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PubMed1998

Different systems in human brain are involved in presemantic discrimination of pictures as revealed by event-related potentials.

It is uncertain if the several brain areas in response to presemantic picture processing are functionally homogeneous. Subjects were asked to discriminate visual stimulus pairs and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp. A line-drawing picture (S1) was followed by another stimulus (S2) 600 ms later. S2 was the same as S1 in condition 1, a reversed picture of S1 in condition 2, the corresponding Chinese word in condition 3 and the syllabic alphabet of S1 in condition 4. Amplitudes of ERPs over right posterior scalp with time window from 102-180 ms after the onset of S2 in condition 1 and 2 were significantly larger than condition 3 and 4. The N2 component on the right anterolateral scalp with time window from 182-240 ms was significantly larger in condition 1 than other conditions, whereas the N2 on the left anterolateral scalp with time window from 262-350 ms in condition 2, 3 and 4 was significantly larger than condition 1. It is suggested that pictures and words are processed in different systems at the presemantic stage: repetitive and physically deviant stimuli evoke different responses in different brain regions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Visual laterality patterns for the perception of emotional words in alcoholic and aging individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated hypotheses concerning alcohol-related cerebral dysfunction: (1) alcoholism, like normal chronological aging, has a more detrimental effect upon functions controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain than functions controlled by the left hemisphere; (2) interhemispheric transfer dysfunction is associated with alcoholism and aging; and (3) alcoholism and aging act synergistically. METHOD: The participants were 61 right-handed men: 18 young (ages 30 to 49 years) and 14 older (50 to 69 years) detoxified abstinent alcoholics and 14 young and 15 older healthy nonalcoholic controls. In a perceptual laterality paradigm, emotional and nonemotional words were presented to the left or right visual fields, followed by a visual masking stimulus. The participants were asked to judge the emotional valence of each word (positive, negative or neutral) and to respond verbally or manually (button presses). The dependent variable was the Critical Interstimulus Interval needed to escape the backward-masking effect. RESULTS: The alcoholics showed a significant right visual field advantage in both response mode conditions, whereas the controls did not. In addition, older alcoholics showed a selective impairment in processing negative words. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the suggestion that alcoholics may have deficient right-hemisphere functioning. Since both the young and older alcoholic groups showed similar right visual field advantages, the idea of synergism between alcoholism and aging with respect to perceptual asymmetries was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reading words in discourse: the modulation of lexical priming effects by message-level context.

Repetition and semantic-associative priming effects have been demonstrated for words in nonstructured contexts (i.e., word pairs or lists of words) in numerous behavioral and electrophysiological studies. The processing of a word has thus been shown to benefit from the prior presentation of an identical or associated word in the absence of a constraining context. An examination of such priming effects for words that are embedded within a meaningful discourse context provides information about the interaction of different levels of linguistic analysis. This article reviews behavioral and electrophysiological research that has examined the processing of repeated and associated words in sentence and discourse contexts. It provides examples of the ways in which eye tracking and event-related potentials might be used to further explore priming effects in discourse. The modulation of lexical priming effects by discourse factors suggests the interaction of information at different levels in online language comprehension.

Comprehension↗
PubMed2005

Eye movements of highly skilled and average readers: differential effects of frequency and predictability.

This study offers a glimpse of the moment-by-moment processes used by highly skilled and average readers during silent reading. The eye movements of adult readers were monitored while they silently read sentences. Fixation durations and the spatial-temporal patterns of eye movements were examined to see whether the two groups of readers exhibited differential effects of frequency and/or predictability. In Experiment 1, high- and low-frequency target words were embedded in nonconstraining sentence contexts. In Experiment 2, the same participants read high- and low-frequency target words that were either predictable or unpredictable, embedded in highly constraining sentence contexts. Results indicated that when target words appeared in highly constraining sentence contexts, the average readers showed different effects of frequency and predictability from those shown in the highly skilled readers. It appears that reading skill can interact with predictability to affect the word recognition processes used during silent reading.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed2002

Surgical templates for orthopedic operative reports.

Generating an operative report after a surgical procedure is a critical but time-consuming and expensive task for every physician. Use of a template can shorten this process. This article describes an easy method by which a physician can create a template that can be customized to allow discussion of unique features of a given case.

