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PubMedDate not supplied

Deficient dietary intake of vitamin E in patients with taste and smell dysfunctions: is vitamin E a cofactor in taste bud and olfactory epithelium apoptosis and in stem cell maturation and development?

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed dietary intake of several nutrients in a large group of patients with taste and smell dysfunction, compared intake of these nutrients with standard values, and recognized that intake of vitamin E was significantly less than that of most other nutrients. Based on this observation we attempted to develop an hypothesis of the possible role vitamin E might play in these sensory disorders. METHODS: Vitamin E intake was measured in 250 patients with taste and smell dysfunctions. RESULTS: Intake of the vitamin was 3.2 +/- 0.2 mg/d (mean +/- standard error of the mean), or 36 +/- 2% of the recommended daily allowance, an intake significantly below that considered adequate. This diminished intake occurred with normal intake of total calories; protein; fat; carbohydrate; several vitamins, including thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine; and the trace metals zinc, copper, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: Although specific relations between vitamin E intake and smell and taste dysfunctions are unclear, the non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E indicate that it is a factor in apoptosis, cellular signaling, and growth of various cell lines, suggesting that this vitamin may play a role in growth and development of stem cells in taste buds and olfactory epithelium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome whose major complaint, taste disturbance, was improved by zinc therapy.

A patient whose major complaint was taste disturbance and who was diagnosed as having Cronkhite-Canada syndrome was prescribed zinc sulfate. Improvement in taste disturbance was noted after 3 weeks of treatment, followed by gradual improvement in skin and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome can be considered a zinc-deficiency disorder caused by gastrointestinal polyposis.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Postoperative taste and smell deficit after upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery--an unreported complication.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery were noted to suffer loss of taste and/or smell, a previously unreported problem. Our aim was to investigate the extent of this phenomenon, quantify recovery time, and identify potentially associated factors. METHODS: In this retrospective study, a postal questionnaire was sent to all patients still alive after oesophagectomy or gastrectomy, with a minimum 1-year follow-up and no clinical or radiological evidence of recurrence. Data were analysed for prevalence of deficit in relation to operation, age, sex, respiratory complications, and disease stage. RESULTS: A total of 109/119 (92%) patients completed the questionnaire: 50 gastrectomies and 69 oesophagectomies. Ten patients were excluded with prior sensory deficit. Overall, 45/99 patients (45%) suffered deficit (M:F = 1.6:1). No association was found with type of surgery: deficits for subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, and oesophagectomy were 44, 46 and 46% respectively (chi(2) = 0.355, 2 df P > 0.5). No other parameter was associated, and full recovery occurred in 30 patients (67%) within a mean of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of taste and smell occurs in nearly one-half of all cases after upper gastrointestinal surgery. The pathophysiology is unknown, but it resolves in most patients within 6-12 months. This complication should be discussed as part of informed consent for patients undergoing oesophagogastric cancer surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Hearing disorders, dysosmia and dysgensia in patients undergoing irradiation for head and neck cancer].

UNLABELLED: The study included 30 patients who underwent irradiation for head and neck cancer in the Regional Oncology Center. Cobalt 60 was used to irradiate facial--cervical area bilaterally and parotid glands partially. Before and after the irradiation, audiometric test, examination for osmaesthesia and sense of taste were performed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All patients underwent laryngologic examination. The sense of smell was estimated by using quantitative method (smell threshold test) and qualitative method (identificational test). Butyl alcohol with serial watery dilution from 0, 002 to 4 were used in the threshold tests. The identificational test relies on recognition of seven commonly known smells. The examination of taste was performed using the quantitative and qualitative methods. The assessment of taste threshold was made with electrogustometer. The organ of hearing was examined with tone audiometry. RESULTS: Audiometric examination of the patients before irradiation revealed sensorineural hearing loss in 14 patients while 6 patients proved mixed hearing loss. After the irradiation, 50% of the patients showed further hearing loss in the range of 5-30 dB. After the irradiation, the percentage of patients with anosmia was elevated to 20%. Normosmic patients were not observed. The quantitative method of the sense of taste before and after irradiation did not show a significant difference. Only 10% of patients who underwent irradiation recognized 4 basic tastes, 30% of them did not show the sense of taste in the qualitative method. CONCLUSION: 1. After the irradiation, 50% of the patients developed further hearing loss. 2. Olfactometric examination of the patients after laryngectomy showed different degree of hyposmia. 3. The quantitative method of smell performed in patients before and after irradiation showed no significant differences. 4. Distinct deterioration of taste recognition was observed in the qualitative method compared to the examination before irradiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effect of peripheral anosmia in dogs trained as flavor validators.

