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PubMed1988

The nature of the scheduled reinforcer and adjunctive drinking in nondeprived rhesus monkeys.

Adjunctive drinking was generated in three free-feeding rhesus monkeys by the contingent and intermittent delivery of flavored pellets. The amount of drinking generated was greater when pellet availability was restricted under fixed-interval schedules compared to a massed-reinforcer control condition. The volume of water consumed depended upon the fixed-interval of pellet delivery (FI 180 sec to FI 1800 sec). Peak amounts of water consumed ranged from 532 ml to 650 ml during the 2 hr sessions and the schedule which generated the most drinking was either FI 420 or FI 600 sec, across monkeys. Variables which did not appear to influence the amount of drinking generated within the session were the amount of water consumed outside the session, the rates of responding maintained by pellet delivery and the pattern of responding for pellet delivery. However, when either cocaine or diazepam was the scheduled reinforcer, these same free-feeding monkeys did not engage in adjunctive drinking. The ability of cocaine and diazepam to generate adjunctive drinking was determined first by gradually decreasing the frequency of pellet delivery while keeping drug delivery constant using a second-order schedule of pellet delivery [FR n(FI 300 sec: drug delivery) with n ranging from 1 to 6]. Second, a range of drug doses was tested under a FI 300 sec schedule (cocaine: 0.01-0.3 mg/kg/injection; diazepam: 0.01-0.56 mg/kg/injection). These results suggest that there may be some restriction on the generation of adjunctive drinking depending upon the nature of the scheduled reinforcer.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intake of dietary sucrose or fat reduces amphetamine drinking in rats.

The effects of intake of a palatable food source on oral amphetamine intake were assessed in adult male Long-Evans rats. In Experiment 1, six rats were given an amphetamine sulfate solution (0.1 mg/ml) and four rats were given water as their sole source of fluid. Rats were given a choice of chow and granulated sucrose for a week, alternated with weeks when only chow was fed. In Experiment 2, eight rats were given the amphetamine solution, and four rats water to drink. Rats were fed chow and hydrogenated vegetable fat for a week alternated with weeks when only chow was available. In both experiments, rats drank significantly less of the amphetamine solution when the palatable food choice was available than when given only chow to eat. Intake of palatable foods had a significantly smaller effect on water intake. In both experiments, rats drinking the amphetamine solution took in less fluid and less calories and gained less weight than rats drinking water. However, in Experiment 1, when sucrose was available, rats drinking amphetamine consumed a significantly greater proportion of their calories as sucrose than rats drinking water. Similarly, in Experiment 2, rats drinking the amphetamine solution chose a significantly greater percentage of their calories as fat than rats drinking water. These results demonstrate that intake of sucrose or fat leads to a significant reduction in amphetamine intake, and that the anorectic effects of amphetamine are not equivalent for different types of foods.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1989

Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference--II. Hydrational factors.

Rats that drink saccharin solution increase their short-term food intake and develop a preference for flavored food eaten when saccharin is ingested. In this paper, we examined whether these changes in feeding behavior were due to overhydration resulting from drinking hyposmotic saccharin solution. Consistent with this possibility, the short-term food intake of rats was increased by drinking hyposmotic 0.2% saccharin dissolved in water, unaffected by drinking isosmotic 0.9% NaCl, and decreased by drinking 0.2% saccharin dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. In addition, rats showed a sustained increase in saccharin-induced food intake after antidiuretic hormone treatment, which was designed to exacerbate their positive water balance. Less consistent with a hydrational explanation of saccharin-induced feeding was the finding that rats drinking only 2ml 0.2% saccharin solution increased food intake. Also, gastric intubation of similar volumes of water produced a small, transient increase in feeding behavior, which was apparent after the first intubation only and could not be preserved by adding water-contingent flavors to the food. Taken together, these results suggest that the hydrational effects of drinking hyposmotic saccharin solution contribute to, but cannot account for, the increase in food intake. Hydration had no observable influence on the acquisition of flavored food preference.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference--IV. Cephalic phase and metabolic factors.

