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PubMed1959

Laboratory tests of typhoid vaccines used in a controlled field study.

In 1954-55, a controlled field trial of two types of typhoid vaccine-alcoholized ("vaccine A") and phenolized ("vaccine F")-prepared in Yugoslavia was carried out in the town and district of Osijek. In an attempt to correlate the protection conferred on man by these vaccines with their potency in laboratory animals, arrangements were made for laboratory tests to be performed jointly by the Central Institute of Hygiene, Zagreb, Yugoslavia; the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Elstree, Herts, England; and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Washington, D.C., USA. In this paper, the results of the WRAIR tests are presented.The potency relationship between vaccine A and vaccine F was found to vary with the type of test performed. According to active-immunization tests in mice, using either mucin or saline challenge, vaccine A was more potent than vaccine F, as it proved also in the passive immunization of mice with saline challenge and in Vi-antibody production in rabbits. As judged by the results of the passive immunization of mice with mucin challenge and of O-antibody production in rabbits, there was, however, no clear-cut difference in potency between the two vaccines. And, as indicated by H-antibody production in rabbits, vaccine F was clearly superior to vaccine A. Since vaccine F was also the more effective in man, the last-mentioned findings are of considerable interest, suggesting that the H antigen may be more, and the Vi antigen less, important in protecting man against typhoid fever than is currently considered to be the case.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

A CONTROLLED FIELD TRIAL OF ACETONE-DRIED AND INACTIVATED AND HEAT-PHENOL-INACTIVED TYPHOID VACCINES IN BRITISH GUIANA.

In 1960, some 72 000 schoolchildren in British Guiana participated in a controlled field trial of typhoid fever vaccines that was supported in part by the World Health Organization. The children were divided into three groups each receiving two doses, one of acetone-dried and inactivated vaccine, the second of heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine, and the third (control group) of tetanus toxoid. They were followed up over 3 1/2 years, during which time 99 cases of typhoid fever occurred in the control group, 6 in the acetone-dried vaccine group, and 26 in the heat-phenol vaccine group. Attack rates of the same order of magnitude were observed among 10 000 other children divided into the same three groups but given only one inoculation.The vaccines used were the same as those tested in a similar trial in Yugoslavia, and, although the attack rates in British Guiana were considerably lower in all groups than those in Yugoslavia, the findings in the two trials are in general agreement and indicate that acetone-dried vaccine confers greater protection than vaccine prepared from the same strains but inactivated by heat-phenol.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adentol (natural sweetener) and caries prevention].

Numerous epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies have established, without doubt, the correlation between the consumption of dietary sugars and caries prevalence. The increase of the sugar consumption in Yugoslavia is in direct correlation with caries activity in children. One of the aims of preventive programmes is to improve the diet habits through the use of non-cariogenic sugar substitutes. Adentol is a hydrogenated glucose syrup obtained from the enzymic hydrolysis of corn starch, made by D.P.,"HPK" Bosanska Dubica-Yugoslavia. Its chemical content is very similar to that of Lycasin 80/55 (Roquette Frères-France). Published data on its behaviour in acid production in vitro and in dental plaques, its effect on the oral microorganisms and the process of remineralization of initial caries lesions, suggest that hydrogenated glucose syrup (Lycasin, Adentol) is less fermentable in oral cavity and without cariogenic properties. Substitution of dietary sugars by Adentol in confectionery and syrup medicines is likely to be of significant benefit to dental health.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1990

[The use of free maternal preventive services among immigrant pregnant women in Denmark during 1983-1987].