The importance of olfaction in perception of flavor by flavor-validating dogs was studied. The flavor-validation technique is widely used by pet food manufacturers to determine if a given formula is perceived by dogs as having the flavor of a specific meat. Five Beagles were trained as flavor validators; 2 dogs were trained to select beef and 3 to select lamb from a panel of 4 meats. When the dogs had been trained to select the correct meat on 100% of the trials, they were made anosmic. Reversible peripheral anosmia was produced in the dogs by inflating a cuff on a surgically implanted tracheostomy tube. When the cuff was inflated, air entered the trachea via the tracheostomy tube, rather than via the nasal cavity, and the percentage of correct choices on the flavor-validating test fell to 62 +/- 14%. When the tracheostomy tubes were removed, performance returned to 100% correct. The nasal cavities of 3 dogs were infused with zinc sulfate to produce a more complete and longer-lasting anosmia. The percentage of correct choice on the flavor-validation test fell to 24 +/- 5%. These findings indicate that the flavor-validation test is based primarily on one sensory modality, that of olfaction; therefore, formulas selected by flavor-validating dogs may smell similar to the specific meat, but do not necessarily taste similar to that meat.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2006

Human taste thresholds are modulated by serotonin and noradrenaline.

Circumstances in which serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) are altered, such as in anxiety or depression, are associated with taste disturbances, indicating the importance of these transmitters in the determination of taste thresholds in health and disease. In this study, we show for the first time that human taste thresholds are plastic and are lowered by modulation of systemic monoamines. Measurement of taste function in healthy humans before and after a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, NA reuptake inhibitor, or placebo showed that enhancing 5-HT significantly reduced the sucrose taste threshold by 27% and the quinine taste threshold by 53%. In contrast, enhancing NA significantly reduced bitter taste threshold by 39% and sour threshold by 22%. In addition, the anxiety level was positively correlated with bitter and salt taste thresholds. We show that 5-HT and NA participate in setting taste thresholds, that human taste in normal healthy subjects is plastic, and that modulation of these neurotransmitters has distinct effects on different taste modalities. We present a model to explain these findings. In addition, we show that the general anxiety level is directly related to taste perception, suggesting that altered taste and appetite seen in affective disorders may reflect an actual change in the gustatory system.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A Scandinavian adaptation of the Multi-Clinic Smell and Taste Questionnaire: evaluation of questions about olfaction.

OBJECTIVE: A Scandinavian adaptation of the Multi-Clinic Smell and Taste Questionnaire (MCSTQ-Sc) was evaluated with respect to comprehension and test-retest reliability for responses to questions about olfactory dysfunction (abnormal sensitivity, parosmia and phantosmia) and related questions about medical history and consequences of olfactory dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comprehension was evaluated in a first study in 20 patients with chief complaints of olfactory dysfunction by comparing questionnaire- and interview-based responses. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a second study in 30 other patients with olfactory complaints. RESULTS: Data from the two studies suggest that the vast majority of the questions evaluated from the MCSTQ-Sc are comprehensible and generate responses with very good reliability. Distinct exceptions were poor agreement between the questionnaire- and interview-based responses for questions about the number of cigarettes smoked and the pleasantness and typical episode length of phantosmia; the test-retest reliability regarding the nostril side of phantosmia also showed poor agreement. The results suggest the importance of probing these areas further in the clinical interview. CONCLUSION: The findings imply that, with a few caveats, the MCSTQ-Sc is a useful tool for the clinical assessment of olfactory dysfunction and its consequences.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Preferences for different high-energy foods in elderly medical in-patients.