Rats that drink saccharin solution increase their short-term food intake and develop a preference for flavored food eaten when saccharin is ingested. In this paper, we examined whether these effects are mediated by cephalic-phase metabolic reflexes. The results show that the cephalic-phase insulin response could be dissociated from food intake in three ways. (1) Drinking saccharin increased the food intake and food preference of rats with sham surgery (SHM) or celiac vagotomy (CV), but not hepatic vagotomy (HV); it produced a short-lived increase in plasma insulin levels in all three groups, but the insulin response of both the CV and HV group was attenuated relative to the SHM group. (2) Rats increased food intake even when a 90 min interval was imposed between drinking saccharin and eating food, although insulin and glucose levels returned to normal within 30 min of drinking saccharin. (3) Streptozotocin-induced diabetes did not affect the increased feeding response to saccharin. The failure of rats given hepatic vagotomy to increase food intake and food preference when drinking saccharin suggests that a hepatic mechanism is involved. We propose that drinking saccharin increases food intake by temporarily altering the disposition of metabolic fuels towards storage and away from oxidation. Flavored food eaten after drinking saccharin becomes preferred because it provides fuel to counteract this reduction in oxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The reliability of a timeline method for assessing normal drinker college students' recent drinking history: utility for alcohol research.

The test-retest reliability of male (n = 40) and female (n = 40) college students' reports of recent drinking behavior was evaluated using a timeline (TL) procedure. The students also completed a quantity-frequency (QF) questionnaire (Cahalan, Cisin, & Crossley, 1969) often used to categorize subjects' drinking histories in alcohol research studies. The TL-derived data were found to have generally high reliability (usually r's greater than or equal to .87) for both males and females, with males having slightly higher reliabilities overall. Subjects were classified into drinker categories based on the QF questionnaire answers, and the resulting groups were compared using their TL-derived data on quantity, frequency, and quantity X frequency (mean number of drinks per drinking day) measures of drinking. The drinking behavior of subjects (as assessed by the TL) had great variability within the QF categories, and there was extensive overlap between subjects classified by the QF method as heavy, moderate and light drinkers. Thus, QF categorization provides a relatively insensitive measure of individual differences in drinking behavior as compared to TL-derived data. The TL method also can be used to generate a variety of potentially useful dependent variables, whereas the QF method generates a single variable.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Adequacy of recall of drinking patterns and event occurrences associated with natural recovery from alcohol problems.

The adequacy of recall of drinking and events surrounding natural recovery from alcohol problems was investigated with 21 abstinent and 18 active untreated problem drinkers. During structured interviews, drinking was assessed for 6 years, and events were assessed for 1 year; both assessment periods ended about 6 years before data collection, which corresponded with the beginning of sobriety for abstinent subjects. The accuracy of subject reports of both variable classes was evaluated through comparisons with collateral reports, and the reliability of drinking reports was evaluated by reinterviewing a subset of subjects about 2 months after the first assessment. Reliability was generally high for subjects' drinking reports. Subject-collateral agreements were significant for drinking and event variables that collaterals could readily observe, but not for variables that were less observable. Current drinking status and the length of recall did not influence reporting accuracy. With some qualifications, these findings support the use of structured recall procedures to investigate drinking patterns and environmental circumstances related to natural recovery and highlight limitations in the use of collaterals as a verification method.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between reasons for drinking alcohol and alcohol consumption: an interactional approach.

Two motives for alcohol consumption have been emphasized in the etiological and the reasons-for-drinking literature: (a) people drink alcohol to cope with stress, and (b) people drink alcohol because of social influences. There is support for both of these hypotheses, but the results are usually modest and most authors agree that more complex theories of alcohol consumption are needed. This study examined the interactional effects of reasons for drinking alcohol and situational factors on alcohol consumption. Standardized telephone interviews were conducted with 781 randomly selected Michigan drinkers. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that gender, friends' alcohol consumption, coping, and social motives for drinking were significant predictors of study participants' alcohol consumption. As predicted, there was a significant interaction between drinking to cope with stress and perceived stress, and there was also a significant interaction between drinking for social reasons and friends' alcohol consumption. Similarities and differences in the results for women, men, Blacks, and Whites are described.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol expectancies and adolescent drinking: differential prediction of frequency, quantity, and intoxication.