Forms and Records Control↗
PubMed1992

Pick from thousands: a collaborative processing model for coded data entry.

Methods for optimizing coded data entry in clinical systems are a frequent topic of system design. We have developed a new mechanism for this type of data entry that we call "Pick From Thousands" (PFT). It combines several known methods, including menu selection, keyword entry, and initial character matching, but adds a new string matching algorithm. The PFT method is more selective than initial character matching for a given number of keystrokes if entries in the coded list have more than one word. Collaborative processing between a PC workstation and the central HELP system computer is used to optimize ease of maintenance and increase the flexibility and performance of the system.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

The effect of word concreteness on recognition memory.

Concrete words that are readily imagined are better remembered than abstract words. Theoretical explanations for this effect either claim a dual coding of concrete words in the form of both a verbal and a sensory code (dual-coding theory), or a more accessible semantic network for concrete words than for abstract words (context-availability theory). However, the neural mechanisms of improved memory for concrete versus abstract words are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the processing of concrete and abstract words during encoding and retrieval in a recognition memory task using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As predicted, memory performance was significantly better for concrete words than for abstract words. Abstract words elicited stronger activations of the left inferior frontal cortex both during encoding and recognition than did concrete words. Stronger activation of this area was also associated with successful encoding for both abstract and concrete words. Concrete words elicited stronger activations bilaterally in the posterior inferior parietal lobe during recognition. The left parietal activation was associated with correct identification of old stimuli. The anterior precuneus, left cerebellar hemisphere and the posterior and anterior cingulate cortex showed activations both for successful recognition of concrete words and for online processing of concrete words during encoding. Additionally, we observed a correlation across subjects between brain activity in the left anterior fusiform gyrus and hippocampus during recognition of learned words and the strength of the concreteness effect. These findings support the idea of specific brain processes for concrete words, which are reactivated during successful recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Eyeblink activity in a word-naming task as a function of semantic priming and cognitive load.

Eyeblink activity was examined based on a discrete-trial paradigm in which 17 subjects engaged in a semantic priming task. They were presented a series of pairs of words (prime and target) associatively related or associatively unrelated and were required to name them as quickly as possible. Cognitive load or difficulty of naming of the target word was also manipulated. The latency data for naming of the target word showed a typical priming effect, namely, facilitation of naming speed by the associatively relate prime word. The eyeblink rate changed synchronically to onset of stimuli as a function of prime-target relationship and cognitive load during the task. Specifically, the eyeblink rate was suppressed during presentation of the target word and peaked just after that. This study showed that suppression of eyeblinks was longer on trials with high cognitive loads than on those with low cognitive loads and the peak of eyeblink rate was higher on trials for which the prime and target were unrelated than on those for which they were related. These results suggested that the eyeblink activity is influenced by inner cognitive processes of word recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Phonological priming in spoken word recognition: task effects.

In two experiments, we examined the role of phonological relatedness between spoken items using both the lexical decision task and the shadowing task. In Experiment 1, words were used as primes and overlaps of zero (control), one, two, or all four or five (repetition) phonemes were compared. Except for the repetition conditions, in which facilitation was found, phonological overlap resulted in interference on word responses. These effects occurred in both tasks but were larger in lexical decision than in shadowing. The effects that were evident in shadowing can be attributed to an attentional mechanism linked to the subjects' expectancies of repetitions. The extra effects obtained in lexical decision can be interpreted by taking into account both activation of the response corresponding to the prime's lexical status and postlexical processes that check for phonological congruency between prime and target. In Experiment 2, some modifications were introduced to prevent the involvement of strategic factors, and pseudowords were used as primes. No effect at all was observed in shadowing, whereas in lexical decision interference effects occurred, which is consistent with the hypothesis that lexical decision may be negatively affected by finding a phonological discrepancy at the same time as the primed response is reactivated. Neither experiment provided evidence for the occurrence of phonological priming in the perceptual processing of words.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Two-year-olds learn novel nouns, verbs, and conventional actions from massed or distributed exposures.

