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PubMedDate not supplied

Outpatient interval female sterilization at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Between September 1975 and April 1981, 258 patients were sterilized at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, using minilaparotomy and laparoscopy. Selected sociodemographic data as well as the technical and surgical difficulties encountered have been reviewed in this article. The mean age at sterilization was 38.3 years whilst the mean parity was 7.2. In all, there were 215 minilaparotomy sterilizations and forty-three laparoscopic sterilizations. Surgical difficulties were reported for 12.1% of minilaparotomy and 11.6% for laparoscopic procedures. The most frequently reported difficulties were obesity and pelvic adhesions. The failure rates were 1.4% for minilaparotomy and 2.3% for laparoscopy.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning hysteroscopy sterilization and the Ovabloc System with Hyskon.

A review of the first 100 and the last 100 patients in a series of 268 patients sterilized by hysteroscopic injection of liquid silicone into the fallopian was made to evaluate the success rate as it relates to experience with the procedure. The two groups were similar in composition. While the percentage of patients sterilized increased only from 91% in the first 100 patients to 94% in the last 100 patients the numbers that were sterilized at the time of the first procedure increased by 9%. The two major reasons for repeated procedures were tip separation and tubal spasm. The former may become less of a problem with new manufacturing changes. Tubal spasm was reduced as a problem by controlling the temperature of Hyskon but it remains a difficult problem in a smaller number of patients even in the last group. Other causes for repeated procedures were primarily related to operator inexperience and investigational problems. They appear not to be a significant problem for physicians who will learn this procedure in future. This procedure is well received by patients. Hysteroscopists will find it a valuable outpatient female sterilization technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of Falope Ring sterilization by hysterosalpingogram.

One hundred eight women sterilized by laparoscopically directed application of Falope Rings were evaluated by postoperative hysterosalpingography (HSG). Operations were performed from November 1975 through March 1977 at Louisville General Hospital, Louisville Kentucky, by residents in obstetrics and gynecology. Local anesthesia was used for 30% of the procedures; general endotracheal anesthesia was used for the remainder. Xylocaine jelly was placed on each ring prior to its application. HSG was done on each woman at least three months following surgery. In three cases extravasation from one tube occurred. None of the women had extravasation from both tubes. One patient with intraabdominal spill had a repeat sterilization by laparoscopic cauterization. The remaining two patients, who have been followed for three years, have not used contraception and have not conceived. The clinical significance of extravasation on HSG following tubal sterilization has been questioned, as has the safety of postoperative hysterosalpingography. This study demonstrated a high rate of patency (2.8%). However, pregnancy did not occur in two patients with persistent postoperative tubal patency. The patency rate with Falope Ring sterilization is lower than that found by others at this institution when HSGs were used to evaluate women following laparoscopic cauterization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Laparoscopic sterilization. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists 1991 membership survey.

The 1991 membership survey of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists indicated more laparoscopic procedures than had been reported in the last survey, in 1988. The respondents reported 30,480 sterilizations, 41,160 diagnostic laparoscopies and 8,015 hysteroscopies. The distribution of sterilization by method of tubal occlusion has remained stable since 1985. Complications from diagnostic laparoscopy remain consistently higher than from sterilization. This year the complication rate for diagnostic procedures was higher than in any other year since 1976 (4.9 per 1,000 cases). One death was reported after sterilization and one after diagnostic laparoscopy.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Effect of dichloroacetate on plasma and hepatic amino acids in sterile inflammation and sepsis.

The effect of sterile inflammation and chronic sepsis on the plasma and hepatic free amino acid concentrations was determined. Relative to control animals, only minor alterations in the plasma amino acid concentrations were observed in sterile inflammation and sepsis. In liver, concentrations of alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, proline, and glycine were significantly increased to the same extent in sterile inflammation and sepsis, while hepatic glutamine concentrations were significantly decreased. Compared with sterile inflammation, the branched-chain amino acid concentrations were depressed in the liver of septic animals. Following administration of dichloroacetate, hepatic alanine concentrations were significantly reduced more than threefold in each of the conditions examined; in contrast, significant increases in hepatic concentrations of threonine, glycine, glutamine, glutamate, histidine, and proline were observed. Also following administration of dichloroacetate, the branched-chain amino acid concentrations were all significantly elevated in each of the conditions examined, and plasma alanine concentrations were significantly decreased, while those of glutamine and glycine were significantly increased. These results demonstrate that there is a disassociation between the plasma and hepatic concentration of free amino acids in sterile inflammation and sepsis. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that some of the alterations in hepatic amino acid metabolism may be reversed pharmacologically by dichloroacetate.