As part of an investigation of immigrants' living conditions in Denmark, we have investigated how pregnant immigrant women utilize the possibility of free examinations during pregnancy. The study is based on data on all deliveries in Denmark in the years 1983-1987, retrieved from the Danish Medical Birth Registry concerning parturient women with permanent address in Denmark and who were born in either one of the Scandinavian countries, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Pakistan, Marocco, Iran of Vietnam. The women born outside Scandinavia gave birth to about 6,500 infants during the study period; roughly half of these were borne by Turkish women. The largest percentage of young parturients were found among women from Turkey and Yugoslavia. Pakistani and Maroccan mothers had higher parity. These two groups were especially concentrated in the municipality of Copenhagen, where half of the parturient women lived. A few lived in the remainder of the country while a total of 85% lived in the metropolitan area. Four out of ten pregnant Turkish or Pakistani women had been examined by a midwife less than the five times recommended. Among those living in the metropolitan area. Danish women have an average total of almost 11 examinations compared to 8.2-8.9 among immigrants. The conclusion of the study is that the immigrant women have less contact with the free antenatal care system during their pregnancies than the Scandinavian women and that the differences are greatest when examinations by the midwife were concerned. Further discussion on antenatal care in Denmark, is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Skin reactivity to grass pollen and the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in the prick-test using 2 types of allergen preparations].

The reliability of prick testing with allergen preparations produced in Yugoslavia was assessed by comparison to the internationally accepted ones (Pharmacia Diagnostica) of 100,000 BU activity. The following allergens were used: the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 107 subjects, and grass pollens: Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense and Secale cereale in 39 subjects. The clinical significance of the response was assessed in relation to the skin reaction to the negative control solution and positive histamine control (in concentration of 1 mg/ml). The results indicate that the allergen extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (3000 PNU/ml) produced in Yugoslavia does not provoke skin reactions comparable to those provoked by the standardized extract of 100,000 BU in contrast to the grass pollen allergens, with the exception of Poa pratensis, which evokes equivalent skin reactions. Thus grass pollen allergens are reliable extracts and can be applied with good confidence in routine work. The need to set more rigorous criteria for assessing skin prick reactions, when domestic, unstandardized products are used, emerged as a result of this study.

Allergens↗
PubMed1985

Sarcoidosis in Eastern Europe.

When analysing the data on sarcoidosis in Eastern Europe, it is seen that the incidence of sarcoidosis considerably varies in respect to individual countries, as is also the case in West Europe. The highest incidence was observed in GDR (12.0) and the lowest one in Poland (1.26). Data on the incidence could be obtained for Hungary (4.3), Czechoslovakia (3.5) and Yugoslavia (2.5), while for the Soviet Union, Romania, Turkey (Istanbul), Bulgaria and Greece there are only data for certain districts, with the exception of Albania where these data are thoroughly unknown. In all countries of Eastern Europe, sarcoidosis generally appears in persons aged 29-50, predominantly in the group of those aged 29-40. In respect to sex, the disease is more frequently diagnosed in women, the incidence of which ranges from 53% in Lithuanian SSR to 69.5% in Hungary. Acute forms (Löfgren's syndrome) account for 9% in Poland and 24% in Yugoslavia.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Muroid virus nephropathies and muroid viruses of the Hantaan virus group.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) came dramatically to the attention of Western medicine in 1951 with the "new" disease becoming a major source of morbidity and mortality in American troops in Korea. Known there as epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or Korean hemorrhagic fever (KHF), it became apparent that it was the same disease as the endemic (epidemic) hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis of the Soviet Far East and Songo fever of the Japanese Army in Manchuria. The conjecture that the milder epidemic (endemic) nephropathy of Scandinavia and European Russia was the same or a related disease has now been substantiated with the demonstration of close serological relationship of the Bunyamwera-like virus causing KHF (Hantaan virus) to that of HFRS in Finland, Sweden, European Russia, Greece and Yugoslavia. In the past decade the disease has been recognized as a serious problem in 19 provinces of China and in Japan, where the virus is the Hantaan virus. The severe EHF (or KHF) has its silent reservoir in the wild mouse Apodemus agrarius or in laboratory rats while the less virulent European disease resides in the voles Clethrionomys sp. A mild nonhemorrhagic form of the East Asian nephropathy is carried to man by infected urban rats, Rattus rattus or Rattus norvegicus, in Japan and Korea. All forms are carried to man as a respiratory infection "when a mouse (or rat or vole) coughs". Antibodies to the Hantaan virus have been found in man in India, Iran, Central Africa, Alaska, Bolivia and in wild rodents and urban rats in the USA where human cases of muroid virus nephropathy have not been recognized. Antibody patterns to Hantaan virus and to Scandinavian nephropathia epidemica virus antigens found in human and rodent sera in America and in Sweden, Yugoslavia, and European Russia suggest the possibility of yet a third (or more) virus serotype(s), and also the possible presence of the East Asian type of virus in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

On the development of Croatian neurology.

