory (CFI), a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the perception of one's family. RESULTS: From the assessment by semistructured interview, 83.3% of psychiatric families and 45.0% of nonclinical families were found to be dysfunctional in at least one dimension. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The average number of dysfunctional dimensions in the psychiatric families was significantly higher than in the nonclinical control group, 3.5 +/- 1.9 and 0.98 +/- 1.5 respectively, p < 0.0001. The CFI scores of the psychiatric families were significantly lower than the control group, reflecting poor family functioning. The dysfunctions were mostly in the following dimensions: problem-solving, communication, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavior control. Psychiatric families faced more psychosocial stressors and the average number of stressors was higher than the control families, 88.3% vs. 56.7% and 4.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 1.3 +/- 1.47 stressors respectively, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: Family functioning of psychiatric patients was less healthy than the nonclinical control. The present study underlined the significance of family assessment and family intervention in the comprehensive care of psychiatric patients.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1985

Changes in nutrient intake of hypertensives during a behavioral weight-control program.

To evaluate the nutritional adequacy of the diets selected by hypertensive patients participating in a behavioral weight-control program, 26 patients were asked to complete 3-day food records at the start and end of the 8-week program. These records were analyzed using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Handbook 456 data base. Patients decreased their overall caloric intake by 39% during the course of the program and decreased consumption of all nutrients, but only calcium intake decreased to unacceptable levels. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of individuals consuming less than two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for thiamin, niacin, calcium, and iron, and a significant increase in the number of patients who were deficient in three or more nutrients. Thus, although average intake in the behavioral weight-control program was adequate, there was a sizeable number of individuals who were consuming poor diets. Inadequate intake occurred primarily in patients eating less than 1000 calories a day. The simple behavior change of adding a cup of skim milk to the unstructured calorie-counting diet would help restore calcium, thiamin, and niacin to adequate levels.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements.

Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. I. Evidence for specific changes in the pattern of protein synthesis.

The pattern of incorporation of labeled valine into goldfish brain proteins was compared for animals trained in a new swimming skill with controls. Double labeling studies followed by electrophoretic separation of the proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, showed that there was a consistent increase of valine incorporation for the trained animals at 3 band positions on the gels. These alpha, beta, andnu bands correspond to molecular weights of 37,000, 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The protein changes were confined to the brain cytoplasmic fraction, in that they were absent from the brain nuclear, brain synaptosomal, and kidney cytoplasmic proteins. Such protein changes were not obtained for a variety of control behavioral situations. The results suggest that there is higher rate of synthesis of specific proteins in goldfish brain following the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential effects of controllable and uncontrollable acute stress on lymphocyte proliferation and leukocyte percentages in humans.

This study examined the effects of a 30-min laboratory stressor on aspects of immune function in 24 men and whether behavioral control over the stressor moderates stress effects. The stressor consisted of mild (2.5 mA) electric shock and loud (100 dB) white noise administered in an unpredictable, intermittent fashion. During stress sessions, only half of the subjects were able to control the stressor. Subjects with control were yoked to subjects who could not control the stressor so that both groups were exposed to identical intensity and duration of noise and shock. Immunologic function was assessed across stress and nonstress conditions by measuring changes in lymphocyte proliferation to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and by measuring changes in percentages of lymphocytes and their subpopulations, granulocytes, and monocytes. Results revealed that exposure to the uncontrollable stressor altered mood but did not affect immune function. In contrast, exposure to controllable stress did not alter mood but did result in lowered lymphocyte proliferation to Con A. Poststress percentages of monocytes were also lower in subjects exposed to the controllable stressor. Results suggest that acute stress can alter aspects of immune function in humans and underscore the importance of stressor controllability in moderating stress effects on human immunity.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after uncontrollable or controllable stress.

