Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “subordinate behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Mental health team leadership and consumers satisfaction and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between leadership styles of leaders of mental health treatment teams and consumers' ratings of satisfaction with the program and their quality of life. METHODS: A multifactor model has distinguished three factors relevant to leadership of mental health teams: transformational leadership, in which a leader's primary goal is to lead the team to evolving better programs; transactional leadership, in which the leader strives to maintain effective programs through feedback and reinforcement; and laissez-faire leadership, an ineffective, hands-off leadership style. Research has shown transformational leadership to be positively associated with measures of the team's functioning, but the effects of leadership style on consumers is not well known. A total of 143 leaders and 473 subordinates from 31 clinical teams rated the leadership style of the team leader. In addition, 184 consumers served by these teams rated their satisfaction with the treatment program and their quality of life. RESULTS: Consumers' satisfaction and quality of life were inversely associated with laissez-faire approaches to leadership and positively associated with both transformational and transactional leadership. Moreover, leaders' and subordinates' ratings of team leadership accounted for independent variance in satisfaction ratings-up to 40 percent of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Leadership seems to be an important variable for understanding a team's impact on its consumers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Socioanthropological notes on community and health].

The notion of community utilized by planners and healthcare providers is doubly deceptive. On the one hand, it presupposes apparent equality and absence of conflicts between people in the same population group. On the other hand, it supposes a certain possibility of intervention by healthcare services in relation to behavioral patterns that are considered undesirable, from the point of view of disease control or health promotion. Used this way, this concept ends up concealing the "social nature" of the target population: poor people and the setbacks that their condition of poverty causes. To bring to light the problem of the euphemism implicit in this notion of community, the objective of the present article was to present Simmel's radically relational approach for characterizing the subordination of these population groups to healthcare policies and programs. For this purpose, the starting point was the appropriation of the sociological notion of community by the healthcare services, from Tönnies' classic formulation and its influence on the authors of the Chicago school.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1992

Interpersonal behavior and the structure of dreaming.

A three-dimensional model of adult dreaming styles shows a close correspondence with other models representing frameworks of waking experience and interpersonal behavior. These close parallels support the ubiquity of the factors identified by Robert F. Bales in his integrative new field theory and may help to bring the study of dream function more clearly into the realm of personality and social psychology.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Semantic memory and verbal working memory correlates of N400 to subordinate homographs.

N400 is an event-related brain potential that indexes operations in semantic memory conceptual space, whether elicited by language or some other representation (e.g., drawings). Language models typically propose three stages: lexical access or orthographic- and phonological-level analysis; lexical selection or word-level meaning and associate activation; and lexical integration, sentence- and discourse-level operations. The exact stage that N400 reflects is unknown, although opinion favors lexical integration over lexical selection. Surprisingly, little research has assessed relationships between neuropsychological measures of semantic memory fund of information or verbal working memory capacity and N400. Subjects performed a homograph disambiguation comprehension task with minimal working memory load. Short sentences read: The noun was adjective/verb. The nouns were either homographs or unambiguous. The adjective/verb was disambiguating for the homograph, and congruent or incongruent for the unambiguous noun. The primary noun of interest was the subordinate homograph. Comprehension of the subordinate meaning should correlate with semantic memory stores, reflecting greater knowledge. If N400 primarily reflects lexical access operations, it should also correlate with measures of semantic knowledge. If N400 reflects lexical integration, it should correlate with measures of working memory capacity. Comprehension errors were associated with semantic memory stores, but not working memory capacity. N400 was related to working memory capacity, but not semantic knowledge, suggesting that N400 primarily reflects late-stage working memory operations. N400 to subordinate disambiguating words was larger with greater working memory capacity, and thus may index the absolute capacity of working memory rather than difficulty in contextual integration.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Caregiving decision making by older mothers and adult children: process and expected outcome.

Dyadic caregiving decision making was studied in 30 mother-son and 29 mother-daughter pairs (mother's age=65-94 years) who responded to a vignette depicting a caregiving decision situation. The observed decision-making process of mother-child pairs was largely naturalistic, with few alternatives proposed and quick convergence to a decision followed by a postdecision justification; a degree of more rational decision making was seen in some pairs. Among significant findings, adult children, especially sons, dominated the decision process, doing more talking and introducing more alternatives than did their mothers, who played a more subordinate role. Mother-son pairs expected more negative outcomes and greater regrets regarding their decisions than mother-daughter pairs. Closeness of the parent-child relationship influenced the decision-making process, expected outcomes, and regrets.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Preferential feeding behaviour of hens in different gaseous atmospheres.

