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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Occurrence and diurnal population fluctuations of the ruminal protozoan Microcetus lappus.

A series of experiments with bison and cattle were conducted to obtain information on the relatively uncommon ruminal protozoan Microcetus lappus. Although M. lappus is a holotrich, diurnal changes in concentrations indicate that it follows a cycle unlike most other holotrichs, decreasing shortly after feed is offered and then gradually increasing over time. Concentrations of M. lappus varied widely among animals, exceeding 50% of the total protozoan population in some cattle. In bison, Microcetus concentrations averaged 2% of the protozoan population. Dietary protein and energy levels apparently did not influence Microcetus numbers. The highest concentrations of M. lappus were found in the reticulum, whereas the lowest numbers occurred in the mid-dorsal sac.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Omasal ciliated protozoa in cattle, bison, and sheep.

Omasal contents were collected from slaughtered cattle (n = 54), bison (n = 15), and sheep (n = 40) to determine numbers and generic distribution of ciliated protozoa. Total protozoan numbers were significantly lower in omasal contents than in ruminal contents of all three species, but the percent composition of all protozoan genera was similar between omasal and ruminal populations. The highest numbers of omasal protozoa found were 7.61 X 10(5)/g in cattle, 7.01 X 10(5)/g in bison, and 1.29 X 10(6)/g in sheep. Omasal dry matter was significantly higher than ruminal dry matter in all species and ranged up to 51.5% in cattle fed high-concentrate diets. The omasal pH was similar to the ruminal pH in all species. The number of omasal laminae averaged 149, 145, and 74 for cattle, bison, and sheep, respectively. Although protozoan concentrations in omasal contents were approximately 80% lower than those in ruminal contents, the omasum harbored relatively high numbers of ciliated protozoa. The resident omasal protozoa are extremely difficult to remove, particularly in cattle, and apparently are responsible for reinoculating transiently defaunated rumens.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of 20K fimbria, a new adhesin of septicemic and diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli strains, that belongs to a family of adhesins with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine recognition.

Bovine septicemic Escherichia coli 31A agglutinates bovine, rabbit, and human erythrocytes and adheres in vitro to the brush border of bovine or ovine intestinal epithelial cells and to the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line. The adhesion and hemagglutination of E. coli 31A are mediated by a chromosome-encoded fimbrial adhesin serologically distinct from known fimbrial adhesins found in enterotoxigenic and septicemic bovine E. coli strains. By electron microscopy studies the fimbriae designated 20K were observed as fine flexible filaments (diameter, 3 nm) and the purified major fimbrial subunit appeared with an apparent molecular mass of 20,000 Da. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, N-terminal sequence alignment, and amino acid composition revealed a high homology with the N-acetyl-D-glcosamine-specific G fimbria of human uropathogenic E. coli and with fimbriae belonging to the F17 family produced by bovine enterotoxigenic and invasive E. coli strains. Immunological study revealed that 20K fimbria was closely related to G fimbria and represents a serological variant of F17 fimbria. Hemagglutination and adhesion inhibition assays demonstrated that 20K, G, and F17 fimbriae bind to an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-containing receptor, but each probably binds to different oligosaccharide sequences or different receptors on host tissues. 20K fimbriae were produced by a limited group of clonally related strains with the unusual m-inositol-positive phenotype and appeared highly associated with the plasmid-mediated virulence factor. An examination of natural occurrence of 20K fimbriae among a large collection of human and animal pathogenic E. coli showed that 20K fimbria is the prominent adhesin among bovine septicemic E. coli isolated from European countries.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae associated with enteric disease of herbivores in western Colorado.

Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from a horse (Equus caballus), a lamb (genus Ovis), and two American buffalo (Bison bison) suffering from enteric disease in the western part of Colorado. In 1981, a foal died of apparent respiratory failure. Necropsy findings included heart failure and gastroenteritis. V. cholerae serovar 347 (Smith) was isolated from the colon of this animal. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated in 1983 from the intestine of a feedlot lamb suffering from pneumonia and severe watery diarrhea. In 1984, an enteric disease occurred in a herd of American bison. The sick animals were depressed and separated from the herd, dying in about 3 days. Of approximately 100 adult bison, 7 died. Necropsy of one animal revealed that gross lesions were limited to the gastrointestinal tract. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated from the abomasum, duodenum, and colon of this animal. A swab specimen from the intestine of another dead bison also yielded V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Distribution and expression in mammals of genes ralated to an endogenous type C RNA virus of Odocoileus hemionus.

