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PubMed1984

Primary peristalsis in pigeon cervical oesophagus: two EMG patterns.

Swallowing elicits two propagated EMG peristaltic patterns in pigeon cervical oesophagus: i) "simple" peristaltic pattern and ii) "complex" peristaltic pattern. "Simple" peristaltic pattern is characterized by an intense, long-lasting burst of spikes, high in amplitude with an aboral increasing delay in onset. "Complex" peristaltic pattern presents an early short period of reduction in spontaneous electrical activity, followed by an excitatory period similar to that of "simple" pattern. The early inhibitory component has a very short delay in onset increasing aborally. Atropine abolishes the EMG excitatory component of both patterns, while the inhibitory period persists, showing increased duration and reduced propagation speed. "Simple" peristaltic pattern, mediated by cholinergic nerves, acting on muscular muscarinic receptors, is identifiable with an "on response". "Complex" peristaltic pattern shows a cholinergic muscarinic excitatory component and an atropine-resistant inhibitory component. This latter component is not a passive post-inhibitory rebound ("off response").

Animals↗
PubMed1999

In vitro analog of operant conditioning in aplysia. II. Modifications of the functional dynamics of an identified neuron contribute to motor pattern selection.

Previously, an analog of operant conditioning was developed using the buccal ganglia of Aplysia, the probabilistic occurrences of a specific motor pattern (i.e., pattern I), a contingent reinforcement (i.e., stimulation of the esophageal nerve), and monotonic stimulation of a peripheral nerve (i.e., n.2,3). This analog expressed a key feature of operant conditioning (i.e., selective enhancement of the probability of occurrence of a designated motor pattern by contingent reinforcement). In addition, the training induced changes in the dynamical properties of neuron B51, an element of the buccal central pattern generator. To gain insights into the neuronal mechanisms that mediate features of operant conditioning, the present study identified a neuronal element that was critically involved in the selective enhancement of pattern I. We found that bursting activity in cell B51 contributed significantly to the expression of pattern I and that changes in the dynamical properties of this cell were associated with the selective enhancement of pattern I. These changes could be induced by an explicit association of reinforcement with random depolarization of B51. No stimulation of n.2,3 was required. These results indicate that the selection of a designated motor pattern by contingent reinforcement and the underlying neuronal plasticity resulted from the association of reinforcement with a component of central neuronal activity that contributes to a specific motor pattern. The sensory stimulus that allows for occurrences of different motor acts may not be critical for induction of plasticity that mediates the selection of a motor output by contingent reinforcement in operant conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Temporal pattern dependence of neuronal peptide transmitter release: models and experiments.

In this paper we construct, on the basis of existing experimental data, a mathematical model of firing-elicited release of peptide transmitters from motor neuron B15 in the accessory radula closer neuromuscular system of Aplysia. The model consists of a slow "mobilizing" reaction and the fast release reaction itself. Experimentally, however, it was possible to measure only the mean, heavily averaged release, lacking fast kinetic information. Considered in the conventional way, the data were insufficient to completely specify the details of the model, in particular the relative properties of the slow and the unobservable fast reaction. We illustrate here, with our model and with additional experiments, how to approach such a problem by considering another dimension of release, namely its pattern dependence. The mean release is sensitive to the temporal pattern of firing, even to pattern on time scales much faster than the time scale on which the release is averaged. The mean release varies with the time scale and magnitude of the pattern, relative to the time scale and nonlinearity of the release reactions with which the pattern interacts. The type and magnitude of pattern dependence, especially when correlated systematically over a range of patterns, can therefore yield information about the properties of the release reactions. Thus, temporal pattern can be used as a probe of the release process, even of its fast, directly unobservable components. More generally, the analysis provides insights into the possible ways in which such pattern dependence, widespread especially in neuropeptide- and hormone-releasing systems, might arise from the properties of the underlying cellular reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Analogue pattern matching in a dendritic spine model based on phosphorylation of potassium channels.