Although alcohol expectancies have been shown to be consistently related to drinking and problematic drinking among underage youth, some studies suggest that they are more predictive of quantity than of frequency of drinking. However, this hypothesis has not been formally tested. This study examines the differential prediction hypothesis using a sample of 1,781 high school students from the San Francisco Bay Area. Measures included yearly and monthly frequency of drinking and intoxication and usual quantity consumed per drinking occasion. Alcohol expectancies were measured with 11 items asking about the likelihood that having 2 or 3 whole drinks of alcohol would lead to specific personal consequences. Structural equations analyses indicated that expectancies were better predictors of quantity than of frequency or intoxication. The results also show that positive and negative expectancy subscales were differentially associated with the drinking measures and the patterns were somewhat different for males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Social drinking in a simulated tavern: an experimental analysis.

Five groups of five male social drinkers, who frequently drank with one another, were observed during a 30-min drinking period in an experimental tavern. Audio/video tapes of each session were rated by two observers for onset and duration of drinking and talking using a computer scoring system. Drinking was found to follow a negatively accelerating function, with session intakes correlated with reported weekly drinking. Group talking was found to increase during the session, supporting previous reports of increased socialization following drinking. Drinking patterns and intakes were found to be comparable to some of the observations from naturalistic tavern settings suggesting that the simulated tavern is an appropriate environment in which to study drinking consequences.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Covariates of human peripheral nerve function: III. Effects of reported drinking.

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and peripheral nerve function was performed using data from a cohort of 4462 male Vietnam-era Army veterans selected independently of either alcohol consumption history or clinical disorders associated with excessive alcohol use. Self-reported alcohol consumption, expressed as current drinking intensity (drinks per month), was the primary measure of alcohol use. The dependent variables were: (a) conduction velocity and amplitude of the median motor, median sensory, ulnar sensory, peroneal motor, and sural sensory nerves; (b) vibrotactile and thermal thresholds of the index finger and great toe. Drinkers who reported consuming < 180 drinks per month had, in general, slightly faster mean nerve conduction velocities, slightly greater evoked response amplitudes, and slightly lower vibrotactile thresholds than did both never drinkers and drinkers reporting consuming more than 179 drinks per month. The heaviest drinking category (> 179 drinks/month) had slightly slower mean conduction velocities and slightly smaller mean amplitudes than all other drinking categories. No consistent associations were observed between thermal thresholds and alcohol consumption. These results suggest that consuming up to 6 drinks per day alone does not cause slowed nerve conduction velocity, diminished amplitude of the evoked response, or elevated sensory thresholds in 35- to 45-year-old men.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The importance of alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy in the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption.