1. The object of this study was to identify the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hypoxia (induced by argon) which hens could detect and by preference avoid. 2. Hens were housed in an apparatus consisting of an upper roosting chamber connected to two descending passages which led to separate identical feeding chambers. The gas concentration in both these feeding chambers could be regulated. 3. The hens were allowed to feed in either a normal air atmosphere or an altered atmosphere containing a sub-stunning concentration of CO2 or argon. The birds' preference for feeding in the two chambers was used as an indicator of the concentration which they chose to avoid. 4. The study involved two experiments. In the first it was found that when the concentration of CO2 was raised above 5%, or the concentration of oxygen was reduced to 10% or below, the occupancy of that chamber was significantly reduced. 5. The results of the second experiment confirmed that a concentration of above 7.5% CO2 or oxygen levels of 10% or below can be detectable to hens and, given a free choice, the hens learnt to avoid such atmospheres. 6. The presence of a dominant bird in the roosting chamber or in the feeding chamber containing air caused the subordinate birds to enter the treatment chamber containing gas. This would imply that the unpleasantness of the stunning gases at the concentrations used in this study was less severe than the social pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lévy flights from a continuous-time process.

Lévy flight dynamics can stem from simple random walks in a system whose operational time (number of steps n) typically grows superlinearly with physical time t. Thus this process is a kind of continuous-time random walk (CTRW), dual to the typical Scher-Montroll model, in which n grows sublinearly with t. Models in which Lévy flights emerge due to a temporal subordination allow one easily to discuss the response of a random walker to a weak outer force, which is shown to be nonlinear. On the other hand, the relaxation of an ensemble of such walkers in a harmonic potential follows a simple exponential pattern, and leads to a normal Boltzmann distribution. Mixed models, describing normal CTRW's in superlinear operational time and Lévy flights under the operational time of subdiffusive CTRW's lead to a paradoxical diffusive behavior, similar to the one found in transport on polymer chains. The relaxation to the Boltzmann distribution in such models is slow, and asymptotically follows a power law.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

FMRFamide, a putative endogenous opiate antagonist: evidence from suppression of defeat-induced analgesia and feeding in mice.

Social conflict and defeat in mice leads to an activation of endogenous opiate systems. The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the peptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) and the opiate antagonist naloxone, on aggressive encounters, defeat-induced analgesia and defeat-induced feeding were examined in male mice. Both substances reduced the number of bites required to cause defeat in subordinate mice during aggressive encounters, as well as suppressing the subsequent defeat-induced analgesia. Administration of FMRFamide or naloxone also reduced defeat-induced feeding. These results indicate that FMRFamide (or FMRFamide-like neuropeptides) may function as endogenous opioid antagonists.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2000

Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups.

This study reports an investigation of the behavioral profiles and psychosocial adjustment of subgroups of victims and aggressors in elementary school peer groups. Peer nomination scores for aggression and victimization were used to classify 354 inner-city children (mean age of 10.3 years) into one of four subgroups: aggressive victims, nonaggressive victims, nonvictimized aggressors, and normative contrasts. Subgroup comparisons were then conducted using multi-informant assessment of social behavior, social acceptance-rejection, behavioral regulation, academic functioning, and emotional distress. Children in each of the victim-aggressor subgroups were characterized by a degree of social and behavioral maladjustment. However, impairments in behavioral and emotional regulation were most evident for the aggressive victim subgroup. Aggressive victims were also characterized by academic failure, peer rejection, and emotional distress. The results of this investigation highlight the distinctive nature of the aggressive victim subgroup.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Gender moderates the relationship between testosterone and marital interaction.

Higher testosterone levels are related to assertiveness and dominance. Given the relevance of those behavioral correlates to spouses' daily transactions, links between testosterone levels and marital interaction were explored among 92 newlywed couples. Marital problem-solving and social support transactions were assessed, and saliva was collected and assayed for testosterone. Whether marital behavior was related to husbands' and wives' testosterone levels was examined. The link between spouses' testosterone and their behavior was contingent on the partner's testosterone levels. Husbands exhibited more adaptive problem-solving behaviors and social support provision when husbands and wives were concordant for lower testosterone levels. In contrast, wives exhibited more adaptive support provision when spouses had discordant testosterone levels such that wives had higher levels and husbands had lower levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Measurement of narrative discourse ability in children with language disorders.

Narratives from three studies differing in subject pools, elicitation procedures, and story content were analyzed using seven variables hypothesized to measure a variety of language abilities used in narrative production. Two questions were addressed: (a) To what extent did multiple variables represent common factors? and (b) To what extent did these variables distinguish children with language disorder from their nondisordered peers? Results indicated that: (a) The seven variables represented two factors; Factor I measured global organization of content (i.e., episode structure), and Factor II measured within- and across-sentence structure (i.e., grammatical sentence structure, within subordinate clause productivity, and textual cohesion), and (b) regardless of study, only the variables representing Factor II were selected as the most effective in predicting group membership.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relation between dominance, anger, and hormones in normally aging men: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

This paper examines the relation of two personality characteristics (dominance and anger) to hormones in normally aging men. The relation of the Jackson Personality Research Form E Dominance subscale and the Spielberger Anger Expression scale to serum levels of 17 endocrine variables, including testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cortisol, and prolactin, was examined in 1709 men aged 39 to 70 years randomly sampled from the Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area. Canonical correlation analysis resulted in the identification of a personality profile characterized as dominant with some aggressive behavior that tends to correlate with a hormonal pattern labeled the "availability of androgens." These results partially support previous findings in animals, adolescents, and criminal populations that "aggressive dominance" is related to testosterone.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The influence of social rank in the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, on locomotor and feeding activities in a novel environment.