Abscess↗
PubMed1987

Male sterility caused by p6H and qk mutations is not corrected in chimeric mice.

It is not known if the male sterility caused by the pleiotropic mutations p6H (pink-eyed 6H) and qk (quaking) is intrinsic or extrinsic to spermatogenic cells. This question was addressed by juxtaposing mutant and normal cells in the testes of chimeric mice and determining whether the mutant germ cells could form functional sperm. Twenty-one male chimeras consisting of normal cells and p6H/p6H or qk/qk cells were analyzed. For each, breeding productivity and testicular and sperm morphology were determined. Karyotypes and isozyme analyses were performed to identify the two cellular components of each chimera. All male chimeras that contained p6H/p6H, XY cells were sterile. Although some chimeras with a qk/qk, XY mutant component were fertile, none produced offspring from the homozygous qk component. Spermatids of the sterile chimeras showed abnormalities characteristic of the mutations. We conclude from this study that the presence of normal XY germ and somatic cells in the testis did not rescue the male sterile phenotype of homozygous p6H or qk XY germ cells. Therefore, the action of these mutant genes in causing sperm abnormalities and sterility is autonomous to the germ cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Identification of a male meiosis-specific gene, Tcte2, which is differentially spliced in species that form sterile hybrids with laboratory mice and deleted in t chromosomes showing meiotic drive.

Tcte2 (t complex testes expressed 2) is a male meiosis-specific gene that maps to band 3.3 of mouse chromosome 17. Two distinct male fertility defects, hybrid sterility and transmission ratio distortion, have previously been mapped to this region. Hybrid sterility arises in crosses between different mouse species and the F1 generation males have defects in the first meiotic division and are sterile. Transmission ratio distortion is shown by males heterozygous for the t haplotype form of chromosome 17 and is a type of meiotic drive in which male gametes function unequally at fertilization. The Tcte2 gene expresses a coding mRNA and a number of putative non-ORF transcripts in meiosis I. A deletion of the 5' part of the locus abolishes Tcte2 expression on the t haplotype form of chromosome 17. Additionally, the series of putative non-ORF RNAs at the Tcte2 locus are differentially spliced in species that show hybrid sterility when crossed to laboratory mice. The identification of polymorphisms in t haplotypes and in different mouse species allows alleles of Tcte2 to be proposed as candidates for loci which contribute to both meiotic drive and hybrid sterility phenotypes. While theoretical considerations have previously been used to propose that speciation and meiotic drive involve alleles of the same genes, Tcte2 is the first cloned candidate gene to support this link at a molecular level.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Haldane's rule: hybrid sterility affects the heterogametic sex first because sexual differentiation is on the path to species differentiation.

Prevention of recombination is needed to preserve both phenotypic differentiation between species and sexual phenotypic differentiation within species. For species differentiation (speciation), isolating barriers preventing recombination may be pre-zygotic (gamete transfer barriers), or post-zygotic (either a developmental barrier resulting in hybrid inviability, or a chromosomal-pairing barrier resulting in hybrid sterility). The sterility barrier is usually the first to appear and, although often initially only manifest in the heterogametic sex (Haldane's rule), is finally manifest in both sexes. For sexual differentiation, the first and only barrier is chromosomal-pairing, and always applies to the heterogametic sex. For regions of sex chromosomes affecting sexual differentiation there must be something analogous to the process generating the hybrid sterility seen when allied species cross. Explanations for Haldane's rule have generally assumed that the chromosomal-pairing barrier initiating evolutionary divergence into species is due to incompatibilities between gene products ("genic), or sets of gene products ("polygenic), rather than between chromosomes per se ("chromosomal"). However, if chromosomal incompatibilities promoting incipient sexual differentiation could also contribute to the process of incipient speciation, then a step towards speciation would have been taken in the heterogametic sex. Thus, incipient speciation, manifest as hybrid sterility when "varieties" are crossed, would appear at the earliest stage in the heterogametic sex, even in genera with homomorphic sex chromosomes (Haldane's rule for hybrid sterility). In contrast, it has been proposed that Haldane's rule for hybrid inviability needs differences in dosage compensation, so could not apply to genera with homomorphic sex chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A mitochondrial 16 kDa protein is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in sunflower.