Expectancies about alcohol have been shown to be related to and predictive of alcohol consumption. Research to date, however, has often failed to make a clear distinction between expectations about the effects of alcohol (alcohol expectancies) and expectations about one's ability to resist drinking in certain situations (drinking refusal self-efficacy). There is some evidence that alcohol expectancies (AE) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) can play differential roles in the prediction of consumption in terms of quantity and frequency of drinking. This study aimed to replicate and extend these findings to the community population. Subjects (N = 185) were recruited from the general community using a peer network system. They were given a booklet comprising six self-report measures, including the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ), the Drinking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (DSEQ), and the Khavari Alcohol Test (KAT), which produces measures of usual and maximum quantity as well as frequency of the usual and maximum consumed. It was expected that AE would be related to frequency of consumption whereas DRSE would be related to both quantity and frequency. The findings confirmed the differential role of AE and DRSE in drinking, and the role of factors within the two concepts. Results indicated that low DRSE was related to higher frequency of general consumption and a larger maximum quantity on any one occasion. AE was related to frequency, but not to quantity, as expected. The findings are presented with respect to the theoretical constructs; clinical and research implications are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The impact of Ontario's extended drinking hours on cross-border cities of Windsor and Detroit.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the cross-border safety impact of extended drinking hours from 1:00 to 2:00 a.m., in licensed establishments in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: This study examined patterns in total and alcohol-related casualties in: (1) Windsor, Ontario, Canada compared to Detroit, Michigan, US with a 2:00 a.m. closing time, and (2) Ontario compared to Michigan for overall trends. The criterion outcome indicators were: (1) monthly motor vehicle casualties (major injuries and fatalities) for the city-regions of Windsor and Detroit and (2) Ontario and Michigan monthly motor vehicle fatalities occurring between 11:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. for 4 years pre- and 3 years post-policy change. In order to examine cross-border drinking consequences, data were disaggregated to assess trends of motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with US drivers aged 16-20 in the Windsor region; similarly trends were assessed for motor vehicle injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region. RESULTS: The Windsor region total motor vehicle casualty data showed a non-significant pre-post increase, while the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease for total motor vehicle casualties. In the Windsor region, a significant increase was found for alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties after the drinking hours were extended. However, the Detroit region showed a statistically significant decrease in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties concomitant with Ontario's drinking hour extension. No similar trends were found for the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan as a whole. Moreover, a significant decrease was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with Ontario licence plates in the Detroit region but no similar pattern was found for injury collisions involving vehicles with US licence plates and with 16-20-year-old US drivers in the Windsor region. DISCUSSION: These data seem to support a cross-border impact of the Ontario extended drinking policy. A significant increase in alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties was found in the Windsor region and concomitantly, significant decreases in total and alcohol-related motor vehicle casualties were found in the Detroit region after the extended drinking hours amendment. The Ontario government's belief that the extended drinking hour policy would "reduce the number of patrons who cross the border when Ontario's bars and restaurants close" may have been realized.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Development and validity of drinking pattern classification: binge, episodic, sporadic, and steady drinkers in treatment for alcohol problems.

This study refines an empirically derived drinking pattern classification system [Addict. Behav. 20 (1995) 23] and assesses its concurrent and predictive validity in a new sample of alcohol-dependent adults in treatment. Drinking data were collected from 195 adults (133 men) at baseline and for 52 weeks postbaseline using the Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) method. Ninety-three percent of the sample were classified into one of four drinking patterns: binge (n=13, 6.5%), episodic (n=41, 21%), sporadic (n=17, 9%), or steady (n=111, 57%). The steady drinking group showed substantial variability in drinking intensity and was divided into steady/high intensity (n=67, 34%) and steady/low intensity (n=44, 23%) subgroups. With age and gender controlled, the five subgroups did not differ on baseline employment or marital status, but differed on a measure of relationship functioning. Binge and steady/high groups reported the most severe alcohol-use histories. Steady/low intensity drinkers had later age of onset of alcohol problems. The five-pattern classification demonstrated predictive validity; steady (heavy and low intensity) drinkers most dramatically reduced the frequency of their drinking at 26 weeks postbaseline, while binge drinkers reduced their drinking intensity. Binge and steady/heavy drinkers were more likely than steady/low and sporadic drinkers to be abstinent at follow up. The final classification into five pattern groups shows promise of clinical utility for treatment-seeking samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Binge drinking in university students: A test of the cognitive model.

The aim of this study was to test the cognitive model [Addict. Behav. 29 (2004) 159] of binge drinking in university students. In Study 1, 202 participants completed the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ), the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (DRSEQ), and the Khavari Alcohol Test (KAT). The results showed that both alcohol expectancies (AEs) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) are needed to discriminate between binge, social, and heavy drinkers. In general, binge drinkers tend to have higher AEs than social drinkers, and have slightly lower DRSE. However, young social and binge drinkers can only be discriminated on the basis of their AEs. One hundred and fourteen students were recruited for the second study, to predict which individuals would engage in binge drinking during a 4-week self-monitoring period. Over 80% of predicted binge drinkers binged at least once during the monitoring period. These two studies confirmed the cognitive model of binge drinking, and thus, hold implications for the prevention of binge drinking among adolescents and young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Friend's drinking behaviour and adolescent alcohol consumption: the moderating role of friendship characteristics.

