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[Communication behavior between parents and their adolescent children and correlation with indicators of self concept].

Formats of communication within families are believed to be relevant contexts for children's development. Cultural values, norms, and interpretation patterns are transferred from parents to children within the family's specific communication framework. By the same token, skills to maintain the balance of living together or to realize one's own wishes are acquired within the scope of extant formats of exchange among family members. Puberty is a period, where a child strives for more autonomy and tends to dispute present parent-child relationships. The focus of the study is on links between formats of communication within the family and adolescents' estimations of the relationships with their parents and also adolescents' judgments about their self-esteem. 67 families with an adolescent child (between 11 and 12 years old at the beginning of data collection) participated in a longitudinal study, in which adolescents judged the quality of their relationship with parents as well as their self-esteem every six months over a period of three and a half years (8 waves). In addition, concrete communication behavior between parents and adolescents was observed and recorded during the first, fourth, sixth, and eight wave of data collection. Results point to considerable differences among adolescents' judgments concerning their quality of relationship with the parents and their self-esteem. Groups could be formed according to these differences. Data also show that adolescents show a high degree of constancy in their estimations over time. However, communication behaviors in parent-adolescent dyads showed divergent patterns of communication across the different groups on the one hand, and different degrees of variation of communication formats within groups over time on the other, dependent on whether adolescents belonged to the group of high quality relationship and self-esteem (considerable variation over time) or to the group of low quality relationship and self-esteem (less variation over time). Results are discussed under the perspective of adolescents' different experiences in family communication, and implications of possible links between development of self-esteem and adaptive or nonadaptive variations in family communication are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Pressure ulcers, self-concept and body image in spinal cord injury patients.

The occurrence of pressure ulcers is an important problem for persons with spinal cord injury. Pressure ulcers, though preventable, can engender serious physical and psychological consequences. Living with a spinal cord injury entails the adaptive mechanisms described by Roy (Andrews & Roy, 1991).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Culture and spontaneous self-concept among Filipino college students.

Responses of 157 Filipino college students to the Twenty Statements Test (TST) were analyzed for content and compared with earlier responses to the TST by U.S. and Hong Kong Chinese college students. Despite the supposedly collectivist nature of the Filipino culture, far fewer Filipino students than U.S. and Hong Kong Chinese students described themselves in terms of social roles. Contrary to theoretical claims, the Filipinos made greater use of the global identity category than did either the U.S. or Hong Kong Chinese students. Evidence also supported the cross-cultural validity of 4 of the Big Five (McCrae & Costa, 1988) personality traits. However, there are questions about the relevance of Openness to Experience to any of these three cultures. Moreover, the finding that the Filipino respondents reported a higher percentage of positive self-descriptions than did either the U.S. or Chinese respondents indicated that such differences cannot be explained in terms of the individualism-collectivism dimension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Facing stress and conflict: a comparison of the predicted responses and self-concepts of aggressive and non-aggressive people with intellectual disability.

The present research consisted of two studies. A total of 44 participants were involved in the first study: 22 individuals with problems of aggression (Ag) and 22 non-aggressive (NAg) individuals. A sentence completion test was used to explore whether there were differences between the two groups' predicted coping responses in stressful situations. While the Ag group provided most aggressive responses, the NAg participants were more assertive. However, gender differences also emerged, with women proving to be less aggressive. A high number of passive answers were given across all the groups, suggesting that background experience could have influenced the participants' sense of efficacy in stressful situations. In the second study, a subsample of the participants were interviewed. The aim was to explore whether particular background experience coloured their perceptions of self and others, in situations of conflict. While nine out of the 10 Ag participants described incidents where they felt treated in a derogatory manner which could be linked to their disability, only two out of the nine NAg participants felt slighted in this fashion. Hence, a vulnerable sense of self could contribute to greater sensitivity in interpersonal situations, increasing the likelihood of an aggressive response. The clinical relevance of this work is discussed, alongside the possibilities for future research in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Preschool children's motor development and self-concept.

The relationships among age, motor age, and perceived competence of 31 preschool children were explored. The Peabody Motor Developmental Scales and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance assessed children's motor age and perceived competence, respectively. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that age followed by perceived competence contributed significantly to children's motor age. However, neither age nor motor age contributed significantly to perceived competence.

