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PubMed1998

The effects of perioperative blood salvage and autologous blood donation on transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery.

Fifty consecutive cases of surgical instrumentation and fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were prospectively studied to test the hypothesis that the use of predonated autologous blood combined with judicious perioperative blood salvage could decrease the amount of homologous blood needed. All cases had posterior instrumentation and fusion. Nineteen patients had their rib prominence resected with an average of 4.8 ribs per patient. Our protocol called for perioperative blood salvage with the cell saver and reinfusion of postoperative drained blood if more than 300 ml were drained in 4 hours. Two units of predonated autologous blood was made available. Hypotensive anesthesia and meticulous hemostasis kept the blood loss to a minimum. The average total blood loss was 1,055 ml. Blood loss per segment was 91 ml with an average of 11 segments fused per patient. Patients with rib resection had a blood loss of 1,105 ml, while those without had a blood loss of 955 ml. The cell saver blood returned per case was 391 ml with the hematocrit of the product averaging 46%. Twelve patients were reinfused an average of 300 ml of the postoperative drained blood. The predonated autologous blood was used as part of the intraoperative fluid management. In no patient was homologous blood needed. The average starting hematocrit was 35.6%, with the hematocrit at discharge (seventh day) being 32.4%. There were no complications or blood transfusion reactions. Our results suggest that judicious perioperative blood management may decrease the need for homologous blood transfusion in selected posterior idiopathic scoliosis surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can laparoscopic cholecystectomy be a day surgery procedure?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gallbladder surgery by videolaparoscopy (VL) is now able to obtain the same goals as traditional surgery, and is associated with comparable or better results both in terms of positive surgical outcome and patient satisfaction. With public health spending under growing social and administrative pressure, and continuous efforts focusing on enhancing the efficiency of both surgical instruments and operating procedures, it is a most attractive, albeit initially challenging, prospect to regard video-laparoscopic surgery as day-case surgery. Herein, the authors assess the outpatient treatment option, due to recent technical developments and relevant major organizational and professional implications, and consider the feasibility of day-case surgery projects which should soon be implemented. METHODOLOGY: From January 1994 to December 1996, 1,334 patients underwent videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Of these, 898 were women and 436 men. In 1,034 of the laparoscopies gas was used and 300 were performed without gas. Out of the total 1,334 patients who were submitted to the videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure with or without the use of gas, 72 (5.4%) were treated on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: In our series, 93.5% of patients reported normal post-operative functions within 24 hours; 90.2% of patients were able to take oral fluid on the same day of the operation and had normal bowel peristalsis within the first post-operative day. CONCLUSIONS: The authors assess the outpatient option treatment, due to recent technical developments and relevant major organizational and professional implications, and consider the feasibility of a day-case surgery project which should soon be implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

New surgical technique for treatment of stress urinary incontinence TVT-Obturator: new developments and results.

A new surgical technique, the inside-out transobturator tension-free urethral suspension (TVT-Obturator), has been developed for treatment of women suffering from stress urinary incontinence (SUI). This simple procedure uses specifically designed surgical instruments to allow the accurate passage of a synthetic tape from underneath the urethra, through the obturator foramens, toward the thigh folds, with the tape being positioned without tension under the junction between mid and distal urethra. Cadaver dissection studies have demonstrated that the anatomical trajectory of the tape in tissues is strictly perineal and consistently coursed away from neighboring neurovascular structures, including the obturator, femoral, and saphenous nerves and vessels, as well as the pudendal nerve. Consequently, as opposed to retropubic sling systems, no perioperative cystoscopy is required because the TVT-O tape does not enter the pelvic region at any time during the procedure. These anatomical data, which suggest the TVT-O technique is safe, have been corroborated by initial clinical experience. Our feasibility and ongoing efficacy studies have shown that TVT-O is associated with a low incidence of perioperative and postoperative complications. In our current series of more than 500 consecutive patients treated with TVT-O, no injury to the bladder or urethra was encountered and no perineal or obturator hematoma, heavy bleeding, or neurological complication was observed. Medium-term results have suggested that TVT-O is as efficient as retropubic tension-free slings for treatment of female SUI, with +/-90% complete cure rates after one-year follow up.