Friends are presumed to exert a substantial influence on young people's drinking patterns. The current study focused on the effects of the best friend's drinking behaviour on the alcohol consumption of 12-14-year-old adolescents. Furthermore, we hypothesized friendship characteristics (i.e., reciprocity and sociometric status differences) to moderate the extent in which adolescents had been influenced by their best friends. Longitudinal data of 1276 adolescents and their best friends were used to examine whether the adolescent's friend's drinking behaviour, reciprocity of the friendship, and status differences between friends affected the magnitude of change in the adolescent's drinking behaviour. The findings showed that best friend's drinking behaviour is related to adolescent's drinking both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Cross-sectionally, this association was particularly strong between mutual friends and friends with lower status. In longitudinal analyses, a different picture emerged. Respondents were most likely to adopt their friend's drinking behaviour when it was a unilateral friend with a higher status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gender differences in the causal direction between workplace harassment and drinking.

Data from a longitudinal study of university employees across four waves is used to determine the extent to which workplace harassment predicts drinking or conversely the extent to which drinking predicts workplace harassment, and to address gender differences in these relationships. Mixed effects regression models are used to test the effects of 1) harassment at the previous wave on drinking at the current wave, adjusting for drinking at the previous wave, and 2) drinking at the previous wave on harassment at the current wave, adjusting for harassment at the previous wave. For males, drinking at the previous wave predicts sexual harassment at the current wave, whereas for females, sexual harassment at the previous wave predicts drinking at the current wave.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Reducing heavy drinking in college males with the decisional balance: analyzing an element of Motivational Interviewing.

The decisional balance, a brief detailing of the advantages and disadvantages of behavior change, serves as a key component to interventions in Motivational Interviewing. The impact of this component alone is not well understood. Forty-seven men completed a Timeline Followback interview assessing alcohol consumption and unsafe sexual practices. They then completed a decisional balance, listing the Pros and Cons of decreasing their drinking, but not one for safer sex. One-month follow-up data showed that they had statistically significant and clinically meaningful increases in their motivation to alter drinking and decreases in the number of drinks that they intended to drink, the actual drinks consumed per month, the days per month that they drank, their maximum number of drinks consumed on one occasion, and their average number of drinks per occasion. They did not alter their sexual behavior or their motivation to increase safe sex behavior. These results suggest that the decisional balance plays an important role in Motivational Interviewing and could serve as a quick and efficient intervention by itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Drinking in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in response to feeding and activation of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system.

Drinking rate and rectal fluid production of juvenile Atlantic salmon (1-2 g) in freshwater were investigated in unfed fish and recently fed fish. Drinking was also investigated following activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by two hypotensive agents, a nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In unfed fish the basal drinking rate was 0.13 microL g(-1) h(-1) and rectal fluid production was 0.076 microL g(-1) h(-1). In recently fed fish both drinking rate and rectal fluid production increased significantly by about fivefold compared to unfed fish, and similar values were obtained for fish exposed to PS for 24 h. Exposure to SNP resulted in about a tenfold elevation of drinking rate and rectal fluid production, compared to unfed fish. Absorption of water by the gut was in the range 35-60% for all treatments. Drinking may have a role in processing food in the gut and the fluid in the gut may subjected to absorptive and secretory processes. The most likely route for removal of water absorbed by the gut is excretion via the kidney and this would result in an increased osmoregulatory burden on the fish. In polluted waters drinking could be increased through stimulation of the endogenous RAS by vasodilators, e.g., LPS and the gut could be a significant target for toxin exposure.

Animals↗