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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Odor perception in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity.

Since symptoms typical for multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) are induced by exposure to low levels of chemicals, we hypothesize that MCS represents an impaired recognition of odors or an increased emotional reaction to common odors. Twenty-five subjects with MCS, 20 women and 5 men, and 50 gender-and-age matched controls participated in this study. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT) were administered. In addition to selecting the most probable odor among the four, the subjects were asked their impression of each odor. Odor identifiability evaluated by the scores of two tests, were almost equal in MCS and control groups. The mean CC-SIT odor per person with pleasant feeling was lower in MCS than in controls. The mean odor per person creating an unpleasant sensation was higher in MCS than in the controls. Gingerbread was the only odor making MCS subjects more pleasant than the controls. Nine out of 40 UPSIT odors were felt as unpleasant by MCS subjects more than by controls. This study indicates that MCS subjects are able to identify the odors equally as well as the controls but feel unpleasant to a larger number of odors than the controls. Despite unknown mechanisms of the altered odor perception in MCS, the application of these tests for diagnostic procedure of MCS is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of an aqueous and a powder formulation of nasal budesonide compared in patients with nasal polyps.

Nasal polyps are commonly treated surgically. Intranasal administration of topical corticosteroids has gained increased acceptance as a treatment alternative. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of treatment of two formulations of budesonide with placebo on nasal polyps. At four Danish clinics 138 patients suffering from moderate or severe nasal polyps were randomized to a twice daily treatment with Rhinocort Aqua 128 micrograms, Rhinocort Turbuhaler 140 micrograms or placebo (Astra Draco, Sweden) for 6 weeks. Polyp size (primary efficacy variable), nasal symptoms, sense of smell, and patients' overall evaluation of treatment of efficacy were assessed by scores. Polyp size was reduced significantly in both budesonide treated groups compared with placebo, but there was no statistical difference between the two actively treated groups. Patients' nasal symptom scores was significantly more reduced in the Aqua compared to the Turbuhaler treated group, and both reduced symptom scores were significantly better compared to placebo. Sense of smell was significantly improved in the actively treated groups compared to placebo. The proportion of patients rating substantial or total control over symptoms after 6 weeks treatment was 60.9% and 48.2% in the Aqua and Turbuhaler-treated groups, respectively, which was significantly better compared with 29.8% in the placebo-treated group. Rhinocort Aqua and Rhinocort Turbuhaler were equally well tolerated.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal polyps treatment: medical management.

The objectives of medical management of nasal polyposis are 1) to eliminate nasal polyps and rhinitis symptoms, 2) to reestablish nasal breathing and olfaction, and 3) to prevent recurrence of nasal polyps. Although antibiotics are used for infectious complications of nasal polyposis, only glucocorticosteroids (steroids) have a proven effect on the symptoms and signs of nasal polyps. Topically applied steroids is the therapeutic modality that has been best studied in controlled trials. It reduces rhinitis symptoms, improves nasal breathing, reduces the size of polyps and the recurrence rate, but it has a negligible effect on the sense of smell and on any sinus pathology. Topical steroids can, as long-term therapy, be used alone in mild cases, or combined with systemic steroids/surgery in severe cases. Systemic steroids, which are less well studied, have an effect on all types of symptoms and pathology, including the sense of smell. This type of treatment, which can serve a "medical polypectomy," is only used for short-term improvement due to the risk of adverse effects. Individualized management of nasal polyposis may use long-term topical steroids, short-term systemic steroids, as well as surgery, in various combinations. Exactly how these therapies, which differ in their control of various symptoms, are optimally combined is not yet well established.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Olfactory and trigeminal thresholds and nasal resistance to airflow.

Nasal congestion associated with the common cold or allergy is associated with a decreased sensitivity of the sense of smell. This study was designed to detect any relationship between nasal resistance to airflow and the ability to detect odors presented to the nose. In particular we were interested to determine if the asymmetrical nasal resistance to airflow associated with the nasal cycle influenced nasal thresholds to menthol which is detected by trigeminal nerves and vanillin which is detected by olfactory nerves. Nasal resistance to airflow and the thresholds for L-menthol and vanillin were measured for each nasal passage in 17 normal volunteer subjects. Nasal resistance to airflow was asymmetrical due to the nasal cycle with a resistance on the high side of 0.94 +/- 0.15 Pa/cm3 s (mean +/- S.E. n = 17). and 0.48 +/- 0.04 Pa/cm3 s on the low side. The range of unilateral nasal resistances varied from 0.31-2.55 Pa/cm3 s. Despite these variations in nasal resistance to airflow no relationship was found between nasal resistance to airflow and thresholds for menthol or vanillin. Since threshold and nasal resistance are not related in normal subjects this may indicate that it is not the level of nasal congestion that affects the sense of smell in nasal infection and allergy, but some other factor related to the inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Olfaction assessment in daily practice].

A simple examination system for the detection and follow-up of olfactory disorders is described. This model distinguishes levels of detection, variations in the characteristics of smells, recognition of smells, and the number of correct responses. A systematic procedure is described.