Female↗
PubMed1997

VATS for complete dissection of LIMA in minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work is to report our initial experience with minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting, using video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) to facilitate the operation and provide complete dissection of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA). METHODS: Of 44 scheduled patients, 43 patients, 30 (69.8%) male, ranging in age from 31 to 83 years (60.8 +/- 12.0 years), with a severe lesion in the anterior descending artery, were operated upon. An 8-cm left anterior minithoracotomy was performed at the fourth intercostal space. Through this incision the optical device for video-assisted thoracic surgery as well as the surgical instruments were placed to provide complete LIMA dissection. This permits dissection until the subclavian region, allowing for anastomosis without tension or distortion. Bypass circulation was not used, and the cardiac rate was decreased with the use of intravenous beta-blockers. For LIMA-to-anterior descending artery anastomosis, proximal and distal tourniquets were used and 1.5 mg/kg of heparin was administered intravenously. RESULTS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery provided a complete dissection of LIMA. The 43 patients presented satisfactory postoperative progress, being released from the hospital between 2 and 12 days after their operation, with a mean of 4 days. The patients have remained asymptomatic during a period that ranged from 1 to 13 months (6.3 +/- 3.5 months). During the follow-up, there was one death as a result of stroke and pneumonia 2 months after the release from the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: The use of video-assisted thoracic surgery through thoracotomy allows the LIMA dissection without the necessity of other incisions. The procedure also permitted more ample dissection of LIMA when compared with minithoracotomy without video-assisted thoracic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Voxel-based 2-D/3-D registration of fluoroscopy images and CT scans for image-guided surgery.

Registration of intraoperative fluoroscopy images with preoperative three-dimensional (3-D) CT images can be used for several purposes in image-guided surgery. On the one hand, it can be used to display the position of surgical instruments, which are being tracked by a localizer, in the preoperative CT scan. On the other hand, the registration result can be used to project preoperative planning information or important anatomical structures visible in the CT image onto the fluoroscopy image. For this registration task, a novel voxel-based method in combination with a new similarity measure (pattern intensity) has been developed. The basic concept of the method is explained at the example of two-dimensional (2-D)/3-D registration of a vertebra in an X-ray fluoroscopy image with a 3-D CT image. The registration method is described, and the results for a spine phantom are presented and discussed. Registration has been carried out repeatedly with different starting estimates to study the capture range. Information about registration accuracy has been obtained by comparing the registration results with a highly accurate "ground-truth" registration, which has been derived from fiducial markers attached to the phantom prior to imaging. In addition, registration results for different vertebrae have been compared. The results show that the rotation parameters and the shifts parallel to the projection plane can accurately be determined from a single projection. Because of the projection geometry, the accuracy of the height above the projection plane is significantly lower.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Robotic surgery using Zeus MicroWrist technology: the next generation.

BACKGROUND: The use of computer-animated surgical instruments for various cardiac operations has been shown to be feasible, but to date, the available information regarding the operative and technical details of these procedures is still inadequate. METHODS: We used the Zeus (Computer Motion Inc., Goleta, Calif, USA) telemanipulation system to perform the internal mammary artery (IMA) takedown in 56 patients, in 12 of whom we used the newest model with MicroWristTM (Computer Motion Inc., Goleta, Calif, USA) technology. Port orientation was based on thoracic anatomy, the decisive landmarks being the mammillary line and the axillary line. The distance between ports was at least 9 cm, and the patient's arm was positioned with the left shoulder raised and angulated by not more than 90 degrees. RESULTS: Mean setup time was 44 +/- 18 minutes for the first five patients and 16 +/- 7 minutes for the last five patients, with an overall average of 24 +/- 12 minutes. IMA harvest time at the beginning reached a mean of 95 +/- 23 minutes and decreased to 44 +/- 18 minutes in the last five cases. Average IMA takedown time was 58 +/- 17 minutes. The IMA was patent with a good flow in all 56 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of robotic technology into clinical routine has resulted in safe procedures with a short learning curve. However, basic training in the modality is a must in order to achieve technical excellence.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

Postoperative adhesion prevention in gynecologic surgery with hyaluronic acid.