Cytoplasmic male-sterile lines CMS89 and CMSBaso of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) differ from the fertile lines HA89 and Baso in a mitochondrial DNA sequence in the vicinity of the atpA gene. In addition, the transcriptional pattern of the atpA gene is changed in male-sterile lines compared to fertile ones. Besides one main transcript in the fertile lines, the male-sterile lines additionally show larger transcripts. Investigation of Baso and CMSBaso revealed that the two fertility-restored lines of CMS89 have the same transcripts as CMSBaso or a combination of CMSBaso and CMS89. Comparing the mitochondrial in organello translation products we observed a unique 16 kDa protein, which is expressed in male-sterile lines carrying the H. petiolaris cytoplasm but is not detectable in fertile lines with H. annuus cytoplasm. The 16 kDa protein can also be observed in restored lines but not in H. petiolaris. As the expression of the 16 kDa polypeptide seems to be linked to the interspecific cross between H. petiolaris and H. annuus it may play a role in CMS. By different criteria such as molecular mass, isoelectric point and peptide fingerprinting the alpha subunit of the F1-ATPase of male-sterile and fertile lines is very similar if not identical.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed1994

Subunit 6 of the Fo-ATP synthase complex from cytoplasmic male-sterile radish: RNA editing and NH2-terminal protein sequencing.

RNA editing and NH2-terminal processing of subunit 6 (atp6) of the mitochondrial Fo-ATPase complex has been investigated for the normal (fertile) and Ogura (male-sterile) radish cytoplasms to determine if previously identified differences between the Ogura atp6 locus and its normal radish counterpart are associated with cytoplasmic male sterility. Analysis of cDNA clones from five different sterile and fertile radish lines identified one C-to-U transition, which results in the replacement of a proline with a serine, in several of the lines. No editing of atp6 transcripts was observed in two lines, Scarlet Knight (normal radish) and sterile CrGC15 (Ogura radish). This is the first example of a naturally occurring plant mitochondrial gene that is not edited. The Ogura atp6 polypeptide is synthesized with a predicted NH2-terminal extension of 174 amino acids in contrast to the nine amino acid extension found in normal radish. In spite of the lack of similarity between the two extensions, NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicates that both polypeptides are processed to yield identical core proteins with a serine as the NH2-terminal residue. These results indicate that ATPase subunit 6 is synthesized normally in Ogura radish, and that it is unlikely that the atp6 locus is associated with Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Cytoplasmic male sterility in sunflower is correlated with the co-transcription of a new open reading frame with the atpA gene.

The organization and expression of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of fertile, male-sterile and restored lines of Helianthus annuus and of H. petiolaris were compared to identify alterations which might lead to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The mtDNAs of fertile and male-sterile lines differ by an 11 kb inversion and a 5 kb insertion. The rearrangements seem to be the result of recombination events within an inverted repeat of 261 bp. Detectable alterations in the transcript pattern of the rearranged mtDNA regions are restricted to the atpA locus. The male-sterile line CMSBaso shows three additional transcripts of the atpA locus of about 2500, 1200 and 250 nucleotides which are not detectable in Baso. However, the coding sequences of the atpA gene are entirely identical in the fertile line Baso and the male-sterile line CMSBaso. But a new open reading frame (orfH522) of 522 nucleotides is co-transcribed with the atpA gene as an additional larger transcript of about 2500 nucleotides in CMSBaso. orfH522 is also included in a second additional transcript of about 1200 nucleotides. The predicted translation product of orfH522 might play a role in CMS in sunflower.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

XY pair associates with the synaptonemal complex of autosomal male-sterile translocations in pachytene spermatocytes of the mouse (Mus musculus).

