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PubMed2006

The effect of indoxacarb and five other insecticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).

A laboratory study assessed the contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticidal soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). Amblyseius fallacis is a predacious phytoseiid mite and an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in North American apple orchards. The other two beneficials are widely used in greenhouses to manage various arthropod pests infesting vegetable and ornamental crops. Indoxacarb is a slow-acting insecticide, so toxicity data were recorded 7 days post-treatment when the data had stabilised. It showed no toxicity to O. insidiosus nymphs or to A. fallacis or P. persimilis adults. The LC50 values for O. insidiosus nymphs and P. persimilis could not be estimated with their associated confidence limits, because the g values were greater than 0.5 and under such circumstances the lethal concentration would lie outside the limits. The LC50 for A. fallacis was 7.6x the label rate. The fecundity of P. persimilis was reduced by 26.7%. The eclosion of treated eggs from both species of beneficial mites was not affected adversely. Among the other pest control products, S-kinoprene and endosulfan affected adversely at least one species of the predators, whereas dimethoate, abamectin and insecticidal soap were very toxic to all three beneficials. Indoxacarb should be evaluated as a pest control product in IPM programmes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of Protonation on the Solution and Phase Behavior of Aqueous Sodium Myristate.

Aqueous sodium myristate solutions have been shown to have unusually low dynamic tensions (1-10 mN/m) under pulsating area conditions. These solutions have no sharp solubility limit, evidently because they are protonated (or "hydrolyzed") to form the much less soluble myristic acid and acid soaps. With no added electrolytes, the protonation fraction is 1% or less. The apparent protonation equilibrium "constant" increases with increasing concentration, indicating strong solution nonidealities, in addition to micellization. This protonation seems to affect the solution and phase behavior of aqueous sodium myristate strongly, as evidenced by the effect of added NaOH. Ion-selective electrodes (for Na(+) and H(+)) and conductimetry indicate that at 25 degrees C dissolved surfactant concentrations keep increasing well after dispersed particles are observed (2 mM). A cmc of about 4.5 mM, micelles of aggregation number n=70 and counterion binding parameter beta=0.7 are inferred from these techniques. The cmc of sodium myristate increases slightly with temperature from 25 to 45 degrees C. FTIR analysis of the filtered particles indicates that the dispersed particles are mainly acid soaps for concentrations less than 6 mM. With 10 mM NaOH, the particles observed above 2 mM consist mostly of sodium myristate. From both conductivity and IR data, the solubility of sodium myristate in water at 25 degrees C is estimated to be about 6 mM, and as expected, it increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing sodium ion concentration. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Effect of foam films on gas diffusion.

We report an experimental investigation of the permeability to gas of systems of one or several soap films freely standing in a straight tube, using either reactive gas (NH(3)) or inert gas (argon). The series of soap films appears to be the simplest paradigm of successive lamellae arrangements encountered in foams confined in a porous medium. To conduct the experiments, we devised two novel methods for the determination of gas diffusion fluxes: one based on reactive changes of pH by NH(3) and the other on mass spectrometry. The permeability of a single film, stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, was found to be 3.50+/-0.04 10(-2) cm/s for argon and 3.18+/-0.07 10(-4) cm/s for NH(3). The permeability value for the inert gas is in good agreement with data obtained by the diminishing-bubble method. When the number of films increases, the permeability decreases considerably as a result of cumulative film resistance effects. We also developed a simple phenomenological model based upon a combination of gas kinetic and energy barrier concepts to interpret our data. This model takes into account gas solubility and the effects of salinity, which have seemingly been ignored in previous models. The predicted film permeability decreases sharply with increase surfactant concentration, indicating the occurrence of higher adsorption and increasingly compact surfactant layers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

On the use of infrared spectroscopy for the in vivo measurement of the water content of the horny layer after application of dermatologic ointments.

Infrared-spectroscopic investigations of the water content of the stratum corneum after application of emulsions and wash solutions are reported. As a methodologic variation infrared spectroscopy is applied after stripping the skin to determine the hydration of various depths of the stratum corneum by ointments. Using soap as an example, a method of correcting the overlap effects between the ointment and skin spectrums is presented which expands the application possibilities of infrared spectroscopy. An o/w emulsion with plenty of water and a w/o emulsion containing less water produce to almost the same degree a hydration of the deeper layers of the stratum corneum which lasts for at least 40 min. The report in the literature that soap solutions produced a stronger hydration of the stratum corneum and surfactant solutions is not supported.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypertonic saline enema in gastrointestinal ascariasis.