Child Development↗
PubMed1983

[The effect of alcohol withdrawal syndrome on the self concept of alcoholics in the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI) at admission and in the course of therapy].

Looking through the items of the FPI the hypothesis was proposed that the FPI determines aspects of the alcohol-withdrawal-syndrome. Greater deviations from standard norms found on admission and greater changes during inpatient treatment can be attributed to the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms and their improvement. Alcoholics without withdrawal symptoms seem to describe themselves quite normally on personality dimensions.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cross-sectional age differences in the self-conceptions of adults.

105 young, 104 middle-aged, and 96 elderly adults were asked to supply 20 answers to the question "Who am I." This followed previous research which has shown the responses of children and adolescents display an age-related increase in the number of abstract ideas used to answer this question. Participants of all age groups also used a high number of abstract ideas to characterize themselves, but the nature of these abstractions showed maturation-related variations in openness, competence, and moral integrity. This pattern of results supports Erik Erikson's theory of identity development in adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[The personality and self-concept of aggressive children: a typologic approach].

A sample of 57 children aged 9 to 14 years with aggressive behavior disorders was compared with an unselected clinical control group of non-aggressive children with regard to personality traits and child psychiatric classifications. The children were divided into groups of more or less aggressive symptoms (mainly aggressive--partly aggressive--non aggressive patients) and after statistical grouping according to personality traits. Three type factors could be extracted, and their relationship to the principal symptoms was analyzed. Finally the relevance of the three type factors for an efficient classification and therapy of children with aggressive conduct disorders is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Self concept of obese children].

The author observed 58 obese and 28 control children aged from 7,7 to 15,1. Every child had drawn two pictures, the first presenting ideal body figure and the second--his (her) own portrait. There were differences between obese and control groups. It was found that 63% of obese children had a wrong estimation of her (his) own portrait. The study showed that they underestimated their figures, because they are not able to make critical selfestimation (very young children) or they do not realize their obesity. They prefer to show themselves without unpopular obesity. The investigation may be helpful in recognition of the children's attitude to their obesity, which assures the success in therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Dimensions of adult self-concept.

A 70-item adjective checklist was administered to four groups of adults as part of a longitudinal study of psychosocial change during four normative transitions. Data gathered at two times with a five-year interval were cluster analyzed separately. Six clusters were extracted from the first set of data, 7 from the second, with minor changes in dimensionality: all 6 original clusters had counterparts in the second analysis, but some dimensional change was seen in all but one cluster. The argument is made that although such dimensional change is often treated as error or completely ignored in longitudinal research, this inattention can lead to serious problems in the interpretation of results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Change in the self-concept of drug-dependent patients in inpatient care].

As a rule, drug addicted people show a distinctly diminished estimate of the value of their selves. It is investigated whether this estimate changes during a inpatient stay on a drug rehabilitation ward and whether the selected methods of investigation form an adequate means of evaluating the therapeutic program. It can be shown that under certain conditions (duration of stay, compliance, problem-solving ability) this is indeed the case. However, it remains an open question, whether the observed amelioration has to be viewed as a non-specific effect of the change of milieu or whether it depends on the therapeutic program offered on the ward.

Hospitalization↗
PubMed1998

Race and gender as components of the working self-concept.

A sample of 78 U.S. students carried beepers for 1 week and reported in situ on their awareness of gender and race. The participants to whom gender and race were more important were more aware of those characteristics, and their awareness of gender and race was more variable across situations. Awareness was higher in public than in private settings; it was also higher during athletic than during academic involvement. The White participants were more aware of race when they were in the racial minority; the non-White participants were more aware of race when they were in the racial majority. All the participants were more aware of gender when they were in the gender minority.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Self-concept changes related to war captivity.

A questionnaire was mailed to all US Air Force repatriated prisoners of the Vietnam was (POWs) still on active duty, and to matched controls, in the fall of 1976. Results were analyzed to determine long-term consequences of the war imprisonment experience. We hypothesized that individuals experiencing the greatest stress and frustration might believe they gained more psychologically than those less stressed. The questionnaire results indicated a distinct subgroup of POWs for which this was particularly true, although the subjective sense of feeling somehow "benefited" by the experience was by no means universal. This study supports the hypothesis that the subjective sense of having benefited from the experience of war imprisonment is positively correlated with the harshness of the experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tests of multiplicative models in psychology: a case study using the unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.