UNLABELLED: Despite improvements in surgical instrumentation and techniques, adhesions continue to form after most procedures. Peritoneal adhesions develop in 60-90% of women who undergo major gynecological operations. This adhesion formation causes significant postoperative morbidity such as bowel obstruction (65%), infertility (15-20%), and chronic pelvic pain (40%). OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy of a hyaluronic acid product (Hyalobarrier Gel) for the prevention of adhesions in gynecological surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2000 to July 2002, 18 women from 26 to 41 years old (mean age 33.66) underwent myomectomy via laparotomy as their first abdominal operation. Between August 2001 and May 2003, the patients underwent a second-look laparoscopy (7 women, 38.9%, 15 sites, 42.8%) or a second-look laparotomy (11 women, 61.1%, 20 sites, 57.1%) during which all the 35 sites corresponding to the previous myomectomies were analyzed. During the second-look procedure the presence, localization and severity of adhesions were evaluated using the Operative Laparoscopy Study Group Classification (OLSG) and American Fertility Society Classification (AFSC). RESULTS: All patients underwent a second-look laparoscopy/laparotomy and only five of 18 (27.7%) showed pelvic adhesions in seven sites (20%) of previous myomectomies. No adhesion was found on the previous sites of myomectomies of pedunculated leiomyomas so, excluding those, adhesions were found in seven of 29 sites of myomectomies (24.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study emphasizes the need for improved treatments to prevent adhesions, as there is no doubt that adhesions represent one of the major causes of female morbidity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized, prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The induction of anesthesia is one of the most stressful moments for a child who must undergo surgery: it is estimated that 60% of children suffer anxiety in the preoperative period. Preoperative anxiety is characterized by subjective feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry. These reactions reflect the child's fear of separation from parents and home environment, as well as of loss of control, unfamiliar routines, surgical instruments, and hospital procedures. High levels of anxiety have been identified as predictors of postoperative troubles that can persist for 6 months after the procedure. Both behavioral and pharmacologic interventions are available to treat preoperative anxiety in children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the presence of clowns on a child's preoperative anxiety during the induction of anesthesia and on the parent who accompanies him/her until he/she is asleep. METHODS: The sample was composed of 40 subjects (5-12 years of age) who had to undergo minor day surgery and were assigned randomly to the clown group (N = 20), in which the children were accompanied in the preoperative room by the clowns and a parent, or the control group (N = 20), in which the children were accompanied by only 1 of his/her parents. The anxiety of the children in the preoperative period was measured through the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale instrument (observational behavioral checklist to measure the state anxiety of young children), and the anxiety of the parents was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Y-1/Y-2) instrument (self-report anxiety behavioral instrument that measures trait/baseline and state/situational anxiety in adults). In addition, a questionnaire for health professionals was developed to obtain their opinion about the presence of clowns during the induction of anesthesia, and a self-evaluation form was developed to be filled out by the clowns themselves about their interactions with the child. RESULTS: The clown group was significantly less anxious during the induction of anesthesia compared with the control group. In the control group there was an increased level of anxiety in the induction room in comparison to in the waiting room; in the clown group anxiety was not significantly different in the 2 locations. The questionnaire for health professionals indicated that the clowns were a benefit to the child, but the majority of the staff was opposed to continuing the program because of perceived interference with the procedures of the operating room. The correlation between the scores of the form to self-evaluate the effectiveness of the clowns and of the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale is significant for both the waiting room and induction room. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the presence of clowns during the induction of anesthesia, together with the child's parents, was an effective intervention for managing children's and parents' anxiety during the preoperative period. We would encourage the promotion of this form of distraction therapy in the treatment of children requiring surgery, but the resistance of medical personnel make it very difficult to insert this program in the activity of the operating room.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2007