Two-year-old children were taught either 6 novel nouns, 6 novel verbs, or 6 novel actions over 1 month. In each condition, children were exposed to some items in massed presentations (on a single day) and some in distributed presentations (over the 2 weeks). Children's comprehension and production was tested at 3 intervals after training. In comprehension, children learned all types of items in all training conditions at all retention intervals. For production, the main findings were that (a) production was better for nonverbal actions than for either word type, (b) children produced more new nouns than verbs, (c) production of words was better following distributed than massed exposure, and (d) time to testing (immediate, 1 day, 1 week) did not affect retention. A follow-up study showed that the most important timing variable was the number of different days of exposure, with more days facilitating production. Results are discussed in terms of 2 key issues: (a) the domain-generality versus domain-specificity of processes of word learning and (b) the relative ease with which children learn nouns versus verbs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Priming and aging: an electrophysiological investigation of N400 and recall.

Twenty young (20.5 years) and 20 middle-aged academics (57.2 years) performed a priming-recall task which was presented in three blocks. In each block, participants read 40 word pairs after which a recall task had to be carried out. Half of the word pairs were highly associated while the others were low associated. Targets showed the N400 of the middle-aged group to be both delayed and smaller in amplitude for low-associated items. N400 of primes, however, showed no age-related latency difference but was smaller for the middle-aged group due to a positive shift. It is argued that this shift possibly indicates age differences in semantic activation or buildup of context. A reanalysis showed individual differences in word pair processing to depend on recall performance. In general, high recallers were found to show a much larger differentiation between low- and high-associated targets. This resulted from a much larger N400 component elicited by low-associated targets and a more positive ERP in the N400-region for the high-associated targets. It is suggested that the middle-aged subjects activated the expected target word to a level at least equivalent to the younger subjects, but that the activated network itself was larger/less selective particularly in subjects showing a low recall.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Functional magnetic resonance image analysis of a large-scale neurocognitive network.

Many "higher-order" mental functions are subserved by large-scale neurocognitive networks comprising several spatially distributed and functionally specialized brain regions. We here report statistical and graphical methods of functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis which can be used to elucidate the functional relationships (i.e., connectivity and distance) between elements of a neurocognitive network in a single subject. Data were acquired from a normal right-handed volunteer during periodic performance of a task which demanded visual and semantic processing of words and subvocalization of a decision about the meaning of each word. Major regional foci of activation were identified (by sinusoidal regression modeling and spatiotemporal randomization tests) in left extrastriate cortex, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyri, lateral premotor cortex, and Broca's area. Principal component (PC) analysis was initially undertaken by singular value decomposition (SVD) of the "raw" time series observed at 170 activated voxels. This revealed a large functional distance (negative connectivity) between visual processing systems and all other brain regions in the space of the first PC. SVD of a matrix of fitted time series, and a matrix of six sinusoidal regression parameters estimated at each activated voxel, were developed as less noisy (more informative) alternatives to SVD of the "raw" data. Canonical variate analysis of denoised data was then used to clarify functional relationships between the major regional foci. Visual input analysis systems (extrastriate cortex and angular gyrus) were colocalized in the space of the first canonical variate (CV) and significantly separated from all other brain regions. Semantic analysis systems (supramarginal and temporal gyri) were colocalized and significantly separated in the space of the second CV from the subvocal output system (Broca's area). These results are provisionally interpreted in terms of underlying hemodynamic events and cognitive psychological theory.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Java editor for biological pathways.

SUMMARY: A visual Java-based tool for drawing and annotating biological pathways was developed. This tool integrates the possibilities of charting elements with different attributes (size, color, labels), drawing connections between elements in distinct characteristics (color, structure, width, arrows), as well as adding links to molecular biology databases, promoter sequences, information on the function of the genes or gene products, and references. It is easy to use and system independent. The result of the editing process is a PNG (portable network graphics) file for the images and XML (extended markup language) file for the appropriate links.

Documentation↗
PubMed1995

Conceptual relationships between spoken words and environmental sounds: event-related brain potential measures.

Identifiable nonspeech sounds were paired with spoken words. In Experiment 1, words preceded by related sounds yielded faster lexical decision times than those preceded by unrelated sounds. In Experiment 2, subjects were presented with sound/word and word/sound pairs while event-related potentials were recorded. Words preceded by related sounds elicited smaller N400 components than those preceded by unrelated sounds; this N400 context effect was slightly larger at electrode sites over the right hemisphere. A context effect similar in latency and morphology was observed for sounds-a smaller negative wave for related than unrelated sounds. The context effect for sounds was significantly larger at left than right recording sites, suggesting differential hemispheric involvement in the processing of word meanings than the "meanings" of environmental sounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Internal benchmarking paves way for medical transcription improvements.