The author depicts the roots and the development of modern Croatian neurology. On the ground of cultural and civilizational predispositions it achieved an exceptional development during the last three decades in the period after the World War II. Although clinical neurology may be traced only after the foundation of the first Croatian medical faculty in Zagreb in 1917, until 1971 within the common discipline of neuropsychiatry, a vast medical literature: reports on neurological problems both from literature and from everyday medical praxis were published in Croatian after the foundation of the Croatian medical journal "Lijecnicki vjesnik" in 1877, written by internists or general practitioners interested in neurology. First Croatian textbook in neurology was published by Ivo Glavan already in 1935 and new editions of this book have made it a popular handbook for many generations of medical students and physicians, not only in Croatia but also in other parts of the former Yugoslavia. In the sixties the concept of development of subspecialized disciplines prevailed: clinical neurophysiology, epileptology, neuromuscular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and intensive neurology, child neurology. At that time a fast growing of man-power and institutions started, what made possible a modern concept of early neurologic diagnostics and treatment. The period was marked by intensive collaboration with teams of electrical engineers interested in bio-electronics, development of basic neurosciences, of neuroimaging technologies and neuroscintigraphy. Many initiatives came from Croatia for collaboration with neighbouring countries within the former Yugoslavia, but also with other neighbouring European countries, especially Austria, Italy and Germany, as well as with the American neurology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Croatia↗
PubMed1993

[Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi].

Much still remains to be understood about ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by a number of ticks belonging primarily to the Ixodes complex, known to feed on different animal hosts and humans. This article pretends to be a review of previous knowledge of Borrelia burgdorferi ecology. Special emphasis is placed on the preliminary results of an investigation conducted in Yugoslavia on the risk of developing lyme borreliosis after a tick bite (Ixodes ricinus). Lyme borreliosis was studied prospectively in 147 persons with tick fastened on them. Dark-field microscopic examination of tick mitgut revealed that 11 (7.9%) od 147 Ixodes ricinus were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme borreliosis was demonstrated in only one (0.6%) of all persons bitten by ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. In conclusion, these preliminary data indicate that in Yugoslavia lyme borreliosis infrequently occurred after a tick bite.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Brucellosis: case report and synopsis of 10 cases (1973-1992) in the Chur canton hospital].