Analysis of the chromosome behaviour at pachytene has been performed by means of the silver staining technique visualizing the synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in male mice heterozygous for the male-sterile translocations T(5;12)31Hm T(16;17)43H and T(7;19)145H, respectively. the T(9;17)138Ca male heterozygotes and T43H/T43H homozygous males were used as fertile controls. The sterile mice displayed a high frequency (about 60%) of pachytene spermatocytes with autosomal translocation configuration located in close vicinity of the XY pair. The dense round body (XAB), normally located near the X-chromosome axis in fertile males, exhibited abnormal affinity to translocation configuration in the sterile translocation heterozygotes. The incomplete synapsis of autosomes involved in translocation configuration was observed in more than 70% of the pachytene spermatocytes with the male-sterile translocations but less than 20% of the cells from T138Ca fertile male.s. A hypothesis relating the spermatogenic arrest of carriers of male-sterile rearrangements to the presumed interference with X chromosome inactivation in male meiosis is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A disruption of pachytene DNA metabolism in male mice with chromosomally-derived sterility.

DNA metabolism was analyzed in spermatocytes of mice that were sterile either because of X-autosome or autosome-autosome translocations, or because of trisomy. In the strains analyzed, spermatogenic development is arrested by metaphase I or soon thereafter. In all such strains a disruption of the normal pattern of pachytene DNA metabolism occurred. Prepachytene metabolism appeared normal. Disruption was manifest in both the level of endogenously generated nicks during pachytene and in the distribution of nicks among the different DNA sequence classes. Nicking was more intense in the steriles and tended to be randomized in distribution. Satellite DNA underwent pachytene nick-repair in the steriles but not in fertile controls. The repair capacity of spermatocytes from steriles was equal to that of the fertiles; the higher frequency of nicks in the steriles was due to a persistence of nicking activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chromosomally derived sterile mice have a 'fertile' active XY chromatin conformation but no XY body.

We have previously shown that the sex chromosome bivalent of normal, fertile male mice possesses extensive regions of potentially active chromatin, even though, as has been shown by others, certain X-linked genes, and perhaps most of the X chromosome, become inactivated during pachytene. The male meiosis of a fertile (2;11) translocation carrier mouse, a chromosomally derived sterile (11; 19) translocation carrier and that of normal mice is compared. In situ nick translation shows a similar DNase I sensitivity pattern in the sex chromosomes of all examined mice. The X chromosome has four regions of potentially active chromatin conformation, two at the ends of the chromosome and two interstitial ones, coinciding with flexures which become prominent towards late pachytene. The Y chromosome is almost uniformly sensitive to DNase I. The similarity of chromatin conformation patterns in fertile and sterile mice is compatible with the hypothesis that unscheduled transcription of particular genes, possibly included in the active conformation regions, occurs in mice which become sterile. In the sterile (11;19) translocation carrier, a vast majority of all pachytenes are "associated": usually one unpaired segment of chromosome 19 is in end-to-end contact with the X chromosome. The tips of both unpaired segments of chromosome 19 have a thickened axis and display a peculiar chromatin appearance, similar to the modification of the centromeric tip of the X chromosome. Telomeric unpairedness of certain chromosome segments seems to be conducive to autosome-X chromosome association. We suggest that compartmentalization of the nucleus into an autosome mass and a fully developed, protruding, metabolically quiescent XY body, is a precondition for the normal progressing of meiosis. In the associated cells, the autosomal quadrivalent anchors the XY bivalent among the autosomes; as a consequence no XY body is formed. This interference with the course of compartmentalization leads to the abolishment of inactivation of part or all of the potentially active genes and results in meiotic arrest, and hence in sterility.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mitochondrial DNA RFLP and genetical studies of cytoplasmic male sterility in the sunflower (Helianthus annuus).

Fifteen sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cytoplasmic male-sterile, and a single male-fertile, cytotypes were studied by both mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and genetical analysis of male-fertility restoration patterns. It was found by multivariate analysis that the two methods of identification of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) should be of use in sunflower breeding programs. The RFLP study distinguished 13 groups based on differences in mtDNA organization. DNA molecular diversity occurs both within and between the Helianthus species from which the steriles originate. The mitochondrial genes analyzed present specific molecular configurations for each type of sterility studied. The analysis of male-fertility restoration separated the cytotypes into 12 groups. The associations of CMS and inbred restorer lines indicated the presence of specific nuclear genes involved in cytoplasmic male-sterility restoration.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2004