Modification of potassium channels by protein phosphorylation has been shown to play a role in learning and memory. If such memory storage machinery were part of dendritic spines, then a set of spines could act as an 'analogue pattern matching' device by learning a repeatedly presented pattern of synaptic activation. In this study, the plausibility of such analogue pattern matching is investigated in a detailed circuit model of a set of spines attached to a dendritic branch. Each spine head contains an AMPA synaptic channel in parallel with a calcium-dependent potassium channel whose sensitivity depends on its phosphorylation state. Repeated presentation of synaptic activity results in calcium activation of protein kinases and subsequent channel phosphorylation. Simulations demonstrate that signal strength is greatest when the synaptic input pattern is equal to the previously learned pattern, and smaller when components of the synaptic input pattern are either smaller or larger than corresponding components of the previously learned pattern. Therefore, our results indicate that dendritic spines may act as an analogue pattern matching device, and suggest that modulation of potassium channels by protein kinases may mediate neuronal pattern recognition.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

New classification of histochemical staining patterns of acetylcholinesterase activity in rectal suction biopsy in Hirschsprung's disease.

Several previous studies have introduced classifications of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical staining patterns in rectal suction biopsy performed in patients with Hirschsprung's disease. However, we introduce a new classification that is less complicated but shows the same age dependence as seen in previous studies. 135 rectal suction biopsies were submitted to histochemical staining for AChE activity and 88 specimens showed increased AChE activity. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed these 88 cases and could establish three patterns. Pattern I, presence of thick nerve trunks or coarse nerve fibers only in the muscularis mucosae and submucosa. This pattern was mainly seen in children aged 6 months or below. Pattern II, presence of abundant nerve fibers in all three layers of mucosa. This pattern was predominantly seen in children over 6 months of age. Pattern III, not predominant in any age group, showed positive nerve fibers in all three layers but, in one or more layers, the nerve fibers were sparse. Upon comparison with previous studies, we could observe the same age-pattern relationship. Thus, we propose this method of classification as a new tool to classify AChE histochemical staining patterns.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2001

Urinary estrogen metabolites and mammographic parenchymal patterns in postmenopausal women.

It has been hypothesized that women who metabolize their endogenous estrogens predominantly via 16(alpha)-hydroxylation rather than via 2-hydroxylation and, as a result, have a low ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1):16(alpha)-hydroxyestrone (16(alpha)-OHE1) are at an increased risk of breast cancer. Epidemiological evidence in support of this hypothesis is scarce and mostly based on measurements made after the onset of the disease. To gain insight into the role of these metabolites in the etiology of breast cancer, we assessed their relationship with high-density Wolfe mammographic parenchymal patterns (P2/DY), a recognized indicator of risk of this tumor. The study was nested within a large cross-sectional survey on determinants of mammographic patterns carried out in a population-based breast screening program in Northern Greece. Urinary levels of 2-OHE1 and 16(alpha)-OHE1 were measured in a random sample of 70 postmenopausal women with P2/DY mammographic patterns and in a random sample of 70 women with N1 mammographic patterns, individually matched to the P2/DY women on year of birth, years since menopause and date of urine collection. Women with a P2/DY pattern had, on average, 58% higher levels of 2-OHE1 (P = 0.002) and 15% higher levels of 16(alpha)-OHE1 (P = 0.37) than those with an N1 pattern. The ratio of 2-OHE1:16(alpha)-OHE1 was 35% higher (P = 0.005) in women with a P2/DY pattern. Women in the highest one-third of this ratio were six times more likely to have a P2/DY pattern than those in the lowest one-third after adjusting for potential confounders (prevalence odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.7-22.9; test for linear trend, P = 0.002). These findings seem to suggest that a high, rather than a low, 2-OHE1:16(alpha)-OHE1 ratio may be associated with an increase in breast cancer risk at postmenopausal ages, unless the pathway through which estrogen metabolites may affect breast cancer risk is unrelated to mammographic parenchymal patterns.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining depth of invasion by VN pit pattern analysis in submucosal colorectal carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to clarify whether the pit pattern on the surface of submucosal colorectal carcinoma is associated with level of invasion. We examined the VN pit-pattern (loss or decrease of pits with an amorphous structure) area of the tumor surface in 18 submucosal carcinomas that were classified based on gross appearance as either superficial or broad based sessile polypoid tumors. Pit pattern determination was made according to a previously reported system. We then evaluated the relation between the VN pit-pattern area, the maximum diameter of the VN pit-pattern area obtained stereoscopically after resection, and the depth of submucosal invasion. There was a significant correlation between the area and maximum diameter of the VN pit-pattern segment. There was also significant correlation between the maximum diameter of the VN pit-pattern area and the depth of submucosal invasion. Lesions with a maximum VN pit-pattern area diameter <5 mm showed a depth of submucosal invasion of <1500 microm. In submucosal colorectal carcinoma of the superficial or broad based sessile polypoid type in gross appearance, measurement of the maximum VN pit-pattern area diameter allows estimation of the depth of submucosal invasion.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Both inherited susceptibility and environmental exposure determine the low-density lipoprotein-subfraction pattern distribution in healthy Dutch families.

