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PubMed1987

Synovial chondrometaplasia in five dogs.

Synovial chondrometaplasia was diagnosed in 5 dogs. Four dogs improved dramatically after surgical removal of subsynovial nodules, but the fifth improved only slightly. This potentially treatable condition is recognized in human beings, and has been described in dogs in the German scientific literature. Synovial chondrometaplasia should be suspected if numerous joint mice are visualized radiographically, without an obvious inciting cause. It also should be suspected when periarticular osteophytes are found radiographically in unusual locations.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Use of cancellous bone graft in treatment of navicular bone osteomyelitis in a foal.

A 3-month-old Quarter Horse filly stepped on a fence staple and developed navicular bone osteomyelitis of the right hindfoot. A 1.5-cm spherical portion of medullary cavity containing purulent material was debrided and flushed with 0.9% NaCl solution. Cancellous bone was collected from a caudal sternebra and placed into the defect. The solar defect had filled with granulation tissue and was epithelialized 6 weeks after surgery. At 6-month follow-up evaluation, the navicular bone defect had healed and the foal was sound on the limb. Cancellous bone grafting may have merit for the treatment of navicular bone osteomyelitis in the horse.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Bone scintigraphy as an aid in the diagnosis of occult distal tarsal bone trauma in three horses.

History, physical examination, and bone scintigraphy were used to diagnose central and/or third tarsal bone trauma in 3 acutely lame horses. In all 3 cases, the results of initial radiographic examination were negative. Bone scintigraphy revealed focal, intense radioisotope uptake at the level of the distal tarsal bones in the 3 horses. Radiographs obtained 4 weeks after injury in one horse demonstrated a slab fracture of the central tarsal bone. Conservative management of the tarsal bone disease resulted in acceptable return to function in all 3 horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Clinical, radiotelemetric and x-ray research on erythematous polyarthritis in lambs].

Experimental investigations were carried out with 6 lambs each infected i/v with 2 cm3 of a 24-hour broth culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae rated at 10(8) microbial cells per cu. cm. The clinical state of the animals was followed up in the course of 60 days, the changes in the cardiovascular system and those in the movements of the rumen being recorded radiotelemetrically, while the changes taking place in the joints were studied roentgenographically. It was found that the causative agent of swine erysipelas was strongly pathogenic for the lambs following a hematogenic infection, causing polyarthritis with concurrent changes in the general state--rise of temperature and higher respiration and pulse rates. The electrocardiograms of the affected animals showed sinus tachycardia, participation of Q waves, and changes in the R and T waves, while the graphic records of the rumen showed a drop in the number of rumen contractions and decrease in the amplitude. Roentgenographically, there were periostitis and osteoarthritis of the carpal and tarsal joints.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of wound location and the use of topical collagen gel on exuberant granulation tissue formation and wound healing in the horse and pony.

Preformed collagen gel was topically applied to cutaneous wounds of the equine dorsal fetlock (thoracic limb) and metatarsal regions to evaluate the effect on exuberant granulation tissue production and wound healing. In 6 horses and 3 ponies (less than 140 cm high at the withers and less than 365 kg), 36 standardized cutaneous limb wounds were surgically induced (4 wounds/animal); 18 wounds were treated topically with collagen gel, and 18 wounds were not treated (controls). Collagen gel was initially applied to the wound at 0, 2, or 7 days after wound formation (groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Four measurements were regularly made: amount of wound contraction and the size of the granulation bed, epithelial covering, and total wound. Sequential skin and wound biopsies were evaluated histologically to assess wound healing. Using a computer, data were analyzed for differences in the 4 measurements between treated and control wounds, between fetlock wounds and metatarsal wounds, and among groups 1, 2, and 3. Analyses were performed on days 15 and 45 of wound healing and on the final day of healing. A significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in the production of exuberant granulation tissue, rate of epithelialization, or degree of wound contraction was not detected between the collagen-treated and control wounds. Total healing time and final scar size were similar. Wound healing patterns were significantly different (P less than 0.05) in the fetlock wounds and metatarsal wounds. All wounds enlarged up to day 15 with fetlock wounds enlarging significantly more than did the metatarsal wounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1985

Structural changes in the large proteoglycan in differentiating chondrocytes from the chick embryo tibiotarsus.