Many dangerous surgical complications like intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis with perforation, ileal perforation in a typhoid patient, Meckel's diverticulitis, disruption of post operative intestinal anastomosis, volvulus, and intussusception are known to occur due to ascariasis, with considerable morbidity and mortality. In this retrospective study of 250 cases of gastrointestinal ascariasis admitted in paediatric surgical wards of Govt. Medical College, Jabalpur (MP), the authors analysed the results of conservative (especially the use of hypertonic saline enema-given just like an ordinary soap water enema but substituting freshly made hypertonic saline in place of soap water) and surgical treatment. The success rate of conservative treatment was 95.6%. Hypertonic saline passes through the incompetent ileo-caecal valve (present in 80% of children) and irritates the worm bolus commonly situated in the terminal ileum, causing it to disintegrate. It also helps to increase the intestinal motility and passage of worms into the colon. The use of hypertonic saline enema is safe and effective in the conservative treatment of gastrointestinal ascariasis. Authors feel that it is the most grossly under utilized part of conservative treatment and deserves to be known and used on wider scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of handwashing agents on bacterial contamination.

In order to assess the effect of handwashing agents like soap and ash on the control of bacterial contamination, the study was carried out in two villages of Rajendranagar mandal of Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh. Twenty households belonging to high income group and twenty households belonging to low income group having 1-2 years age children were randomly selected for the study handwash samples. Before feeding the child handwash samples after washing with different agents were collected and analysed for bacterial contamination. The study revealed that use of soap or ash for washing hands before feeding the child reduced hand contamination significantly.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2006

Mercury in fish scales as an assessment method for predicting muscle tissue mercury concentrations in largemouth bass.

The relationship between total mercury (Hg) concentration in fish scales and in tissues of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from 20 freshwater sites was developed and evaluated to determine whether scale analysis would allow a nonlethal and convenient method for predicting Hg concentrations in tissues. The relationship between total Hg concentration in untreated scale samples and muscle tissue is highly variable. Several different scale treatments were tried in an effort to increase the coefficient of determination and thereby enhance the effectiveness of this predictive technique. Washing scales with acetone, deionized (DI) water, detergent solution, and soap were used in conjunction with ultrasonication. The use of a mild soap solution with heating and ultrasonication increased the r(2) the most (from 0.69 [untreated scales] to 0.89). However, despite treatment, wide predictions of tissue Hg concentration remained. These results suggest that application of this technique as an independent method for issuance of fish advisories is inappropriate. Nevertheless, our results showed that scale analysis has potential for assessing general trends in concentration relative to a tissue criterion and for assessing Hg contamination in fish tissue as a first-level screen.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

The role of computed tomography in terminal ballistic analysis.

Terminal ballistics concerns the science of projectile behaviour within a target and includes wound ballistics that considers what happens when a projectile strikes a living being. A number of soft tissue ballistic simulants have been used to assess the damage to tissue caused by projectiles. Standard assessment of these materials, such as ballistic soap or ordnance gelatine, requires the block to be opened or that a mould to be made to visualize the wound track. This is time consuming and may affect the accuracy of the findings especially if the block dries and alters shape during the process. Therefore, accurate numerical analysis of the permanent or temporary cavity is limited. Computed tomography (CT) potentially offers a quicker non-invasive analysis tool for this task. Four commercially purchased ballistic glycerine soap blocks were used. Each had a single firearm discharged into it from a distance of approximately 15 cm using both gunshot and shotgun projectiles. After discharge, each block was imaged by a modern 16 slice multi-detector CT scanner and analysed using 3-D reconstruction software. Using the anterior-posterior and lateral scout views and the multi-plane reconstructed images, it was possible to visualize the temporary cavity, as well as the fragmentation and dispersal pattern of the projectiles, the distance travelled and angle of dispersal within the block of each projectile or fragment. A virtual cast of the temporary cavity can be also be made. Multi-detector CT with 3-D analysis software is shown to create a reliable permanent record of the projectile path allowing rapid analysis of different firearms and projectiles.

Forensic Ballistics↗
PubMed1990

An evaluation of the surface characteristics of a facial prosthetic elastomer. Part III: Wettability and hardness.