A lipoprotein profile characterized by a predominance of small, dense, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. To investigate whether genetic factors are involved in determining this heavy LDL subfraction pattern, this study was undertaken with the aim of resolving the effects that major genes, multifactorial heritability, and environmental exposures have on the LDL subfraction pattern. In a random sample of 19 healthy Dutch families including 162 individuals, the distribution of the LDL subfraction pattern was determined by density gradient ultracentrifugation. For each subject a specific LDL subfraction profile was observed, characterized by the relative contribution of the three major LDL subfractions--LDL1 (d = 1.030-1.033 g/ml), LDL2 (d = 1.033-1.040 g/ml), and LDL3 (d = 1.040-1.045 g/ml)--to total LDL. A continuous variable, parameter K, was defined to characterize each individual LDL subfraction pattern. Complex segregation analysis of this quantitative trait, under a model which includes a major locus, polygenes, and both common and random environment, was applied to analyze the distribution of the LDL subfraction pattern in these families. The results indicate that the LDL subfraction pattern, described by parameter K, is controlled by a major autosomal, highly penetrant, recessive allele with a population frequency of .19 and an additional multifactorial inheritance component. The penetrance of the more dense LDL subfraction patterns, characterized by values of K < 0, was dependent on age, gender, and, in women, on oral contraceptive use and postmenopausal status. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that approximately 60% of the variation in the LDL subfraction pattern could be accounted for by alterations in age, gender, relative body weight, smoking habits, hormonal status in women, and lipid and lipoprotein levels. In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic influences as well as environmental exposure, sex, age and hormonal status in women are important in determining the distribution of the LDL subfraction patterns in this population and that these influences may contribute to the explanation of familial clustering of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic value of DNA ploidy patterns of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The significance of prognostic value of DNA ploidy patterns of colorectal cancer has not yet been fully understood. The present study was designed to determine the prognostic value of DNA ploidy patterns for colorectal adenocarcinomas after resection. METHODOLOGY: We have prospectively collected tumor specimens from 420 patients with colorectal cancer since 1996. The DNA ploidy patterns were determined with the use of DNA flow cytometry. The correlation of DNA ploidy pattern and various characteristics of tumors and the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy patterns were evaluated by univariate as well as Cox's proportional hazard model. The disease-free survival curves were calculated with Kaplan-Meier's analysis, and the survival difference was determined by log-rank test. RESULTS: DNA ploidy patterns were diploid in 115 (27.4%) and aneuploid in 305 patients (72.6%). The pattern of DNA ploidy did not correlate with age, gender, location, differentiation, and stage of the tumors. In 146 patients who were followed up for at least 2 years, the disease-free survival curves were similar between the diploid and aneuploid group. Multivariate analysis disclosed that tumor staging was associated with the survival of patients but the DNA ploidy pattern had no prognostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: The DNA ploidy pattern was not a significant prognostic factor in short-term follow-up.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

The effect of movement velocity and movement pattern on the reciprocal co-activation of the hamstrings.