An endogenous type C virus recently isolated from the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was used as a molecular probe to study the distribution of virus-related nucleotide sequences in cellular DNAs of mammalian species. By DNA-DNA hybridization, the most extensive homology was demonstrated between the viral complementary DNA and cellular DNA isolated from Odocoileus species. DNAs of representatives of other genera within the same family, Cervidae, were partially related to the virus, consistent with the phylogenetic relationship of these species to Odocoileus. O. hemionus viral sequences were also detected within cellular DNAs of members of a more distantly related artiodactyl family, Bovidae. These findings suggest the genetic transmission of type C viral genes within cervids and bovids for a period of at least 25 to 30 million years. There was no detectable nucleotide sequence homology between O. hemionus virus and representatives of other major groups of mammalian type C viruses. These results indicate that despite the known antigenic relatedness of mammalian type C viruses, the O. hemionus virus has diverged sufficiently to be considered the prototype of a separate group. By radioimmunological techniques, it was possible to detect and partially purify, from normal tissues of cervid species, antigens related to the major structural protein of the O. hemionus virus. The present findings, that O. hemionus virus has been genetically transmitted for millions of years and yet has maintained the ability to be expressed as infectious virus, argue for positive evolutionary selective pressures for the maintenance of type C viral genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of envelope proteins of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1.

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is a gammaherpesvirus which causes malignant catarrhal fever, an acute lymphoproliferative disorder of cattle and other susceptible Bovidae, which is almost invariably fatal. A preliminary analysis of proteins induced by the virus indicated that as many as six glycoproteins and one nonglycosylated molecule might be present in the virus envelope. Monoclonal antibodies selected for recognition of virion envelope proteins included two that recognized a complex of infected cell proteins, designated the gp115 complex, and neutralized virus infectivity in the absence of complement. The gp115 complex consisted of five glycoproteins of 115, 110, 105, 78, and 48 kilodaltons (kDa), and all except the 48-kDa species reacted with antibody in Western blots (immunoblots). Pulse-chase experiments analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions suggested that the 110-kDa protein was the precursor molecule which was processed by addition of sugars to 115 kDa. The 115-kDa protein was cleaved to form a disulfide-linked heterodimer of 78 and 48 kDa, which was the mature form of the molecule incorporated into the virion envelope. The glycoprotein contained N-linked sugars, but little or no O-linked sugar was present. The relative abundance of the mature protein and its ability to induce neutralizing antibodies suggest that it will prove useful to studies aimed at elucidating the biology and pathogenesis of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1982

Pulmonary circulation of the llama at high and low altitudes.

We have studied the pulmonary circulation of three closely related animals, the llama, alpaca, and guanaco. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 12 llamas and one alpaca indigenous to high altitude in the Andes was found to be slightly but significantly higher than that of three llamas and three guanacos born and bred at low altitude in England. On the other hand, the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries and the relative weights of the two ventricles were the same in three llamas and one alpaca at high altitude as they were in one llama and two guanacos at low altitude. It is concluded that the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia, while present, is greatly reduced in this species and it is suggested that this may have taken place by evolutionary adaptation.

Altitude↗
PubMed1978

Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug.

Field trials were conducted with the potent morphine-like analgesic, R33799 (Janssen Pharmaceutica; Beerse, Belgium) in South African national parks on 217 free-ranging wild animals, representing 20 different species. The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels. A suggested dosage regime for 19 species is given. Recommended optimal dosage rates varies from about 1 microgram per kg for pachyderms to about 10 microgram per kg for most of the larger ungulates. Xylazine and azaperone were found valuable adjuncts to R33799 in dosage ratios of 10:1 and 30:1 respectively.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1980

Ataxia and spinal cord degeneration in llama, wildebeeste and camel.

Clinical and pathological findings from instances of ataxia in a group of wildebeeste (Connochaetes taurinus), two llamas (Llama glama) and one Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) are presented. Clinically, all the affected animals showed a non-febrile, progressive ataxia. Neuropathologically, Wallerian degeneration was diffuse in the spinal cord of the camel and llamas but was focal in the wildebeeste. Degeneration was present in the cervical dorsal roots in the wildebeeste and in the ventral nerve roots at all levels of the cord in the llamas. Peripheral nerve were affected in all the species. The possible roles of copper deficiency and plant poisons in the aetiology of the condition are discussed.

Animals↗