To investigate differences in behaviour associated with social rank and environmental conditions, a comparison was made between swimming and feeding activities of dominant and subordinate angelfish, housed in groups of six, with those of angelfish housed singly in identical laboratory aquaria. Subordinate individuals were less active, less ready to feed and consumed less food items than dominants, but their feeding and activity levels were still greater than those displayed by isolated fish used as controls. When fish from each of the above categories were transferred to a novel, identical tank to be tested individually for a 6-day period, little change was observed in previously isolated fish. In contrast, the previous social experience had a marked influence on the behaviour of the other individuals, the effects being related to the social status. The strongest initial response to the new environment was shown by subordinate individuals, with a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in feeding compared to the group situation. Subordinates were significantly more active than dominants, who in turn moved more than previously isolated fish. Dominants and subordinates were now similarly reluctant to feed, and their food consumption was less than that of previously isolated fish. With time in the novel environment a significant reduction of swimming activity and a recovery of feeding measures were detected, but levels were still depressed in relation to the group condition, and lower in subordinates than in dominants, indicating the long-lasting effects of the previous social interactions. The results have clear implications for laboratory studies using groups of fish in which social hierarchies may be established prior to individuals being tested singly in a novel environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Social dominance and reproductive success in pregnant and lactating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) under seminatural conditions.

Pairs of female hamsters were acclimated to seminatural enclosures and permitted to interact for brief periods on days 12-14 of gestation or on days 2-4 of lactation. In one experimental paradigm, food was provided in excess of the daily requirements while in a second, food rations were restricted. Control females were similarly housed and fed but were not exposed to another animal. Paired females readily established dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominant females successfully removed food from the subordinate females and, as a result, accumulated larger food hoards. Subordinate females gave birth to fewer pups than either dominant or subordinate animals when social interactions occurred late in pregnancy and maintained smaller litters when interactions occurred during lactation. Reductions in the fecundity of subordinate females were more pronounced when the food ration was restricted. Under ad lib feeding conditions dominant females also maintained fewer young than control animals, but when food was restricted they were more successful than the control group. Subordinate females successfully defended their burrows against intrusions by dominant animals; maternal cannibalism accounted for most reductions in litter size. These results suggest that a defensible burrow and the acquisition of a food hoard are essential for successful reproduction in this species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Punishment in animal societies.

Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Subtle prejudice against women in The Netherlands.

Subtle discrimination against women in the Netherlands was examined, using Dovidio and Gaertner's (1983) investigatory design and a sample of 56 male university sophomores. The following variables were manipulated: confederate's gender, confederate's role (supervisory vs. subordinate in relation to the participant), and confederate's cognitive ability (high vs. low). It was expected that a woman in a subordinate role would be offered help more often than a woman in a supervisory role would, and that a low-ability woman in a subordinate role would be offered help more often than a high-ability woman in the same role. The results supported these expectations even though there was no evidence of stereotyping in the written answers to the questionnaire.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1999

Behavioural consequences of repeated social defeat in the mouse: preliminary evaluation of a potential animal model of depression.

The behavioural consequences of repeated social defeat, coupled with the stress of continuously living opposite a dominant animal, were assessed in male NMRI mice. The method adopted here differed from the previously published techniques in that the physical element of the social defeat procedure was reduced to a minimum. The subordinate animals consistently weighed less than control animals, and displayed a reduced number of visits to the partition compared to the dominant animals, which has previously been used as a marker of social behaviour. The subordinate animals did not show any differences in the amount of ethanol solution consumed compared to controls, and did not display an increase in immobility time measured in the forced swimming test. The subordinate animals did, however, display anxiogenic-like behaviour as indicated by an increased aversion of the light section of the black/white test box, which was partially reversed by chronic treatment (3weeks; 20mg/kg/day) with the antidepressant, citalopram. Decreased exploration by the subordinate animals in the black/white test box was also observed, which was reversed by chronic citalopram treatment. It is suggested that, whilst the model requires further validation, it may be a useful approach for the study of antidepressant compounds.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

The incest taboo and family structure.

The evolutionary advantage of outbreeding has influenced the family structure and the mating, attachment, and dominance behaviors of all animals. Nature has selected for those species that have evolved family structures with detachment and dominance patterns that create a relatively intact incest barrier. Man inherits from his animal forebears the biological imperative of an incest barrier but brings to it his special complexity of psychology and symbolization--incest barrier becomes incest taboo. We present a discussion of human patterns of speparation-individuation and Oedipal conflict and relate this to the detachment and dominance behaviors of animals. This is an interface between psychoanalysis, family theory, and ethology. In addition, we pursue in detail the asymmetrical operation of the incest taboo within the family: that it is stronger for mother-son than for father-daughter than for brother-sister.

Dominance-Subordination↗