The effect of velocity and movement pattern (reciprocal vs. non-reciprocal) on the reciprocal co-activation of the hamstrings was investigated through analysis of the root mean square (RMS) and the median frequency (MDF) of surface electromyography (SEMG). Fourteen subjects performed six continuous repetitions of a reciprocal isokinetic movement pattern (maximal extension followed by maximal flexion), and six continuous repetitions of a non-reciprocal movement pattern (maximal extension only) at 100 degrees, 200 degrees, 300 degrees s-1, and 400 degrees s-1. Data were analyzed using separate 2 x 4 (movement pattern x angular velocity) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were noted between reciprocal and non-reciprocal movement patterns for RMS. However, results did reveal a velocity effect for RMS (F = 5.0, p < 0.01), with significant differences observed between 100 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 9.4, p < 0.01), 200 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 9.5, p < 0.01), and 300 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 11.0, p < 0.001), with RMS values at 400 degrees s-1 being the highest. There was also a velocity effect for MDF (F = 8.03, p < 0.001), with significant differences observed between 100 degrees s-1 and 300 degrees s-1 (F = 4.2, p < 0.05), 100 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 20.2, p < 0.0001), 200 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 15.221, p < 0.001), and 300 degrees s-1 and 400 degrees s-1 (F = 5.9, p < 0.01). In all cases the highest MDF values were exhibited at the lower velocities. Lastly, there was an interaction effect when comparing movement patterns at 400 degrees s-1, with MDF values being significantly higher during the non-reciprocal movement pattern than during the reciprocal movement pattern (F = 10.9, p < 0.01). Results indicated that during isokinetic movements, RMS and MDF activity of the hamstrings are altered as velocity changes. More specifically, as velocity increases overall hamstrings' co-activation increases and there is a shift in the power spectrum toward the recruitment of slower-twitch muscle fibers. Results also indicate that movement pattern (reciprocal vs. non reciprocal) does not effect appreciably SEMG activity of hamstrings' co-contraction.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Correlation of the primary Gleason pattern on prostate needle biopsy with clinico-pathological factors in Gleason 7 tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To correlate the primary Gleason pattern among patients with biopsy-derived Gleason 7 tumors with the radical prostatectomy specimen Gleason grading and other clinical and pathologic outcomes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Among 474 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1997-2001, 205 (43%) had Gleason 7/10 tumors on pre-operative needle biopsy. Among theses patients, 148 (72.2%) were assigned a primary Gleason 3 pattern (3+4 = 7) and 57 (27.8%) were assigned a primary Gleason 4 pattern (4+3 = 7). The two groups were compared with respect to age, serum PSA levels, Gleason grade in the radical prostatectomy specimen, pathological stage and surgical margin status. RESULTS: Among patients with 3+4 tumors on needle biopsy, 64% remained primary Gleason grade 3 while 35% were up-graded to a primary pattern 4 following analysis of the radical prostatectomy specimen. Patients with 4+3 tumors on needle biopsy remained primary Gleason grade 4 in 51% of patients, while 49% of patients had their tumors down-graded to a primary 3 pattern (p = 0.09). There were no differences between patients with needle biopsy 3+4 and 4+3 patterns with respect to total Gleason score in the radical prostatectomy specimen (p = 0.42), pTNM stage (p = 0.36), extra-prostatic extension (p = 0.88), surgical margin involvement (p = 0.16), and seminal vesicle invasion (p = 0.19). In contrast, the primary Gleason pattern in the radical prostatectomy specimen correlated significantly with pTNM stage (p = 0.02) and seminal vesicle invasion (p= 0.003), but not with extra-prostatic extension (p = 0.32) and surgical margin involvement (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with Gleason 7 adenocarcinoma of the prostate, the biopsy-derived primary Gleason pattern does not appear to correlate with important clinical and pathologic outcomes. The utility of distinguishing a primary Gleason pattern on needle biopsy among patients with Gleason 7 tumors remains unclear given the limited and conflicting literature addressing this issue.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Saltatory fetal heart rate pattern.

A retrospective descriptive study reviewed 433 consecutive intrapartum fetal heart tracings. The saltatory fetal heart rate pattern was defined as fetal heart amplitude changes of greater than 25 beats per minute with an oscillatory frequency of greater than 6 per minute for a minimum duration of 1 minute. Data were analyzed for each mother-infant pair over the time of labor and birth. The saltatory pattern was demonstrated in 10 of the 433 tracings reviewed for an overall incidence of 2.3%. All 10 fetuses demonstrating the saltatory pattern were term (38 to 42 weeks' gestation). None of the 147 preterm fetuses demonstrated the saltatory pattern (P less than .02). In 6 patients the saltatory pattern was observed after parenteral ephedrine administration, in 3 patients with uterine hyperstimulation, and in 1 patient during cervical examination. When the saltatory pattern was seen with ephedrine administration, it was present only at total doses of greater than or equal to 30 mg (P less than .001). In all patients the saltatory pattern occurred during active phase or second stage of labor. Short-term and long-term variability recorded by the fetal-scalp electrode were present both before and after the episode of saltatory pattern. At birth, all 10 infants were vigorous, with Apgar scores of 8/9 or 9/9. In the absence of abnormal periodic fetal heart rate changes and with the presence of short-term and long-term variability, the saltatory fetal heart rate pattern appears benign.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The shadow sensor: an electronic activity pattern sensor.