A 33-year-old patient from former Yugoslavia presented with low back pain and fever. Plain X-rays and myelography were normal, but a technetium-99m scan was suspect for vertebral osteomyelitis. Serology and blood cultures were positive for Brucella (melitensis). Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline and rifampicine rapidly improved the signs and symptoms of the infection. A retrospective analysis of 11 cases of Brucellosis treated in the Kantonsspital, Chur, over the years 1973 to 1992 revealed that 9 patients were foreign workers from rural areas in the Mediterranean region (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece). The majority had a history of consuming milk and dairy products from their own farm animals up to a few months before the onset of symptoms. Blood cultures were positive in 5 cases (B. melitensis) while the remaining 6 had high titers of agglutinating antibodies. A diagnostic delay of several weeks to months was typical. Because Brucellosis usually presents with unspecific often flu-like symptoms, with unspecific laboratory findings, and with a varying array of organ manifestations a high index of suspicion is essential for a timely diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of multivariate predictive power of major risk factors for coronary heart diseases in different countries: results from eight nations of the Seven Countries Study, 25-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: It was hypothesized that among eight national groups of men aged 40-59 years enrolled in the Seven Countries Study, the multivariate coefficients of major risk factors predicting coronary heart disease mortality over 25 years would be relatively similar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen cohorts were located in eight nations and pooled, comprising one cohort in the USA, two in Finland, one in the Netherlands, three in Italy, two in Croatia (former Yugoslavia), three in Serbia (Yugoslavia), two in Greece and two in Japan, for a total of over 12000 subjects at entry. Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality was defined as fatal myocardial infarction or sudden coronary death, and proportional hazard models were solved, for each country, with age, serum cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure and cigarette consumption as covariates. RESULTS: The relationships between risk factors and CHD mortality were statistically significant for all risk factors and for all countries, except for age in Croatia and Japan, cholesterol in Croatia and Japan, systolic blood pressure in Serbia and Greece, and cigarette-smoking in the Netherlands, Croatia, Serbia and Greece. When comparing all pairs of coefficients (28 comparisons for each factor) significant differences were found on four occasions for age, on six occasions for cholesterol, on no occasion for blood pressure and on four occasions for cigarette-smoking. Other tests suggested a substantial homogeneity among multivariate coefficients. Estimates for pooled coefficients were: age, in years, 0.0570 (95% confidence limits 0.0465 and 0.0673); relative risk for 5 years 1.33 (95% confidence limits 1.26 and 1.40); serum cholesterol level in mg/dl, 0.0057 (95% confidence limits 0.0045 and 0.0069); relative risk for 40 mg/dl 1.31 (95% confidence limits 1.20 and 1.31); systolic blood pressure in mmHg, 0.0160, (95% confidence limits 0.0134 and 0.0185), relative risk for 20 mmHg 1.38 (95% confidence limits 1.31 and 1.45); cigarettes per day, 0.0220 (95% confidence limits 0.0170 and 0.0272); relative risk for 10 cigarettes per day 1.25 (95% confidence limits 1.18 and 1.31). CONCLUSIONS: Great similarities were found in the multivariate coefficients of major coronary risk factors to CHD risk derived from population samples varying in CHD frequency.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hepatitis A vaccination by Havrix in the Czech U.N. Troops according to data of seroprevalence in 1991-1995.

Viral hepatitis A is a common disease, particularly in developing countries. All staff and troops of the U.N. (United Nations) are vaccinated by the Havrix vaccine. Till 1995 we did not vaccinate Czech troops which have operated in the area of former Yugoslavia. The main goal of this study was to obtain data about the seroprevalence of hepatitis A antibody among the Czech U.N. troops before their departure to the conflict area and to optimize the vaccination approach. The serum samples were examined by the MEIA (Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay) method in the fully automated system for immunoassays IMx in the Military Institute of Health in Ceské Budĕjovice. We used HAVAB kits of Abbott Company. 692 serum samples (military staff of the Czech U.N. troops in Yugoslavia) were examined in 1991-1995. In the laboratory 19 samples were eliminated due to small amounts (less than 50 microliters) or haemolysis. 673 (1991 - 65, 1992 - 296, 1993 - 265, 1994 - 35, 1995 - 12) were investigated. The staff was divided into four age cohorts by decades (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59); 26.0%, 47.4%, 24.9% and 1.7%, respectively. There were 253 (37.4%) positive samples and 420 (62.6%) negatives ones, ratio 1:1.7. The ratio of the positive and negative samples--immunity rate and seroprevalence--were 1:0.4 (26.2%), 1:0.6 (37.9%); 1:0.9 (46.4%) and 1:2.7 (72.7%), respectively in the age cohorts. The results show a relatively low seroprevalence of the anti-HAV antibody in all the age cohorts and necessity to vaccinate the Czech U.N. troops by the special basic schedule--Havrix 2 x 720 E.U. at the same time. This regimen will be used in the new units that will be stationed in Bosnia. So far 200 persons have been vaccinated in this way.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The seroprevalence of the "total" anti-HAV antibody in the Czech UNPRO Forces (1991-1995).