35SO4(2-)- or [3H]GlcN-labeled heavy proteochondroitin sulfate was isolated from monolayer cultures of chondrocytes from the zones of dividing, elongated, and hypertrophying cells of chick embryo tibias, and the keratan sulfate (KS) component was characterized. The KS glycopeptides remaining after digestion of the proteoglycans with thermolysin and chondroitinases were isolated and depolymerized by hydrazinolysis and nitrous acid cleavage. The resulting KS disaccharides had nonreducing terminal D-galactose (Gal) residues and reducing terminal anhydro-D-mannose (AMan) residues. The KS fractions from all cultures had identical disaccharide compositions, with 18-20% Gal----AMan, 72-79% Gal----AMan(6-SO4), and 7-9% Gal(6-SO4)----AMan(6-SO4). The ratios of chondroitin sulfate (CS) to KS synthesized by cultures of dividing, elongated, and hypertrophied chondrocytes were 15, 27, and 30, respectively. Approximately 30% of the CS chains of the proteochondroitin sulfate in the cell matrix pools had nonreducing terminal GalNAc(4,6-diSO4) residues, but none of the CS chains in the proteochondroitin sulfate recovered from the culture medium pools were terminated with these residues.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Linear skeletal growth in male and female turkeys.

Growth in the maximum length of the skull, humerus, ulna + radius, carpometacarpus + phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus + phalanges was measured by dissection of male and female white turkeys taken at 14 day intervals from hatching to 20 weeks. In all skeletal units except carpometacarpus + phalanges, a greater rate of growth (P less than 0.01) was detected in males.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Diagnosis, relative incidence, and probable cause of cunean tendon bursitis-tarsitis of Standardbred horses.

A prospective study of the diagnostic results on 25 previously untreated, slightly lame Standardbred horses showed that manipulative tests are of some help in diagnosis. The lameness of each horse was diminished or the horse went lame on the opposite limb after being given an injection of anesthetic in the cunean bursa, and lameness improved more when local anesthetic was injected in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations. In four horses, lesions of the distal articulation of the hock were evident on radiography.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Navicular disease in the hindlimbs of the horse.

Of 124 horses determined to have navicular disease during a 5-year period, 6 had clinical and radiographic signs of the disease in both hindlimbs. These 6 were all castrated males, ranging in age from 3 to 12 years, and were used for work of similar nature: roping, cutting, and pleasure. Treatment consisted of posterior digital neurectomy and corrective shoeing in 2 cases, posterior digital neurectomy alone in 2 cases, and corrective shoeing alone in 2 cases. Following treatment, lameness subsided, and all 6 horses were returned to full use.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diseases in the distal extremities of cows--a pathoanatomical study].

A pathoanatomical and radiographic investigation of limbs from slaughtered cows is presented. The reason for slaughtering was in all cases lameness or other limb-abnormalities. Only lesions distal to carpus/tarsus were investigated because the limbs are cut in these joints in the slaughterhouse. The total number of limbs was 180. The most important lesions were aseptic periostitis/ostitis in distal phalanx, arthrosis in the distal interphalangeal joint, laminitis, pododermatitis circumscripta and erosio ungulae. A pathoanatomical description was done of periostitis/ostitis in distal phalanx and arthrosis in the d.i.p. joint which were the most frequent lesions. A biochemical investigation of synovial fluid from d.i.p. joints is also presented. Periostitis/ostitis in distal phalanx and the serious cases of arthrosis in the d.i.p. joint were both distributed in the same manner as laminitis in the different digits (Figure 1, 2, 10 and 14). The lateral hind digit and the medial fore digit were most frequently affected. It is questioned if the clinical diagnosis of laminitis often is used when the cows actually are suffering from these two lesions. On the other hand it is the authors opinion that chronic laminitis not always conveys rotation of the distal phalanx, but that the disease often results only in periostitis/ostitis in distal phalanx. Periostitis/ostitis in distal phalanx and arthrosis in d.i.p. joint were correlated to the shape of the fore hooves to estimate certain etiological aspects (Figure 16 and 17). Arthrosis in d.i.p. joint was more often seen in assymetrical hooves, hooves with short toe/overgrown bulb and in long/overgrown hooves than in normal hooves. The same result was found for periostitis/ostitis in lateral distal phalanx, while the medial distal phalanx was equally affected of this lesion at different hoofshapes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The evolutionary emergence and refinement of the mammalian pattern of foot architecture.