In their endeavor to measure time that individuals spend indoors, outdoors, and in transit, human activity pattern experts would be greatly assisted by a personal electronic sensor. This article reports on the design and pilot testing of an electronic device that measures activity patterns. The electronic sensor is small, unobstrusive, weighs about one pound, and records for 24 hr. The sensor identifies the microenvironment and the time spent in that microenvironment. Four types of experiments were performed during the pilot testing of the prototype: (1) quality control experiments; (2) other-directed experiments; (3) sensor vs. diary experiments; and (4) sensor vs. recall experiments. The prototype testing involved a total of 40 subjects. Quality control experiments were designed to test the accuracy of the sensor. Other-directed experiments were designed to test the veracity of test subjects. The subjects were told that the sensor was a pollutant-measuring device and were asked to record their activity patterns on a diary attached to the sensor. In the sensor vs. diary experiments the subjects were told the purpose of the sensor and were given a diary to record their activity patterns. In the sensor vs. recall experiments the subjects knew the objective of the electronic sensor, but they were not forewarned that they would be required to recall their activity patterns. The daily activity pattern difference across all microenvironments was the parameter used to quantify the discrepancy of information obtained from sensor and diary data. This activity pattern difference was more than three hours for the other-directed experiments, approximately two hr for both the sensor vs. diary and the sensor vs. recall experiments, and 18 min for the quality control experiments. The sensor provides an accurate description of activity patterns, and can be used to measure population activity patterns and/or evaluate the reliability of such information obtained by other methods.

Electronics, Medical↗
PubMed1991

[Insertion anomalies of the horizontal muscles and dysfunctions of the oblique muscles in the A-V patterns].

Insertion anomalies of the horizontal rectus muscles and dysfunctions of the oblique muscles were studied in 141 cases with A-V patterns of 824 patients with horizontal strabisums. The frequency of insertion anomaly among all cases of A-V pattern studied was 49.6%, there were more V pattern insertion anomalies than in those of A pattern, but the ratio of insertion anomalies in each type of A-V pattern was more in the A pattern than in the V pattern. In the oblique muscles, overaction of the inferior oblique muscle in the V pattern and of the superior oblique muscle in the A pattern were frequently encountered and insufficient action of the oblique muscles occurred more frequently in cases A-V esotropia than in cases of exotropia. In cases of combination of insertion anomaly of the horizontal rectus muscles with dysfunction of the oblique muscles, insertion anomaly was involved in 91.3% of cases of overaction of the superior oblique muscles, but only in 37.4% of cases of overaction of the inferior oblique muscles. The combination of insertion anomalies with dysfunction of the oblique muscles suggests a possible existence of simulated dysfunction of the oblique muscles in some cases of dysfunction of the oblique muscles diagnosed preoperatively. At the choice of a procedure in surgical correction, a confirmation of insertions of the horizontal muscles during operations is needed, and for this purpose the perilimbal incision is more appropriate than the fornix incision.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1990

[Correlation between DNA ploidy patterns and tumor progression, prognosis, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human esophageal cancer].

Cytophotometric DNA analyses were performed on 35 primary esophageal cancer. Histograms of DNA measurement were classified into three patterns (diploid pattern, aneuploid pattern and mosaic pattern) and were compared with histological findings, prognosis, and degree of lymphocytes infiltration around the tumor. Survival rate was worse in patients with mosaic pattern than the others, and 4-year survival rates of each patterns were 66.7% (diploid), 53.6% (aneuploid) and 25.4% (mosaic). Diploid cell line was observed frequently in the superficial cancers, and as the cancers infiltrated more deeply, mosaic cell line increased. Mosaic cell line appeared more frequently in well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In patients with mosaic pattern, there was high frequency of lymphnode metastasis and vascular invasion, as compared with diploid pattern. The rate of vascular invasion tended to increase in the following order; diploid, aneuploid and mosaic types. Furthermore in the diploid tumors, the degree of lymphocyte infiltration around tumor tended to increase. These findings suggest that the change of DNA content may occur frequently during tumor progression and may be affected by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. So the DNA ploid pattern will be also to be one of the conjecturable factors of the prognosis of esophageal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Neuromodulation of the crab pyloric central pattern generator by serotonergic/cholinergic proprioceptive afferents.