Silicone facial prosthetic elastomers may cause tissue damage by abrasion. Such damage is a particular concern when prostheses are mechanically retained against tissues compromised by adjunctive therapy. The hardness and wettability of Cosmesil material was compared with that of Molloplast-B material. The stone test surfaces were separated with soap, sodium alginate, silicone paste, and left untreated. A polished stainless steel surface was prepared as a control. The specimens of Cosmesil and Molloplast-B materials were processed against each of these surfaces. Ten specimens of each material were processed against the five different surfaces. Wettability was evaluated by measuring the contact angle with a profile projector. Indentation hardness was measured with a Shore-A durometer. Statistical analysis involved multiple analyses of variation and Tukey's procedures (in all cases p less than 0.05). Molloplast-B material was found to have a higher wettability than Cosmesil material (means = 3.22 degrees higher); sodium alginate separator yielded silicone specimens with the highest wettability; Molloplast-B material was found to be harder than Cosmesil material (means = 9.75 Shore-A indentation units harder). The softest silicones were processed with soap separator. Silicone grease yielded the hardest specimens. The mechanical performance of Cosmesil material would be enhanced by increasing the surface wettability. The hardness of Cosmesil material is within the ideal range for a maxillofacial prosthetic elastomer.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1991

The effect of disinfectants on perforated gloves.

Three types of gloves, 'Biogel', 'Regent Dispo Surgical' gloves and Ansell gammex were perforated, and contaminated with Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms applied either to the hand or the glove surface. The glove surface was decontaminated with alcoholic chlorhexidine ('Hibisol'), methylated spirit, or soap and water. The experiments were performed in triplicate on three separate days. The experiments were designed to study the ability of the three disinfection methods to reduce the bacterial count of 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) ml-1 (applied to perforated gloves or hands) sufficiently to permit the re-use of such gloves for non-sterile ward procedures. The best method of disinfection was using alcoholic chlorhexidine which not only reduced glove surface carriage but also reduced transfer of bacteria to the hands through the perforation in the gloves. Soap and water was the least effective. Escherichia coli was more easily removed than P. aeruginosa. We recommend that non-sterile ward procedures may be carried out even after gloves have been perforated provided alcoholic chlorhexidine is used between each procedure to reduce cross-infection between patients.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1984

Effects of handwashing agent, handwashing frequency, and clinical area on hand flora.

Six hundred twenty-two isolates from 554 samples taken from hands of 103 hospital personnel and 50 controls were obtained over a mean period of 35 days. Eighty-five were obtained immediately before and after handwashing (HW), the remainder after HW only. The relationship of HW agent used, clinical area and job, and frequency of HW to rates of bacterial colonization and numbers and types of organisms isolated, particularly gram-negative bacteria, were evaluated. The HW agent used ( nonantiseptic , hexachlorophene-based, chlorhexidine-based, or iodophor) was significantly correlated with the number of isolates obtained from each sample. Control subjects, all of whom used nonantiseptic soaps, had 1.42 mean isolates per sample; hospital personnel who used nonantiseptic soap had a mean of 1.00 isolates per sample. Other means were 1.25, hexachlorophene; 1.43, iodophor; 0.79, chlorhexidine; and 0.67 for those who used several different antiseptics, p less than 0.0001. The agent was also correlated with the type of organisms isolated (p = 0.002), but not with the counts of colony-forming units (CFU). Frequency of HW was significantly correlated with CFU counts before (p = 0.03) and after (p = 0.001) HW. In general, numbers decreased with increasing HW frequency, but at the higher HW frequencies there was a slight rise. There were significant differences in numbers of isolates per sample according to clinical area, with personnel working in obstetrics and nonpatient areas having the greatest number and those working on neonatal and medical-surgical units having the least (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1991

Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum postemergence translocated herbicide. Its interactions with skin and potential systemic availability through percutaneous absorption was studied by skin binding, skin absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination. Glyphosate in a final formulation (Roundup) undiluted and diluted with water 1:20 and 1:32, would not partition into powdered human stratum corneum (less than 1%). In vitro percutaneous absorption through human skin into human plasma as receptor fluid was no more than 2% over a concentration range of 0.5-154 micrograms/cm2 and a topical volume range of 0.014-0.14 ml/cm2. Disposition of glyphosate following iv administration of 93 and 9 micrograms doses to rhesus monkeys was mainly through urine excretion, 95 +/- 8 and 99 +/- 4% in 7 days, respectively. Percutaneous absorption in vivo in rhesus monkey was 0.8 +/- 0.6% for the low dose (25 micrograms/cm2) and 2.2 +/- 0.8% for the high dose (270 micrograms/cm2). No residual 14C was found in organs of the monkeys euthanized 7 days after the topical application. Washing the skin application site with soap and water removed 90 +/- 4% of applied dose, and washing with water only removed 84 +/- 3% of applied dose. Both soap and water and water only were equal in ability to remove glyphosate from skin over a 24 hr skin application period. About 50% of the initially applied dose could be recovered after 24 hr. Glyphosate is very soluble in water and insoluble in most organics (octanol/water log P = -1.70) and therefore not compatible with the lipid-laden stratum corneum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Calcium inhibits the damaging and compensatory proliferative effects of fatty acids on mouse colon epithelium.