Viral hepatitis A is a common disease particularly in developing countries. That disease is endemic and it is always associated with poor standards of sanitation. All staff and troops in the U.N. (United Nations) are vaccinated by the Havrix vaccine. Till 1995 we did not vaccinate the Czech troops which have operated in the area of the former Yugoslavia. The main goal of this study was to obtain data about the seroprevalence of hepatitis A antibody among the Czech U.N. troops before their departure to the conflict area. The serum samples were investigated by the MEIA (Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay) method in the fully automated system for immunoassays IMx in the Military Institute of Health in Ceské Budĕjovice. We use the HAVAB investigation kits of the Abbott company. We obtained 884 serum samples (military staff of the Czech U.N. troops in Yugoslavia) in the years 1991-1995. In the laboratory we excluded 19 of the samples due to the small amount (less than 50 ul) or hemolysis. We investigated 865 of them (1991--65, 1992--296, 1993--265, 1994--35, 1995--204). The staff was divided into four age cohorts by ten years (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59), where the distribution of percentage was 32.6%, 43.6%, 22.5%, and 1.3% respectively. The positive samples were 287 (average seroprevalence was 33.2%, CI 30.1%-36.3%), the negative ones were 578 (66.8%). The seroprevalence 18.1% (CI 13.6%-22.6%), 36.1% (CI 31.3%-40.9%), 47.1% (CI 40.1%-54.1%), 72.7% (CI 46.4%-99.0%) in the age cohorts. The results show relatively low seroprevalence of the anti-HAV antibody in all the age cohorts and necessity to vaccinate the Czech UNPROFOR or IFOR units by Havrix before their departure to conflict area.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Internal hazardous substance burden of persons from various regions of origin--studies of lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium exposure].

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of metals of environmental-medical relevance in biological materials in persons seeking asylum with regard to their country of origin. COLLECTIVE AND METHOD: During medical examination after entry into Germany of persons seeking asylum, samples were taken for determination of the following biological monitoring parameters: lead in blood, and arsenic, cadmium and mercury in urine. A total of 103 males were investigated (13 from former Yugoslavia, 29 from the former USSR, 33 Africans and 28 Asians) ranging from 16 to 53 years of age (median 27 years). 34 male Germans without occupational exposure to these substances and a similar age structure (age 25-36 years; median 26 years) served as a control group. RESULTS: The countries of origin had a significant influence on all the biological monitoring parameters investigated. The mean blood lead concentration in the Asians of 75.4 micrograms/L was the highest level found, while the lowest concentration of 38.0 micrograms/L was measured in the German controls. Also the level of arsenic excreted in the urine was on average much higher in the persons seeking asylum than in the German controls. In the Africans a mean level of 9.7 micrograms/g creatinine was reached. The Germans had the lowest arsenic concentrations in urine of 5.3 micrograms/g creatinine. There were, however, considerable interindividual fluctuations, which are probably due to oral uptake of arsenic compounds as a result of eating seafoods. The highest mean concentration of mercury excreted in urine was found in the German controls. Values of 0.9 microgram/g creatinine were determined. The men seeking asylum from former Yugoslavia had significantly higher values than other groups for cadmium excreted in urine. The median of 0.6 microgram/g creatinine was nearly three times as high as found in the Germans. CONCLUSIONS: For all parameters investigated, with the exception of mercury, higher internal exposure was found in the persons seeking asylum than in the German controls. This may be due to individual life style, dietary habits or environmental conditions in the country of origin. For clinical environmental medicine, the 95th percentile, as the upper limit of the reference range, can only be regarded as an orientation aid for classifying the exposure to hazardous substances of an individual compared to other persons from the same environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1964

SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MAN TO TYPHOID VACCINES.

Study of the serological responses in man to typhoid vaccines tested in several WHO-sponsored controlled field trials in British Guiana, Poland and Yugoslavia has not indicated any correlation between the level of Vi and O antibodies elicited and the effectiveness of the vaccines. Instead, the more effective vaccines have elicited significantly greater H-antibody responses; but a variety of factors suggests that it may in fact not be the antibody that confers immunity to the disease. The phagocytic test does not appear promising as a technique for determining the effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine, but passive protection of the chick-embryo may warrant further investigation.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2005