Malnourishment is a common finding in hospitalised elderly patients. It is often addressed by the provision of nutritional supplements, in the form of sip-feeds. Patients' intake of these is frequently inadequate. We assessed the palatability of sip-feed nutritional supplements and other high-energy foods to elderly medical in-patients. Using the Lickhert Scale, 49 subjects rated the taste of a previously selected sip-feed supplement and five other high-energy foods, cheese biscuit, plain potato crisps, chocolate, cherry-flavoured cereal bar and stout beer. Subjects rated the taste of sip-feeds as favourably as all other offered foods, with the exception of the lower rated stout beer (p = 0.0001). Taste alone is unlikely to account for the poor intake of sip-feed nutritional supplements by elderly hospital patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

An assessment of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone in the treatment of transient insomnia in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent, in healthy adults using the first-night effect model of transient insomnia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 436 healthy, normal sleeping participants were randomized to receive either eszopiclone 1, 2, 3, or 3.5mg, or placebo. Efficacy and next-morning effects were evaluated via polysomnography (PSG), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and self-report. RESULTS: Patients treated with eszopiclone had significantly less PSG latency to persistent sleep (all doses except 1mg; P< or =0.0001), wake time after sleep onset (all doses; P< or =0.05) and number of awakenings (3 and 3.5mg doses; P<0.005), and greater sleep efficiency (all doses; P< or =0.02) compared with placebo. Self-reported efficacy results were similar to PSG. Self-reported morning sleepiness scores were significantly better for eszopiclone 3 and 3.5mg compared with placebo (P<0.05). Treatment was well tolerated by patients, and the most common treatment-related adverse event was unpleasant taste. CONCLUSIONS: In this model of transient insomnia, all doses of eszopiclone were more effective than placebo and were well tolerated by patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Side effects after surgical treatment of snoring.

In a questionnaire study detailed side effects after snoring surgery were examined in 415 individuals 2-8 years after surgery. Three years later a new questionnaire was answered by those with side effects affecting taste, smell and voice (n = 74). At the first follow-up 255 had side effects of globus, regurgitation, taste, smell and voice. The globus was the most common (40%). In all spheres except the globus, a significant improvement was seen 3 years later. However, pharyngeal dryness and phlegm had a reported frequency of nearly 60%. No significant differences were seen between the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and laser uvulopalatoplasty methods. Taste disturbances might be due to surgical damage to the nerves or oral dryness. The olfactory impairment present in 7 patients still needs to be explained.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Growth retardation and zinc nutrition.

Based on a previous report of a zinc deficiency syndrome in children characterized by low hair zinc, anorexia, poor growth, and hypogeusia, 12 children attending a pediatric endocrinology clinic for growth retardation and judged as having short stature as a variant of normal (SVN) were evaluated as to their zinc nutriture to learn whether zinc deficiency was a contributory factor. None was found to have the above syndrome, although one child did have a hair zinc concentration below 70 mug/g. The mean hair zinc of the SVN subjects was lower than the hair zinc of 40 apparently normal adolescents, 131+/-37 mug/g vs. 168+/-44 mug/g (P less than 0.02), but there was no difference found in plasma levels of zinc or in taste acuity. In contrast, five patients with total growth arrest secondary to juvenile Crohn's disease (CD) were found to have multiple findings consistent with zinc deficiency including low plasma zinc, low hair zinc, or hypogeusia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Cerebellopontile angle lesion syndrome in circulatory disorders in the vertebral-basilar basin].