It is shown that in form and function the articular complexes of the monotreme foot are pre-adaptive to the therian condition, but the echidna differs by having a tuber calcaneus which is directed downward and distally. The cynodont foot (TR. 8) and that of the Triassic mammal Eozostrodon seem to possess the essential articular features present in monotremes, but they are assembled rather differently. In both, tuber calcaneus was apparently directed downwards. It follows that monotremes were probably derived from some way along the lineage usually, but inappropriately, termed "Theria'. A calcaneofibular articulation is present in kangaroos, certain shrews, elephant shrews, rabbits and artiodactyls. In all of them it is an apomorphic condition involving annexation of part of the posterior talar facet on the calcaneus by the fibula, which invariably shows some degree of amalgamation with the tibia. It is shown that the trochlear process of the mammalian calcaneus has the dual function of providing origin for the m. flexor accessorius and acting as a supporting shelf for the bundle of peroneal tendons. It is almost certainly a derivative of the lateral flange on the cynodont calcaneus, which presumably had a comparable function. In man, the process is fragmented, one of its derivatives being the lateral process of the calcaneal tuber which shows varying degrees of migration towards the medial process and amalgamation with it. The importance of these morphological features is discussed in relation to their use in cladistic analysis and their relevance to theories of the early evolution of the mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Pathological changes in the navicular bone and associated structures of the horse.

Navicular bones from 74 horses were examined at necropsy. Animals ranged in age from eight months to 30 years. Eight horses had a clinical history of navicular disease. Degenerative lesions in the fibrocartilaginous surface of the navicular bone and of the surface of the deep flexor tendons were age related changes not necessarily related to lameness. These lesions were more extensive in horses with a history of navicular disease, and were often accompanied by adhesions and subchondral cavitation of the fibrocartilaginous surface of the navicular bone. Osteophytes, present in 12 of the 74 horses, appeared to be age-related and were uncommon in horses with a history of navicular disease. Nutrient foramina on the distal border of the navicular bone were highly variable in size and shape; in horses with a history of navicular disease they often had a small external opening that became larger as it penetrated the bone. Occlusive vascular disease (arteriosclerosis) was found in sound horses and in horses with a history of navicular disease. Thrombosis of arteries or ischemic necrosis of bone was not identified in any case.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Functional anatomy of the equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments.

Equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments (CL) were dissected grossly. The areas of attachment and fiber arrangements were described for the long lateral CL, long medial CL, 3 short lateral CL, and 3 short medial CL. Sequential cutting of CL in any order indicated that the short medial CL were responsible for the snap-joint phenomenon observed at the equine tarsocrural joint.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound: a review of 114 cases.

A total of 114 central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures, including associated secondary fractures, were identified in 114 racing Greyhounds. The fractures were classified according to a previously described scheme. The type IV Tc fracture, dorsal and medial slab fractures, was most common. A Tc fracture alone, or a Tc fracture with associated fractures of the 4th tarsal bone (T4), calcaneus, or T4 and lateral base of the 5th metatarsal bone were the most commonly observed. The prevalence of secondary fractures increased with the severity of the Tc fracture. Management of Tc fractures involved 3 methods: coaptation, single-screw fixation, and 2-screw fixation. Additional repair was performed as indicated by the presence of concurrent secondary fractures. A total of 71% of the dogs returned to competitive racing.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound.

Methods of repair of central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures in the racing greyhound can involve coaptation, single-screw fixation, or 2-screw fixation. Successful management, defined as a return to competitive racing, was obtained in 71% of 114 affected dogs treated by these methods. Both 1- and 2-screw fixation, with interfragmentary compression, was used to repair Tc fractures in 81 dogs. It was concluded that satisfactory results can be expected by use of open reduction and screw fixation in all types of Tc fractures except those that are severely comminuted.

Animals↗