The relation between pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in 12,763 middle-aged men from various parts of the world: a 25-year follow-up of the seven countries study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a dominant characteristic in the prediction of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aimed to evaluate the association of blood pressure measurements with CVD mortality among different populations of the world. METHODS: A total of 12 763 men, aged 40 to 59 years, from 7 countries (United States, Japan, Italy, Greece, former Yugoslavia, Finland, and the Netherlands) were surveyed from 1958 to 1964. Follow-up for vital status and causes of death was carried out over 25 years. RESULTS: All baseline blood pressure measurements were the best predictors of CVD mortality, compared with age, physical activity, total serum cholesterol level, body mass index or height, and smoking. Moreover, pulse pressure and diastolic and systolic blood pressures were the best predictors for CVD death, followed by mean and mid blood pressures. The age-adjusted hazard ratio per 10-mm Hg increase in pulse pressure varied among cohorts from 1.19 in the United States (P = .04) to 1.29 in southern Europe (P = .01). Differences among cohorts were not significant. In the pooled cohorts, pulse pressure measurements were also a significant predictor for coronary heart disease (hazard ratio per 10-mm Hg increase, 1.15; P = .04) as well as stroke death (hazard ratio per 10-mm Hg increase, 1.32; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Pulse pressure followed by diastolic and systolic blood pressures were the best predictors for CVD mortality among other blood pressures, as well as age, physical activity, total serum cholesterol level, anthropometric indexes, and smoking habits. No significant differences were observed among the different populations studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The occurrence of different levels of G gamma chain and of the A gamma T variant of fetal hemoglobin in newborn babies from several countries.

The gamma chain compositions of the fetal hemoglobins of 2453 newborn babies from East Asian countries (1350 babies), from Italy, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Georgia (417 Caucasian babies), and 686 black babies from Georgia were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Unusual results for a limited number of babies were confirmed by chemical analyses, and were evaluated further by family studies. Statistical analyses indicated high gene frequencies for the A gamma T chain in Italian (f = 0.237), Yugoslavian and Bulgarian (f = 0.238), and white Georgia babies (f = 0.224), a lower frequency in Japan (f = 0.178), and India (f = 0.173), and particularly in mainland China (f = 0.079). The A gamma T gene frequency in normal (AA) Black babies was 0.102. When a beta S or beta C mutation was also present this frequency was greatly decreased, particularly in babies with the AC condition (f = 0.036). These results suggest the near absence of the A gamma T mutation on the chromosome also carrying the beta C determinant. Most babies had the expected G gamma values which vary between 60 and 80%, but several (mainly black) babies had higher values (between 80 and 90%), while one normal black baby had a G gamma value of (nearly) 100%. This condition may be a form of A gamma +1-thalassemia and has been discussed in detail elsewhere (Blood 58:491-500, 1981). Thirty-five clinically normal (mainly Chinese, Indian, and Japanese) babies had G gamma values of about 40%. Twenty-six babies had A gamma I values of about 60%, while the remaining nine babies had A gamma T and A gamma I chains in a ratio of either 1 to 2 or 1 to 1. Two additional newborns did not produce any G gamma chains, but had only A gamma I chains or A gamma T chains. Family studies failed to indicate a specific hematological abnormality. These unusual ratios between the G gamma and A gamma (either A gamma I or A gamma T) chains have led to speculations regarding possible genetic abnormalities present in these infants.

China↗
PubMed1977

The use of penrose's C2H for an intra- and inter-population analysis of quantitative dermatoglyphic traits.

Results of a part of multidisciplinary studies in six villages on the island of Hvar (Yugoslavia) are presented. Six quantitative properties of dermatoglyphics were analysed (TRC, PII, a-b, b-c and c-d ridge counts, and atd angle). "Biological distances" among the surveyed couples from all six villages were analysed using Penrose's C2H, and its components: C2Q and (v-1/v)C2Z with regard to sex and possibility of determining the direction of endogamy or exogamy. Significant correlation between "geographical distances" and (v-1/v)C2Z is obtained for males, indicating that the social organisation in the examined rural population, from the point of view of demography, has some influence on the distribution of the dermatoglyphical characters.

Demography↗