Numerous observations of patients with the syndrome of cerebellopontile angle affection carried out with the use of the otoneurological method make it possible to specify a characteristic syndrome pointing to the vascular genesis. In such cases typical for the clinical picture were noise in the ears, progressing hardness of hearing, vestibular paroxysms, and symptoms charasteristic of involvement of the cerebellopontile angle revealed at neurological and otoneurological examinations. Along with the symptoms characteristic of impairment of the inner ear receptors these patients showed disturbances of the mechanism of experimental vestibular reactions, spontaneous nystagmus persisting after vestibular paroxysms for some months and sometimes years; a lowering of the sensitivity of the nasal and oral mucosa on the side of the affected ear, disturbances of taste on onehalf of the tongue, disorders of coordination and statics, olfactory disturbances of the trigeminal character. Observations of 84 patients (36 males and 48 females) aged from 40 to 59 years were analyzed in detail. The observations lasted from 4 months to 12 years. Some patients were admitted to the clinic with the diagnosis of "neurinoma of the VIIIth nerve". Detailed neurological examinations carried out in combination with other additional diagnostic methods made it possible to rule out that diagnosis: the process (of the same localization) was found to be of vascular character. Long-term catamnesis and positive effects of pathogenetic therapy have shown that it is reasonable to regard the syndrome of the cerebellopontile angle affection in dyscirculatory disturbances of the vertebrobasilar system as a disease entity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Oral side effects of head and neck irradiation: correlation between clinical manifestations and laboratory data.

Salivary flow rate and composition, oral microflora and clinical manifestations of radiation damage were studied in 32 patients treated with external irradiation to head and neck areas. Several parameters were investigated: field arrangement, amount of salivary glands irradiated, clinical manifestations such as dryness of the mouth, taste impairment, dysphagia, salivary secretion and composition, and oral yeast flora. The salivary glands have a greater sensitivity to radiation damage than the gustatory tissues. The decrease in salivary secretion is accompanied by a rise in salivary sodium concentration, and in oral yeast flora. The clinical symptomatology was correlated with the amount of salivary glands irradiated. We found that most of the parotids have to be outside of the treated volume, when the rest of the major salivary glands are irradiated, to prevent severe dryness phenomena.

Candidiasis, Oral↗
PubMed1980

[Taste and psychotherapy].

In 86 patients, the acuity of the chemical senses has been proved before and after a psychotherapeutic treatment over seven weeks in hospital. There were no fundamental changes in smell, whereas the taste acuity has changed. After treatment, the latter, however, was less in those patients who had previously considered themselves less acute. Among the large number of the other results, the following fact is most remarkable: the successful treatment correlates with a diminished bitter acuity, or vice versa. Conclusions and prognoses cannot yet be drawn from this for a special case, but further investigations of this special relation seem to be effectual.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1998

Application of taste reactivity to study the mechanism of alcohol intake inhibition by the tachykinin aminosenktide.

Tachykinin NK-3 receptor agonists reduce alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats; the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is highly sensitive to their effect. Tachykinins and their receptors are widely distributed in gustatory pathways and NK-3 receptor agonists have been reported to modify taste reactivity to salt solutions in rats. The present study evaluated whether the TK NK-3 receptor agonist aminosenktide (NH2-SENK) influences taste reactivity to ethanol solutions. Genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats were employed. In response to the intraoral infusion (0.8 ml in 1 min) of 10, 20, 40, or even 60% ethanol solution, ethanol-naive rats showed a large number of ingestive reactions and a much lower number of aversive reactions. Two min before the intraoral infusion of 10 or 40% ethanol, NH2-SENK was injected either into the lateral ventricle (LV) or into the NBM. Doses of NH2-SENK that markedly reduce alcohol intake, 125 ng/rat into the LV or 5 ng/site into the NBM, did not modify the ingestive reactions and, in some instances, reduced the aversive reactions to ethanol solutions in ethanol-naive rats. Injections of 125 ng/rat into the LV failed to modify taste reactions in ethanol-experienced rats. The present results show that msP rats have an innate hedonic evaluation of ethanol solutions, even of high concentration. Moreover, they indicate that reduction of ethanol intake induced by TK NK-3 receptor agonists in alcohol-preferring rats does not depend on influences on gustatory processes.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of Imovane on sleep structure and respiratory indices during sleep in insomnia patients].

Night sleep was examined in 120 patients with different forms of insomnia. The positive effect of Imovane was shown both on presomnic and intrasomnic disorders. Transitory side effects (dryness, bitter taste in the mouth) were in some cases that didn't need cessation of therapy. Polysomnographic studies confirmed effectivity of Imovane: there were observed either lengthening of the duration of sleep, its 2 stage, delta-sleep, or decrease of the duration of falling asleep. There were no respiratory changes after course of Imovane, meanwhile some indices positive dynamics was revealed in this case.

Adolescent↗