Neurotrophic factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are known to be affected by exposure to stressful experiences. Here, we examine the effects of behaviorally controllable (escapable tailshock, ES) or uncontrollable (inescapable tailshock, IS) stress on the expression of FGF-2 and BDNF mRNA in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampal formation (HF) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. ES rats were placed in Plexiglas boxes equipped with a free spinning wheel and IS rats were placed in identical boxes with the wheels fixed. ES and IS rats were yoked such that they received the same tailshocks, but the ES rat could terminate each shock for both rats. No stress controls (NS) remained in their home cages. Rats were killed 0, 2, 24, or 72 h after termination of the stress session. In situ hybridization was performed to measure FGF-2 and BDNF mRNA in the mPFC and HF. In the mPFC, ES produced a significant increase in FGF-2 mRNA expression at 0 and 2 h post-stress. In the HF, ES produced a greater increase in FGF-2 mRNA expression than IS and NS only in CA2. ES also produced an increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the anterior cingulate at 0 h post-stress. No effects of stressor controllability on BDNF were observed in the HF, although both ES and IS decreased BDNF mRNA in the DG. FGF-2 in the mPFC may be involved in emotional regulation ("coping") during stressful experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

A comparative study on the behavior of three different automatic mode switching dual chamber pacemakers to intracardiac recordings of clinical atrial fibrillation.

Automatic mode switching (AMS) allows patients with dual chamber pacemakers who develop paroxysmal AF to have a controlled ventricular rate. The aim of this study was to (1) compare the rate-controlled behavior of three AMS algorithms in response to AF, in terms of speed and stability of response and resynchronization to sinus rhythm, and (2) compare the influence of pacemaker programming on optimal mode switching. We studied 17 patients (12 men, 5 women; mean age 59 +/- 15 years) who developed AF during electrophysiological study. Unfiltered bipolar atrial electrograms during sinus rhythm and AF were recorded onto high fidelity tapes and replayed into the atrial port of three dual chamber pacemakers with different mode switching algorithms (Thera, Marathon, Meta). The Thera pacemaker uses rate smoothing, and mode switches occur when mean sensed atrial rate exceeds the predefined AMS rate (MR). Marathon mode switches after a programmable number of consecutive rapid atrial events (NR). Meta DDDR monitors the atrial rate by a counter for atrial cycles faster than the programmed AMS rate. It increases or decreases the counter if the atrial cycle length is shorter or longer than the programmed AMS interval, respectively. Mode switch occurs when the AF detection criteria are met (CR). A total of 260 rhythms were studied. NR was significantly faster than MR and CR (latency 2.5 +/- 3 s vs 26 +/- 7 s vs 15 +/- 22 s, respectively, P < 0.0001). During sustained AF, MR resulted in the most stable and regular ventricular rhythm compared to NR or CR. In CR, ventricular rate oscillated between AMS and atrial tracking (cycle length variations: 44 +/- 2 s vs 346 +/- 109 s vs 672 +/- 84 s, P < 0.05). At resumption of sinus rhythm, MR resynchronized after 143 +/- 22 s versus 3.4 +/- 0.7 s for NR and 5.9 +/- 1.1 s for CR, resulting in long periods of AV dissociation when a VVI/VVIR mode is used after AMS. Programming of atrial refractory periods did not affect AMS response, although the speed of AMS onset can be adjusted by programming of onset criteria in the Meta DDDR. AMS algorithms differ in their ability to handle recorded clinical atrial arrhythmias. The rapid-responding algorithm exhibits rate instability, whereas slow responding algorithm shows a long delay in response and risk of AV dissociation. Thus different instrumentation of AMS may have clinical implications in patients with dual chamber pacemakers who develop AF.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

6-Hydroxydopamine lesion of locus coeruleus and the antiparkinsonian potential of NMDA-receptor antagonists in rats.

Behavioral and neurochemical effects after bilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine locus coeruleus- (LC) lesion were examined in rats and compared to sham-lesioned controls. Behavior after treatment with the antiakinetic drugs dizocilpine, amantadine, memantine or L-DOPA as well as joint treatment of these drugs with haloperidol were tested in an open field with holeboard and in an experimental chamber. Under saline spontaneous activity (open field with holeboard) and sniffing (experimental chamber) were reduced after lesion. Injection of the proparkinsonian drug haloperidol decreased sniffing in all rats but to a greater extent in LC-lesioned rats. In combination with haloperidol none of the tested drugs could completely compensate for the motor deficits induced by the lesion. Neurochemical data revealed a reduced content of noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex and in the posterior striatum of LC-lesioned rats. These results indicate that loss of LC neurons intensifies parkinsonian symptoms induced by blockade of dopamine D2-receptors, and lowers the antiakinetic potential of dizocilpine, amantadine, memantine or L-DOPA.

Adrenergic Agents↗
PubMed2006

The effects of fluoxetine and its complexes with glycerrhizic acid on behavior in rats and brain monoamine levels.