Accurate, detailed data collection is essential to improving productivity in medical transcription departments. Transcription staff are best positioned to identify nonvalue-added duties and processes and should be involved in improvement planning. Even a small percentage of improvement in productivity can translate into huge dollar and time savings.

Cost Savings↗
PubMed2003

[Developmental consideration on the loss of self-evidence (natürlichen Selbstverständlichkeit) in pervasive developmental disorders].

The "loss of self-evidence" has been noted by many, particularly in our country, as a fundamental dysfunction in schizophrenia. Recent recognition of this "loss of self-evidence" in personality disorders such as borderline cases, and developmental disorders such as autism and Asperger's syndrome is focusing renewed interest on this perspective. It is possible that investigation into this "loss of self-evidence" noted in the pervasive developmental disorders may provide clues into the process of its development and acquisition. This paper takes up the issue of "loss of self-evidence" illustrated through the treatment process of 2 patients (female, adulthood autism, adolescent Asperger's syndrome) the author has treated. The psychopathology of the "loss of self-evidence" seen in the pervasive developmental disorders is discussed through these cases in terms of development from the standpoint of clinical intervention for relationship disturbance. The conclusions are as follows. First, the grave psychopathology pertaining to "self-evidence" in the adult autism and adolescent Asperger's syndrome cases is discussed, wherein difficulty in controlling one's action by one's own will giving rise to serious estrangement between experience and consciousness is noted as the pathology held in common by the two. Next, through examination of the normal acquisition process of words and language, it is shown that the essence of the language disorder seen in pervasive developmental disorders lies in the acquisition of meanings of objects being based upon the absence of common experience between subject and caregiver. As such, words representing meaning and content as we see them are imprinted on such individuals, never harmonizing with their own experiential world, giving rise to serious estrangement between their experience and consciousness. Third, sharing what the child is focusing upon in the outer world and how he/she is relating to it in their experiential world, and approaching them with words appropriate to their interpretation, is pointed out as being of critical importance in the self-evidence. In support of this, it is asserted that the establishment of affective communication characterized by mutual resonance of body and affect, and the development of communication upon this basis will, for the first time, enable transmission of culture to such individuals in favorable form, emphasizing the exceptional importance of attachment formation (amae) as being the key to this process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The Gogi (word-meaning) syndrome with impaired kanji processing: alexia with agraphia.

Two cases, one with probable Pick's disease and one with herpes simplex encephalitis, are presented, focusing on Gogi (word-meaning) aphasia-like syndrome as their salient clinical feature. Their aphasic symptoms were characterized by impaired kanji processing and preserved kana processing in writing and oral reading known as a defining feature of Gogi aphasia, but little evidence of so-called "phonetic use of kanji in writing" and "confusion between on- and kun-readings of kanji in oral reading" often observed in Gogi aphasia. Systematic neuropsychological test batteries administered to them showed that the selective impairment of kanji processing did not always arise from a disturbance of a specific ability known to be essential to Gogi aphasia (i.e., failure in comprehending the semantic content of spoken and written language), but rather from an amnestic disruption in the ability to access the correct orthographic and phonological forms of kanji words. This selective impairment of kanji processing may be compatible with "alexia with agraphia of kanji," recently known to be attributable to left posterotemporal lesions. These results suggest that Gogi aphasia (or similar syndromes) is not necessarily a real syndrome but a polytypic constellation of symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The outsource contract.

Outsourcing business functions has become part of the US corporate culture in the 1990s. The general concept of outsourcing is that a company, which historically has performed its own services in a given area using in-house employees, transfers these services to an outside vendor. Many companies in a variety of industries have found the economics and the flexibility that outsourcing can offer to be attractive; healthcare is no exception. Whether the entity that outsources an internal function is a hospital, health insurer, or another entity involved in the delivery of services, outsourcing is now a viable alternative in healthcare. This is particularly true with respect to hospital support services, such as accounts receivable collection and processing, medical records, laboratory testing, and dietary. While outsourcing can be highly beneficial, several issues exist that could create pitfalls for the uninitiated. Wary outsourcers should consider the following issues to reap maximum benefits from the outsourcing experience.

Computers↗