Intrarectal instillations of the fatty acids (FA), lauric, linoleic or oleic acids induce inflammation and superficial lysis of the colon epithelium. This reaction is followed by increases in colonic mitotic activity and the number of cells engaged in DNA synthesis in compensatory regeneration for the cells that were lost. This explains, in part, the promotional effect of dietary fat in carcinogenesis. Concomitant oral administration of calcium salts, as CaCO3, largely reduced the mitogenic effects of fatty acids on colon epithelium, presumably by forming biologically inert calcium soaps. Calcium soap formation of dietary fatty acids may be one natural mechanism by which colon epithelium cells are protected hence reducing the impact of dietary fat on carcinogenesis for this organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Investigations on the mechanism of adipocere formation and its relation to other biochemical reactions.

In the adipocere, which is one of the postmortem changes, some specific fatty acids possessing higher melting points, together with soap, play an important role in the formation of adipocere. These fatty acids were shown to be mainly 10-hydroxystearic and 10-hydroxypalmitic acids. Moreover, slight amounts of 10-oxostearic and 10-oxopalmitic acids, which have higher melting points than those of hydroxy fatty acids, exist in the adipocere as well. The substantial adipocere is formed and stabilized by these specific fatty acids together with the soap. The hydroxy fatty acid (OHFA) and oxo fatty acid (OXOFA) are biosynthesized by some bacterial enzymes. Various aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are involved in the formation of adipocere. For example, microbial conversion of various unsaturated fatty acids to 10-OHFA by Micrococcus luteus was investigated. It turned out that 10-OHFA was synthesized only from fatty acids possessing cis-9-unsaturation. It was also shown that 10-OHFAs were converted to the corresponding 10-OXOFAs but the 10-OXO compounds were inactive as substrates. Furthermore, it was found that the enzyme preparations from Flavobacterium meningosepticum solubilized by sonication catalyzed not only hydration of oleic acid to produce 10-hydroxystearic acid, but also dehydrogenation of this product in the presence of deuterium. On the other hand, we found out that there was 10-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (10-OHODA) from linoleic acid in some kinds of adipocere. Recently, 10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid (leukotoxin, LTx), which is one of the lipid peroxides, was found not only in rice plants but in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Since LTx was found in leukocytes related to inflammatory response, interest has been focused on its involvement, not only in the basic mechanism of biological defense, but also on the mechanism of shock as a vasoactive substance. A postmortem change itself is only remotely associated with a phenomenon in a living body. However, 10-OHODA found in adipocere seemed to exist also in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting that this compound might be closely related to a biological reaction.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

The effect of dietary calcium supplementation on intestinal lipid metabolism.

Population studies in man and experimental animal work support the contention that dietary supplementation with calcium may prevent the development of colorectal cancer. The mechanism of action is postulated to be bile acid chelation in the small-bowed forming non-toxic calcium soap compounds but such substances have yet to be isolated and quantified. In this 2-part study faecal concentrations of acidic lipids and neutral sterols were measured in 93 Sprague-Dawley rats whose calcium intake was modulated by enriching the chow and adding calcium lactate (24 milligrams) to the drinking water. In study-1 (dietary calcium intake doubled from 0.4-0.8%) small bowel resection was used to manipulate colonic lipid concentration for comparison with control rats who had undergone transection with immediate restoration of bowel continuity at an equivalent point. Faecal concentrations of free bile acids were 53-67% less in animals receiving added calcium [1.76 +/- 1.33 vs 0.82 +/- 0.65 mg/g (transection); 2.74 +/- 3.73 vs 1.03 +/- 1.27 mg/g (small bowel resection): P less than 0.001]. In study-2 (dietary calcium intake trebled to 1.21%) faecal bile acid concentration was reduced by 32% (1.86 +/- 0.57 vs 1.27 +/- 0.34 mg/g: NS) whereas long chain fatty acid concentrations were increased by 117% (6.77 +/- 2.39 vs 14.67 +/- 4.82 mg/g: P less than 0.001) in animals receiving added calcium. Serum calcium levels remained unchanged in these animals. Calcium soaps of the bile acids were not detected in faeces and therefore contrary to popular theory these results indicate that conditions within the intestinal lumen favour calcium chelation of long chain fatty acids rather than bile acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses.