The effects of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FL) and its complexes with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in molar ratios of 1:1 (FLG-1) and 4:1 (FLG-4) on the behavior of adult rats were studied in an elevated cross maze, with measurement of brain monoamine and monamine metabolite levels. Agents were given via the intragastric route using a cannula at a dose of 25 mg/kg 1 h before testing. FL increased anxiety in the rats and decreased their movement activity; FLG-1 and FLG-4 had no effect on behavior. None of the agents affected brain serotonin content, though all decreased the levels of its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hypothalamus, FLG-4 also decreasing this in the cortex. Noradrenaline levels in the hypothalamus were increased after FLG-1 and FLG-4. In the striatum, FL increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid but had no effect on the level of transmitter catabolism. Unlike FL, FLG-1 activated dopamine metabolism in the striatum. Overall, use of FL complexed with GA significantly modified its behavioral effects, which appears to be associated with the effects of FL and its complexes on the function of the monoaminergic systems involved in controlling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Service attributes and the choice for STD health services in persons seeking a medical examination for an STD.

This article examines choice for STD health services among patients suspecting a STD. A total of 825 patients who sought medical treatment at an STD clinic, a Family Planning Clinic or a General Practitioner participated in this study. Special STD clinics are not well known among patients visiting their GP or a Family Planning Clinic. Both perceived unprofessionality and embarrassment were reasons for not asking a GP for medical treatment and for not being loyal to their GP after a first visit. Most respondents evaluate the 16 service attributes as important and/or annoying. Differences in beliefs and evaluations about the separate service attributes existed between the three choice behavior groups. The results of this study may be useful in making persuasive arguments for the existence of special STD clinics, especially when competing for limited resources. However, attitudes to service attributes and social norms explained only 24% of the variance in scores between the three choice behavior groups. This means that other factors (have to) play a role in actual choice behavior. Future research should take into account factors, such as: personality traits, perceived behavioral control and confidentiality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 by glial Müller cells: response to soluble and extracellular matrix-bound tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Glial Müller cells are known to undergo functional and morphological changes during retinal proliferative disorders, but very little is known of the contribution of these cells to extracellular matrix deposition during retinal wound healing and gliosis. This study constitutes the first demonstration that retinal Müller cells express two major matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9), implicated in cell migration and matrix degradation. Although mRNA and gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 remained unchanged in cultured Müller cells, basal levels of MMP-9 mRNA observed after subculture at 24 hours, markedly declined after 48 or 72 hours. This correlated with the expression of MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity that peaked at 24 hours, but gradually decreased at 48 and 72 hours. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in both a soluble form or bound to collagen and fibronectin, increased MMP-9 mRNA and gelatinolytic activity, but not MMP-2 expression, and its effect could be blocked by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies. The results suggest that Müller cells may aid in the local control of extracellular matrix deposition during retinal proliferative disorders, and that interaction of these cells with matrix-bound cytokine may influence their pathological behavior. Control of Müller cell production of MMP-9 may constitute an important target for the design of new therapeutic approaches to treat and prevent retinal proliferative disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Preoptic-brainstem connections and maternal behavior in rats.

This study presents evidence supporting the view that preoptic area (POA) projections through the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to lower brainstem regions are important for maternal behavior in postpartum rats. Experiment 1 demonstrated that bilateral coronal knife cuts posterior to the VTA disrupted maternal behavior, and Experiment 2 demonstrated a similar disruption when a unilateral knife cut that severed the lateral connections of the medial POA was paired with a contralateral knife cut posterior to the VTA. In a final anatomical experiment using horseradish peroxidase histochemistry, it was shown that knife cuts posterior to the VTA do sever POA efferents. However, such cuts severed other ascending and descending pathways as well, and these may also be involved in maternal behavior control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior.

Traditional accounts of sequential behavior assume that schemas and goals play a causal role in the control of behavior. In contrast, M. Botvinick and D. C. Plaut argued that, at least in routine behavior, schemas and goals are epiphenomenal. The authors evaluate the Botvinick and Plaut account by contrasting the simple recurrent network model of Botvinick and Plaut with their own more traditional hierarchically structured interactive activation model (R. P. Cooper & T. Shallice, 2000). The authors present a range of arguments and additional simulations that demonstrate theoretical and empirical difficulties for both Botvinick and Plaut's model and their theoretical position. The authors conclude that explicit hierarchically organized and causally efficacious schema and goal representations are required to provide an adequate account of the flexibility of sequential behavior.

Cognition↗