Transabdominal gastroesophageal devascularization without transection for bleeding varices: results and indicators of prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric devascularization is an operation that can be performed for endoscopically uncontrolled variceal bleeding in hospitals having only basic surgical instruments and is therefore an appropriate procedure for small hospitals in developing countries. The aim of this study was to analyze one hospital's experience of this operation in consecutive patients with variceal bleeding. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2003, 45 patients (30 male, 15 female) who had a mean age of 40 years (range 7-78 years) underwent devascularization procedures. Of the 45, 23 had cirrhosis and 22 had non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (11 extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, 11 non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis), and 18 patients had emergency procedures and 27 were elective. Mortality, morbidity, rebleeding rates and the prognostic factors for death were assessed. RESULTS: Elective and emergency mortality was one (3.7%) and 11 (61%) patients, respectively. There was no rebleeding in hospital. At follow up (mean 48 months, range 3-92 months) overall survival in patients with cirrhosis was 7 out of 20 and in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension was 19 of 21. Five (17%) had recurrent variceal hemorrhage, of whom three, all cirrhotic patients, died. Preoperative prognostic indicators for death were emergency surgery, a Child-Pugh score >or=10, preoperative blood transfusion >or=20 units and renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal devascularization effectively controls variceal bleeding especially in non-cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. In the elective situation it carries a low mortality and rebleed rate. In emergencies the prognosis is poor with advanced cirrhosis, following large quantities of blood transfusion and deranged renal function. It is suggested that this operation be offered especially to non-cirrhotic patients in hospitals in developing countries where facilities for more sophisticated procedures are not available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The plasma ACTH, AVP, CRH and catecholamine responses to conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the responses of the stress hormones, cortisol, ACTH, vasopressin (AVP), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and catecholamines to elective conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. DESIGN: A right upper quadrant transverse incision was used for conventional cholecystectomy, and four 1-2-cm incisions for the laparoscopic procedure (for insertion of surgical instruments, diathermy, fibreoptic telescope and light source, and carbon dioxide insufflation). Blood was sampled immediately prior to premedication (temazepam), after induction of anaesthesia (fentanyl and thiopentone) and at 10-minute intervals until the end of the procedure (N2O maintenance, vecuronium relaxation). A blood sample was taken after reversal, and then at 10-minute intervals for 50 minutes. Plasma sodium and blood pressure were measured at similar intervals. Results are expressed as mean +/- standard error. PATIENTS: Twelve patients were studied (six in each group). MEASUREMENTS: Peptide hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay, cortisol by ELISA and catecholamines by HPLC. RESULTS: The mean premedication hormone values for the conventional and laparoscopic procedures did not increase significantly after induction of anaesthesia. Within 10 minutes of the first incision, however, there was a marked concordant rise in mean plasma ACTH and AVP levels for both procedures (conventional: ACTH, from a premedication value of 10.2 +/- 1.7 to 80.1 +/- 14.3 pmol/l, AVP from 1.2 +/- 0.4 to 117 +/- 24 pmol/l, P < 0.01 for both hormones; laparoscopic: ACTH from 5.8 +/- 2.6 to 55.1 +/- 26.0 pmol/l, AVP from 1.6 +/- 0.11 to 49.2 +/- 27.09 pmol/l). At the end of both types of operation mean levels of ACTH and AVP were still elevated, although the ACTH: AVP ratio had increased. Greater variability in ACTH and AVP responses was seen in the laparoscopic than in the conventional procedure, three patients showing a relatively small response to surgery. Total secretion of ACTH during both types of surgery was not significantly less both during (P < 0.05), and after (P < 0.01) laparoscopic surgery. For both procedures, the timing of AVP and ACTH peaks was significantly related (P < 0.002). A small but significant rise in CRH was observed 30 minutes after the start of surgery for both procedures P < 0.05). The timing of CRH and ACTH peaks was unrelated. The maximum mean plasma cortisol level for the conventional procedure (1268 +/- 147 nmol/l) was reached 20 minutes after reversal of anaesthesia and remained at this level until the end of sampling. The cortisol response was comparable during the laparoscopic procedure but was beginning to fall at 60 minutes post-operatively. Plasma adrenaline responses to the two types of surgery were not significantly different, but the plasma total noradrenaline response to laparoscopic surgery as indicated by the response area during the first 20 minutes was significantly increased (P < 0.02). Plasma sodium, renin activity and initial systolic blood pressure fall were not significantly different during the two procedures. CONCLUSIONS: For both procedures, the peak of ACTH secretion after incision is likely to be AVP dependent, and the timing of peak levels of these two hormones was significantly related. Subsequent ACTH secretion may be the result of an interaction between AVP and CRH. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy results in a smaller AVP rise than does the conventional procedure, and plasma AVP falls more rapidly post-operatively. During the period of observation, ACTH, CRH, cortisol and adrenaline responses were not significantly lessened by the laparoscopic approach, but there was a significant increase in the noradrenaline response. Stress hormone monitoring may assist further improvements in surgical technique.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2002

Effects of enzymatic sterilization detergents on the corneal endothelium.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of enzymatic detergents to cause endothelial damage and anterior segment inflammation. METHODS: Paired rabbit corneas were mounted in an in vitro specular microscope. Endothelia were perfused either with the sterile irrigating solution BSS Plus (Alcon Laboratories Inc, Ft Worth, Tex) (control) or 0.1%, 0.4%, or 1.0% Medline Enzymatic Detergent (Medline Industries Inc, Mundelein, Ill) in BSS Plus. Swelling rates were determined by regression analysis. Human endothelia were perfused using 1.56% detergent. All corneas were fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Endothelial permeability was determined following perfusion of 0.78% detergent. Finally, in vivo intracameral injections with 1.56% or 3.9% detergent were performed to evaluate clinical changes and to correlate with histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: Dose-related corneal swelling rates were observed. Digital specular micrographs revealed greater endothelial cell damage when perfused with 1.0% detergent. The TEM of endothelia exposed to 1.0% solutions demonstrated abnormal vacuolization and dilated extracellular spaces, which manifested as an increased corneal permeability to 3 to 4 times that of controls. Human corneas swelled comparably to rabbit corneas but demonstrated increased sensitivity when evaluated by TEM and SEM. Histopathologic analysis after intracameral injection revealed thickened corneas with fewer endothelial cells and irises with increased inflammatory and fibrinous responses compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Medline Enzymatic Detergent causes a dose-dependent corneal swelling, ultrastructural damage, increased corneal permeability, and increased inflammatory response in the iris after intracameral injection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Failure to adequately rinse the detergent from surgical instruments may result in corneal edema and intraocular inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Vitreous surgery. XIV. Complications from sclerotomy in 89 consecutive cases.