Epistasis underlying female sterility detected in hybrid breakdown in a Japonica-Indica cross of rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Epistasis is considered to be a primary genetic basis of hybrid breakdown. We found novel epistatic genes causing hybrid breakdown in an intraspecific cross of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). F2 progeny derived from a cross between a Japonica variety, Asominori, and an Indica variety, IR24, showed segregation of high sterility for seeds, even though the reciprocal F1 hybrids showed about 60% seed fertility. Backcross populations (BC3F2, BC3F3), obtained from repeated backcrossing with Asominori, showed the segregation of causal genes in a simple Mendelian fashion. Using these populations, we identified that this sterility was hybrid breakdown caused by interaction among three nuclear genes distributed on the both parental genomes. These new genes, designated as hsa1, hsa2, and hsa3, were found to be involved in female gamete development by histological examination. The Indica parent IR24 has a sterile allele, hsa1-IR, which was located at near RFLP marker G148 on chromosome 12, whereas the Japonica parent Asominori has two sterile alleles, hsa2-As on chromosome 8 (close to G104) and hsa3-As on chromosome 9 (close to RM285). Female gametes carrying the hsa1-IR, hsa2-As, and hsa3-As alleles aborted in hsa1-IR homozygous plant, leading to seed sterility and selective elimination of the specific allelic combination. This study provides direct evidence that hybrid breakdown is attributed to epistatic interaction of genes from both parents and suggests that complicated mechanisms has been developed for hybrid breakdown during the evolution of rice.

Chimera↗
PubMed2005

Dominant male sterility in sorghum: effect of nuclear background on inheritance of tissue-culture-induced mutation.

Occurrence of genetic instability and formation of stable mutations are basic genetic processes. This study demonstrates that nuclear background may influence the formation of stable dominant nuclear gene of male sterility (MS) on the basis of unstable mutation, which was induced in tissue culture of the sorghum haploid (cv. Milo-145). The mutants with complete or partial MS segregated in variable ratios in the progenies of diploid regenerants were obtained from different experiments on cultivation of haploid tissues. In the Milo-145 genetic background the mutation demonstrated somatic instability and was gradually eliminated by self-pollination of partially sterile plants. Hybridization of the MS-plants with the sorghum line SK-723, a fertility-restorer of the cytoplasmic MS A1 (milo) type, maintained the induced mutation. By repeated backcrossing of MS-plants with SK-723, the male-sterile versions of this line (SK-723- Ms(tc)) have been created. In BC-generations, fertile, partially and completely sterile plants were observed. The MS-plants from BC-generations are proposed to contain a dominant gene Ms(tc) while fertile plants were ms(tc)/ms(tc) homozygotes. Crossing the original MS-plants with SK-723 was a key factor in stabilization of the Ms(tc) gene. Dominant expression of the Ms(tc) was observed in male-sterile versions of other sorghum lines created by backcrossing to SK-723- Ms(tc). The lines fertility-restorers for this mutation have been revealed. In the crosses of restored F1 hybrids with emasculated plants of the non-restoring line, the Ms(tc) has been transferred through the pollen and manifested in the F1 generation. The possibility of the Ms(tc) originating as a result of interaction of an unstable allele of the Milo-145 with the SK-723 genome is discussed.

Breeding↗
PubMed2006

Two recessive genes controlling thermophotoperiod-sensitive male sterility in wheat.

Male sterility of wheat-breeding line 337S (Triticum aestivum L.) is sensitive to both short day-length/low temperature and long day-length/high temperature. 337S was crossed with the common wheat variety, Huamai No. 8 and the F1 was highly fertile. The F2 population segregated in a 15:1 ratio for fertility/sterility in 243 individuals under long day-length/high-temperature. The two thermophotoperiod-responsive male sterile genes were mapped to chromosomes 5B and 2B using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers and bulked segregant analysis. Partial linkage maps around the sterility loci of chromosomes 2B and 5B were constructed using the 243 individuals in the F2 population. One gene (wptms1) for male sterility was flanked by the SSR markers Xgwm335 and Xgwm371 at a genetic distance in chromosome 5B of 4.1 and 24.4 cM, respectively. The second gene (wptms2) was mapped between markers Xgwm374 and Xgwm120 at a genetic distance of 6.6 and 20.9 cM, respectively. The closest linked markers Xgwm335 (wptms1) and Xgwm374 (wptms2) explained 53 and 38% of phenotypic variation for the fertility. The SSR markers provide a useful tool to transfer the male sterile genes into elite wheat germplasm.

Chromosome Mapping↗