Cranial Nerves↗
PubMed1999

[Semiology and etiology of anosmia: apropos of 306 patients].

Chemosensory dysfunction is relatively common. This article describes a series of 306 patients who presented with anosmia. We divided olfactory disorders into those associated with interruption of the transport of stimulus and those associated with damage to either peripheral or central nervous system structures. Nasal and paranasal sinus disease (transport interruption) was found to be causative in 67% of patients presenting with anosmia. These patients are generally 45 years old, the loss of olfaction is progressive and associated with additional nasal symptoms. Upper respiratory infection was found to be causative in 18% of patients. They are generally older, with a mean age of 58 years and are predominantly female (78%). The loss of smell is sudden and anosmia is often accompanied by troublesome parosmias (50%). CT-scan is necessary for the evaluation of a smell dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Assessing appetite in Dutch elderly with the Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: In investigating anorexia of ageing, attention is often given to physical and psychological determinants of appetite in the elderly but little has been done to provide information on self-assessment of appetite and sensory perceptions in the elderly. OBJECTIVES: to provide data and detect possible differences in self-assessment of appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perception in different health group of elderly using the Appetite, Hunger feelings and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire. METHODS: three health categories of elderly subjects were used for the present study: free-living with no help, free-living with help and nursing home elderly. For each group, collected data were general characteristics, anthropometry and answers to the AHSP. The AHSP questionnaire includes 29-items focusing on feelings of hunger and appetite as well as taste and smell perception addressing both the present situation and the period before retirement. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the 3 health groups for appetite, hunger feelings, present taste perception and present smell perception (P<0.05). Appetite and hunger were found to be related to body weight in the healthiest but not in the others. CONCLUSION: A decline in health status is paired with a decrease in appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perceptions of elderly subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Remarks on the olfactory perception mechanism].

After presenting the morphology of the olfactory epithelium, the author describe the smell stimulation mechanism of the olfactory receptor. The importance of the connection between the receptor and protein G is emphasised. The author also presents the theories on the possibility of smell identification in the peripheral olfactory system.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[Normative data of the Biolfa(R) olfactory test].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of the Biolfa(R) olfaction test and establish normative values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The new Biolfa(R) olfaction test includes a quantitative test to measure the olfactory threshold of three substances in a concentration range from 1 to 9 and a semi-quantitative test to assess olfactory "acuteness" for eight substances. Substances used for this test entail non-significant trigeminal stimulation. A population of 28 women and 24 men without olfactory dysfunction were tested. RESULTS: The olfactory threshold obtained with the quantitative test ranged from 5.86 to 9.54 for women, and from 6.4 to 9.6 for men. Analysis of the thresholds identified with the semi-quantitative test enabled establishing normative values for recognition of the eight substances. These values were reported on a diagram to allow partial translation of each subject's olfactory "acuteness". Olfactory threshold and smell identification ability were statistically superior for women. CONCLUSION: The Biolfa(R) olfaction test is the first allowing determination of both the olfactory threshold and quantification of smell identification ability. Normative values were obtained in this study to detect disease states.

Feasibility Studies↗
PubMed2002

[Olfaction in congenital hypothyroidism].

The aim of the study is to present results of the olfactory testing in congenital hypothyroidism in the group of 20 subjects. The etiology of hypothyroidism included: Pendred's syndrome in 2 cases, hypoplasia in 2 cases, athyreosis in 5 cases and ectopy of thyroid gland in 11 cases. Olfactory testing involved olfactometry by Elsberg-Levy modified by Pruszewicz for 4 odorants: coffee, lemon, mint and anise; smell fatigability test by Pruszewicz et al. for lemon. Level of plasma TSH was determined in each subject. Age of the subjects, at which hormonal replacement therapy was started and regularity of the treatment were taken into consideration. Obtained results: impaired odorant identification and shortened smell fatigability period prove a significant impact of thyroid status on central nervous system development most probably already prior to birth and on cognition processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Know your nose. An inside look at how it keeps you healthy.

Your nose provides you with the remarkable ability to smell. But smell is only one small part of how your nose works. The most important function of the nose is to clean, moisten and warm the air you breathe before it reaches your lungs.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Attributes of specialist search dogs--a questionnaire survey of UK dog handlers and trainers.