In the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab, Cancer borealis, a set of 4 serotonergic/cholinergic proprioceptive neurons, called gastropyloric receptor (GPR) cells, have effects on the pyloric motor pattern. In a semi-intact foregut preparation, the GPR cells are not activated by movements of the pyloric filter; instead they respond to the slower movements of the gastric mill (Katz et al., 1989). Thus, their activity is not synchronized to the pyloric motor pattern. However, when the GPR cells are stimulated in an in vitro preparation in a manner that resembles their normal firing pattern, they produce dramatic effects on the pyloric motor pattern. These effects include: (1) a prolonged increase in the pyloric cycle frequency, (2) a momentary pause in the motor pattern, (3) transient inhibition of some motor neurons, (4) strong excitation of other motor neurons, and (5) altered phase relationships of the different components of the motor pattern. These changes in the motor pattern are due to direct effects of the GPR cells on neurons in the pyloric central pattern generator (CPG). All of the cells in the pyloric circuit appear to receive GPR input. However, only 2 neurons receive detectable rapid nicotinic synaptic potentials. The other neurons receive only slower neuromodulatory input from GPR stimulation. The neuromodulatory effects include burst enhancement, plateau potential enhancement, excitation, and inhibition. These modulatory effects are largely mimicked by bath-applied serotonin (5-HT). Thus, primary sensory neurons can alter the production of motor patterns by a CPG through a phase-independent mechanism; these proprioceptors do not need to fire at a precise time in the cycle to be effective because their effects are mediated through the slower actions of the neuromodulator 5-HT.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Glycolipid-patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an aid for sub-typing].

Total lipids were extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with chloroform-methanol (2:1), applied on a silica-gel thin-layer plate, and developed with chloroform-methanol-acetone (90:10:5). Glycolipids were detected by spraying Anthrone-reagent and heating. Strain H37Rv of M. tuberculosis showed four Anthrone-positive spots, namely trehalose-monomycolate, unidentified glycolipid, trehalose-dimycolate and GL-Rv, and strain H37Ra showed only two spots corresponding to trehalose-monomycolate and trehalose-dimycolate. Other 4 laboratory-stock strains of M. tuberculosis showed glycolipid-pattern identical with either of these two patterns. One hundred and fifty-eight strains of M. tuberculosis, isolated clinically from tuberculosis patients, were classified into 7 types according to their glycolipid-pattern. Twenty-seven strains contained one more Anthrone-positive spot other than those of strain H37Rv. Pattern II was most frequently observed (60 strains), and then pattern I (33 strains), VI (29 strains), IV (13 strains), V (9 strains), VII (8 strains), and III (6 strains). Pattern I corresponded to that of strain H37Ra and pattern VI corresponded to that of strain H37Rv. Glycolipid-pattern did not correlate to clinical features of patients from whom the bacilli had been isolated. A glycolipid, which moved to just under the solvent front, was a new glycolipid which has been found by us and designated as GL-Rv. Chemical structure of GL-Rv was clarified by us as trehalose-polyacyl derivatives (no mycolic acid as the acyl residue). Glycolipid-pattern was very stable and reproducible for each strain of M. tuberculosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1989

[Classification of liver cirrhosis based on parenchymal echo patterns and its clinical usefulness for diagnosis of liver cirrhosis].

Owing to the recent advancement of ultrasonographic instruments, we can now easily detect variously sized hypoechoic nodules as well as coarse echo pattern in cirrhotic liver. Based on the size and distribution of such hypoechoic nodules, we classified echo patterns of liver parenchyma into four types as follows. Type 0: Homogeneous echo pattern. Type I: Coarse echo pattern with no distinct hypoechoic nodules. Type II: Echo pattern showing scattered hypoechoic nodules sized 3 approximately 5 mm. Type III: Echo pattern showing scattered hypoechoic nodules sized more than 5 mm. In the present study, all the 25 patients of normal liver showed type 0, 29 of 42 patients with chronic hepatitis showed type 0 and the remained 13 type I. In 65 patients with liver cirrhosis, 54 (83.1%) were classified as type I, II, or III. The grade of parenchymal echo pattern was significantly correlated with the severity of liver cirrhosis. In addition, the parenchymal patterns proved to be very useful in diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, presenting overall accuracy value of 81.8%. The value was the highest compared with those of other diagnostic factors on ultrasonograms. Immersion experiment with autopsied liver specimens evidenced that hypoechoic nodules on ultrasonogram represent regenerative nodules of cirrhotic liver. It was also revealed that the parenchymal echo patterns closely corresponded to gross or histologic findings of the liver.

Adult↗