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections most commonly result from person-to-person transmission via the hands of health care workers. METHODS: We studied the efficacy of hand hygiene agents (n = 14) following 10-second applications to reduce the level of challenge organisms (Serratia marcescens and MS2 bacteriophage) from the hands of healthy volunteers using the ASTM-E-1174-94 test method. RESULTS: The highest log 10 reductions of S marcescens were achieved with agents containing chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), triclosan, benzethonium chloride, and the controls, tap water alone and nonantimicrobial soap and water (episode 1 of hand hygiene, 1.60-2.01; episode 10, 1.60-3.63). Handwipes but not alcohol-based handrubs were significantly inferior from these agents after a single episode of hand hygiene, but both groups were significantly inferior after 10 episodes. After a single episode of hand hygiene, alcohol/silver iodide, CHG, triclosan, and benzethonium chloride were similar to the controls in reduction of MS2, but, in general, handwipes and alcohol-based handrubs showed significantly lower efficacy. After 10 episodes, only benzethonium chloride (1.33) performed as well as the controls (1.59-1.89) in the reduction of MS2. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial handwashing agents were the most efficacious in bacterial removal, whereas waterless agents showed variable efficacy. Alcohol-based handrubs compared with other products demonstrated better efficacy after a single episode of hand hygiene than after 10 episodes. Effective hand hygiene for high levels of viral contamination with a nonenveloped virus was best achieved by physical removal with a nonantimicrobial soap or tap water alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Peripheral venous placement: evaluation of guidelines respect in prehospital setting].

INTRODUCTION: Respect of guidelines for peripheral venous placement has never been studied in prehospital setting. OBJECTIVE: Describe prehospital practice in peripheral venous placement and perform comparison with guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study, in mobile intensive care unit from a university hospital, October 2002 to January 2003. Study of prehospital practice for peripheral venous placement in prehospital setting and comparison with guidelines. Guideline from Anaes: wearing a cap and a mask, washing hands, washing insertion site with water and soap, wearing sterile gloves, using sterile gauze, applying iodine solution to the insertion site, using catheter with a protective system and applying occlusive dressing. RESULTS: Six hundred seventy-three reports were studied. A cap and a mask wearing and washing insertion site with water and soap were never respected. Washing hand with antiseptic was reported in 56% of the cases, washing insertion site with iodine solution in 4%, wearing sterile gloves in 21%, using catheter with a protective system in 89%, using sterile gauze in 1% and applying occlusive dressing in 99%. For each criterion, respect of guidelines was significantly more frequent in nurse practice than in physician practice. CONCLUSION: Guidelines for peripheral venous placement were not respected in prehospital setting. Education and formation are necessary to optimize infectious risk prevention in prehospital care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A silver coated dressing reduces the incidence of early burn wound cellulitis and associated costs of inpatient treatment: comparative patient care audits.

In 2000 and 2002, the Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) Burn Unit, Western Australia, conducted two 'before and after' patient care audits comparing the effectiveness and cost of Silvazine (silver sulphadiazine and chlorhexidine digluconate cream) and Acticoat, a new dressing product for in-patient treatment of early burn wounds. The main outcome variables were: burn wound cellulitis, antibiotic use and cost of treatment. Two patient care audits and a comparative sample were used. The two regimes audited were, 'standard treatment' of twice daily showers or washes with 4% chlorhexidine soap and Silvazine cream as a topical dressing (2000, n=51), compared with the 'new treatment' of daily showers of the burn wound with 4% chlorhexidine soap and the application of an Acticoat dressing (2002, n=19). In 2002, costs were also examined using a sample of matched pairs (n=8) of current and previous patients. The main findings were: when using Acticoat the incidence of infection and antibiotic use fell from 55% (28/51) and 57% (29/51) in 2000 to 10.5% (2/19) and 5.2% (1/19) in 2002. The total costs (excluding antibiotics, staffing and surgery) for those treated with Silvazine were US$ 109,357 and those treated with Acticoat were US$ 78,907, demonstrating a saving of US$ 30,450 with the new treatment. The average length of stay (LOS) in hospital was 17.25 days for the Silvazine group and 12.5 days for the Acticoat group-a difference of 4.75 days. These audits demonstrate that Acticoat results in a reduced incidence of burn wound cellulitis, antibiotic use and overall cost compared to Silvazine in the treatment of early burn wounds.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