The ideal and actual characteristics of specialist search dogs have been examined in questionnaire surveys of 244 dog handlers and trainers from the six main UK dog-using Government agencies. The ten most important characteristics were (ideal level in brackets): acuity of sense of smell (very high), incentive to find an object which is out of sight (very high), health (very high), tendency to hunt by smell alone (very high), stamina (very high), ability to learn from being rewarded (very high), tendency to be distracted when searching (very low); agility (high), consistency of behaviour from day to day (high), motivation to chase an object (high). Significant differences between actual and ideal levels were found for 22 of the 30 characteristics, predominantly in undesirable attributes, suggesting that there is scope for significant improvement in operational effectiveness.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Local and systemic administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of olfactory loss.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of patients with olfactory dysfunction from local (group A) or systemic (group B) administration of corticosteroids. METHODS: This unblinded study was conducted at a smell and taste outpatient clinic of an institutional referral center. Patients with olfactory loss after infections of the upper respiratory tract, patients with apparent sinonasal disease, and patients suffering from "idiopathic" smell loss were included. Effects of mometasone nasal spray, administered for 1-3 months, were studied in 37 patients. In addition, effects of oral prednisolone were analyzed in 55 patients who received decreasing doses over 21 days, starting with a dose of 40 mg. Olfactory function before and after treatment was measured. RESULTS: Although odor identification scores tended to increase (p = 0.05), mometasone nasal spray did not significantly improve olfactory function, when looking at the entire group of patients or when analyzing the three diagnostic categories separately. In contrast, after systemic administration of corticosteroids, improvement of olfactory function was seen over all diagnostic categories (p < 0.001). Interestingly, olfactory function also improved in patients diagnosed with olfactory loss after upper respiratory tract infection (p = 0.05) and in patients initially diagnosed with "idiopathic," olfactory dysfunction (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: In many patients, local application of corticosteroids appears to have little or no positive effect on olfactory dysfunction, especially when considering long-term changes. Duration of disease, the patient's age/sex, or the presence of parosmia does not appear to predict the response to therapy with corticosteroids.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resection of the inferior superior turbinate: does it affect olfactory ability or contain olfactory neuronal tissue?

BACKGROUND: One approach to the sphenoid sinus involves resection of the inferior portion of the superior turbinate. There is general agreement from anatomic investigations that this area contains olfactory mucosa. This study will determine if olfactory tissue can be found in the superior turbinate mucosa of patients with chronic sphenoiditis and what effect its removal has on a patient's olfactory ability. METHODS: The inferior one-third of the superior turbinate removed during endoscopic sphenoidotomy was stained with olfactory marker protein antibody, a marker for mature olfactory tissue. The specimens were graded for content of olfactory neuronal elements. All patients underwent uninasal 12-item smell identification testing before surgery and at least 3 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-five superior turbinate samples were taken from 31 patients. Nine (16%) of 55 samples contained olfactory neuronal elements that stained with olfactory marker protein. When comparing the pre- and postoperative smell test results, 52% of the nostrils had no more than a one-item change, 35% of the nostrils had a more than one-item improvement, and only 12% had more than a one-item loss. None of the nostrils with a loss of olfactory ability after the surgery showed olfactory neuronal elements in their superior turbinate specimens. CONCLUSION: There is olfactory mucosa in approximately one-sixth of the superior turbinate specimens removed during the endoscopic transethmoidal sphenoidotomy procedure. Although 12% of the patients had a loss of olfactory ability in this study, none of the loss could be attributed to excision of olfactory tissue.

Female↗
PubMed2005

[A case of a child with bad odor].

The odor emitted by a patient may be one of the first major clues leading to an early diagnosis. Certain conditions produce a characteristic smell and several diseases are associated with a specific odor. We report an illustrative case and review olfactory physiology, the value of smell in physical examination, and finally discuss several illnesses associated with unusual odors.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Antimicrobial drug suspensions: a blind comparison of taste of fourteen common pediatric drugs.

Children of preschool age most often receive medications in liquid form, and smell and taste are major determinants in achieving compliance. We compared smell, taste and other characteristics of 14 commonly prescribed antimicrobial suspensions in a blind test in 30 adult volunteers to determine whether there was a difference in their acceptability. A significant difference was observed with cephalosporins ranking highest and penicillins ranking lowest. Our findings support anecdotal observations and claims often made by parents that cephalosporin antimicrobial suspensions taste good and are readily accepted by children and that penicillin suspensions have an unpleasant taste and aftertaste and are poorly accepted. Other drugs had intermediate scores. Of the two erythromycin suspensions evaluated, Ilosone tested superior to Erythromycin ES.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluating guidelines for "selection and training of staff for odor analysis"--a 7-year longitudinal study].

During a 7 years longitudinal study on a representative group the guideline "selection and schooling of personal for odour analysis" was reexamined. It could be shown that the selection in two steps is well suited to recognize anosmia and hyposmia, respectively and that normal osmia is well to be characterized by smell scores of 30-42. A statistical significant training effect could be shown with the qualitative test for training of the odour memory as well as the articulation in describing of smell impressions. The result of the rank order test demonstrate the practicable subdivision of the odour intensity into 5 degrees.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

[Electric stimulation of the human olfactory nerve--an approach to short-term memory?].

Electrical stimulation of the human olfactory mucosa was performed by means of an electrode, which was attached to a rhinoscope. Stimulations of the nasal mucosa did not evoke the sensation of smell, but suppressed smell sensations of presented odorants. When electrical stimulation followed the exposure to an odorant within a certain interval, the stimulus recalled the faded sensation of the preceding odorant. Electrical stimulation without prior natural stimulation produced unpleasant sensations in three patients with a history of temporal lobe seizures and olfactory auras, but not in patients with primary generalized or focal epilepsy.

Electric Stimulation↗