Theories that posit multiplicative relationships between variables are common in psychology. A. G. Greenwald et al. recently presented a theory that explicated relationships between group identification, group attitudes, and self-esteem. Their theory posits a multiplicative relationship between concepts when predicting a criterion variable. Greenwald et al. suggested analytic strategies to test their multiplicative model that researchers might assume are appropriate for testing multiplicative models more generally. The theory and analytic strategies of Greenwald et al. are used as a case study to show the strong measurement assumptions that underlie certain tests of multiplicative models. It is shown that the approach used by Greenwald et al. can lead to declarations of theoretical support when the theory is wrong as well as rejection of the theory when the theory is correct. A simple strategy for testing multiplicative models that makes weaker measurement assumptions than the strategy proposed by Greenwald et al. is suggested and discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Evaluating measurement models in clinical research: covariance structure analysis of latent variable models of self-conception.

Indirect measures of psychological constructs are vital to clinical research. On occasion, however, the meaning of indirect measures of psychological constructs is obfuscated by statistical procedures that do not account for the complex relations between items and latent variables and among latent variables. Covariance structure analysis (CSA) is a statistical procedure for testing hypotheses about the relations among items that indirectly measure a psychological construct and relations among psychological constructs. This article introduces clinical researchers to the strengths and limitations of CSA as a statistical procedure for conceiving and testing structural hypotheses that are not tested adequately with other statistical procedures. The article is organized around two empirical examples that illustrate the use of CSA for evaluating measurement models with correlated error terms, higher-order factors, and measured and latent variables.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

[Ego identity and self-concept problems in children of psychotic parents. Results of a qualitative cross-sectional study].

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to previous high-risk studies of children of parents suffering from psychosis a new approach to the difficulties of affected children will be tested, using the linguistic and narrative tools of biography studies. METHODS: The transcribed texts of biographical interviews of affected children will be analysed linguistically and hermeneutically through "close reading". RESULTS: The linguistic and interpretative study of these texts will demonstrate the children's specific problem of identity-formation and their construction of reality and biography through the order of language (as shown by their uses of metonymy and metaphor). CONCLUSIONS: By using the method of biographical research a) the creative potential of patients and their children is exposed, b) a qualified view of mental illnesses can be reached in the field of symbolic practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Self concept of men from childless married couples after receiving information about sperm value].

The questionnaire included 220 men from childless married couples who referred to the Department of Reproduction and Andrology of the Medical Academy in Lublin for 4 months in 1992. The treatment period of childlessness in those couples ranged from several months to 17 years. The authors tried to establish if, and to what extent the receipt of information affected the well being and sexual life of those men. It was found out that the information and awareness of the value of own sperm resulted in the change of well being in 80.5% of the studied men. In the subjective evaluation they appeared to be more irritable in everyday life and/or their feeling about own value as men was reduced. Such changes were noticed both by those who had been informed about the proper test results as well as by those with test results varying from the standard. In almost half of the respondents (41.8%) the sexual activity was changed or the frequency of sexual satisfaction feeling was reduced. The obtained results as well as the lack of wider approach to this problem in Polish literature indicate the significance of further studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The stigma of epilepsy as a self-concept.

To study the extent to which persons with epilepsy feel stigmatized by the disorder, a sample of 445 individuals with epilepsy is analyzed. By first defining stigma in quantifiable terms and then by assessing the prevalence of stigma among the individuals studied, two alternative models that postulate the causes of stigma are investigated. The first model, a simple medical approach, assumes that because epilepsy is stigmatizing for an individual with the disorder, a direct relationship exists between the severity of the individual's seizure and the perception of stigma. The second model, a sociopsychological approach, assumes that the effects of seizure severity on the perception of stigma are mediated by other individual characteristics. The results of the study suggest, first, that persons with epilepsy do not universally feel stigmatized by the disorder. Second, by investigating the validity of these assumptions with regression and path analysis techniques, the findings support the premise of the sociopsychological model. The relationship between the severity of seizures and the perception of stigma due to the disorder is found to be highly dependent on other characteristics in the individual with epilepsy, such as the perception of employment discrimination, the perception of limitations imposed by the disorder, and the years of school attained by the individual.

Adult↗