All patients were examined preoperatively and postoperatively by indirect ophthalmoscopy and biomicroscopy with a three-mirror lens. The average follow-up was eight months. Our technique of sclerotomy consisted of an incision parallel to the limbus, measuring 1.5 times the diameter of the surgical instrument. The pars plana location was always verified with transillumination. A mattress suture over the lips of the sclerotomy was used to prevent any leakage during the procedure. The intraoperative complications included ciliary body laceration (1%), retinal tears (8%), and vitreous base incarceration in the wound. The postoperative complications consisted of retina dragged into the wound (4%), vitreous tract left by the instrument (6%), neovascular ingrowth (6%), and external symptoms from the Dacron (32%) or polyglycolic acid (5%) suture. The rate of complications is considered low for such high-risk surgery.

Ciliary Body↗
PubMed2001

Increased transplantation of kidneys with multiple renal arteries in the laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy era: surgical technique and surgical and nonsurgical donor and recipient outcomes.

BACKGROUND: For anatomical and technical reasons, many transplant centers restrict laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (in contrast with open live donor nephrectomy) to left kidneys. HYPOTHESIS: This change in surgical practice increases procurement and transplantation rates of live donor kidneys with multiple renal arteries (RAs), without affecting donor and recipient outcomes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective review at an academic tertiary care referral center comparing laparoscopically procured single vs multiple-RA kidney grafts (April 1997 to October 2000). PATIENTS: Seventy-nine consecutive left laparoscopic live kidney donors and 78 transplant recipients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Donor and recipient complications and postoperative length of stay; cold and warm ischemia time; operating time; short-term and long-term graft function; and survival. RESULTS: We noted multiple RAs in 21 (27%) of all kidneys. The proportion of donors with 1 or more perioperative complications was 19% in the single-RA group vs 10% in the multiple-RA group (P was not significant). For the recipients, we noted no significant differences between groups with respect to surgical complications, quality of early and late graft function, rejection rates, graft losses (all immunologic), and graft survival. Cold and warm ischemia time and length of stay were similar for donors and recipients in both groups. Median operating times were significantly longer for the multiple-RA vs single-RA group (difference, 41 minutes for donors and 45 minutes for recipients; P<.02). CONCLUSIONS: While the introduction of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy has significantly increased the number of grafts with multiple RAs (compared with historical open controls), this change in practice is safe for both donors and recipients from a patient outcome-based perspective. However, from an economic perspective, the longer operating time associated with multiple-RA grafts provides strong added rationale for optimization of surgical instruments and techniques to make right-sided laparoscopic nephrectomy a routine intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

One instead of two knives for surgical incision. Does it increase the risk of postoperative wound infection?

We evaluated the rate of postoperative wound infection following the use of one or two knives for incision. The infection rate in 277 patients who were operated on with one knife was 3.6%, in 309 patients who were operated on with two knives the rate was 5.5%. This difference was not statistically significant. The limit of a one-sided confidence interval bound from the estimated difference of infection rates in the two groups of patients was 0.94% at a confidence level of 0.95. Thus, if there was any difference at all in favor of two knives with respect to infection, it was probably less than 1%. The present results indicate that the old surgical practice of discarding the skin knife and using a separate scalpel for the deep incision can be abandoned without increasing the risk of wound infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A prospective study of incisional time, blood loss, pain, and healing with carbon dioxide laser, scalpel, and electrosurgery.

Carbon dioxide laser incisions are reported to be less painful, less bloody, and less prone to seroma formation and to heal better than scalpel or electrosurgical incisions. We compared all three modalities in a prospective randomized study of cholecystectomy incisions. Time required for the incision and incisional blood loss was less with electrosurgery than with the carbon dioxide laser or scalpel. Postoperative pain and wound healing, however, were the same for all three techniques. The carbon dioxide laser appears to offer no advantage over conventional means of making a standard incision.

Adult↗