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PubMed1990

Effects of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Dunaliella tertiolecta extracts on the central nervous system.

We report the effects of aqueous extracts of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Bacillariophyceae) on oxotremorin-induced cholinergic symptoms, amphetamine-induced hypermotility, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions, and Rota-rod test performance. Both extracts significantly reduced rectal temperature, spontaneous motor activity, and time on the Rota-rod and increased the number of mice falling off the rod before 180 s, but neither protected against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions or against oxotremorin-induced tremor, salivation, and diarrhoea.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Psychophysiological aspects of depressive syndromes.

Compared to 30 healthy controls, 59 drug free patients with primary major depression exhibited significantly higher rates of heart beat, respiration, and eye blinking; longer simple and associative reaction times; fewer spontaneous fluctuations of skin resistance, a lower salivation rate, a faster habituation rate of skin resistance orienting response, and a smaller CNV area in the EEG. Skin resistance level, speech pause time, N1P2 amplitudes of acoustically evoked potentials and the postimperative negative variation (PINV) in the EEG did not differ between groups. All deviations are nosologically unspecific; they can be regarded as signs of overarousal, as deficits, or as the result of protective inhibition. In all subjects the investigation was repeated twice, while the patients were treated with either amitriptyline or oxaprotiline, repetition of measurement influenced several variables, but most patient/control differences remained unaffected--irrespective of the drug applied.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Functional and morphologic results of pedicled and microvascular anastomosis in tissue transfer].

UNLABELLED: From 1982 to 1992, large intraoral and pharyngeal soft-tissue defects were reconstructed using myocutaneous island flaps in 95 patients, free jejunal interpositions in 10 patients and forearm flaps in 18 patients at the Magdeburg School of Medicine, Department and Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology. Sixty-five patients were followed up after various time periods in order to assess the functional results. Investigation and evaluation of the individual patients' resultant quality of life were based on a specifically prepared examination questionnaire. In particular, the evaluation included: the mouth opening gap, motility of the tongue, sufficient masticatory area, adequate provision to fit artificial teeth, malocclusion, the extent of mandibular deviation, assessment of the swallowing act, articulation disturbances, paraesthesia, function accessory nerve, atrophy of the trapezius muscle, motility of the cervical spine, flexibility in the shoulder girdle, as well as subjective information obtained from the patients (pain, feeling of dryness, increased salivation, occupational rehabilitation, organisation of leisure time). In 45 patients, biopsy material from the transferred tissue was examined at varied time intervals after primary therapy. IN CONCLUSION: The functional results obtained for the myocutaneous island flaps, the forearm flap and the free jejunal interposition were satisfactory, and only minor differences were noted. From the morphological point of view, all the three types of tissue transfer were found to have adapted adequately to the recipient site.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1993

[Hypersalivation as a leading symptom of neoplastic meningiosis in highly malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

Partial remission of a centroblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, clinical stage IV A, in a 79-year-old man was achieved by six courses of chemotherapy with epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine. The only residual finding was a palpable small cervical lymphoma. After a treatment pause of about 6 weeks increasing hypersalivation set in which ultimately made food intake impossible and led to a breakdown in the patient's general state. Findings in the region of the head, neck, throat and the base of the skull were unremarkable, but cerebrospinal fluid contained 1300/3 cells, almost all of them lymphoblasts. After five intrathecal injections of at first 15 mg methotrexate and 4 mg dexamethasone each, followed by five more with 40 mg cytarabine added to them, the CSF cell count became normal. At the same time salivation clearly decreased and food intake became once again possible. The patient died 5 months later from hypercalcaemia due to osseous infiltrations. Until his death there was no recurrence of the hypersalivation as the cardinal sign of meningeal carcinomatosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Neostigmine for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction -- that is, massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction -- may develop after surgery or severe illness. Although it may resolve with conservative therapy, colonoscopic decompression is sometimes needed to prevent ischemia and perforation of the bowel. Uncontrolled studies have suggested that neostigmine, may be an effective treatment. METHODS: We studied 21 patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. All had abdominal distention and radiographic evidence of colonic dilation, with a cecal diameter of at least 10 cm, and had had no response to at least 24 hours of conservative treatment. We randomly assigned 11 to receive 2.0 mg of neostigmine intravenously and 10 to receive intravenous saline. A physician who was unaware of the patients' treatment assignments recorded clinical response (defined as prompt evacuation of flatus or stool and a reduction in abdominal distention), abdominal circumference, and measurements of the colon on radiographs. Patients who had no response to the initial injection were eligible to receive open-label neostigmine three hours later. RESULTS: Ten of the 11 patients who received neostigmine had prompt colonic decompression, as compared with none of the 10 patients who received placebo (P<0.001). The median time to response was 4 minutes (range, 3 to 30). Seven patients in the placebo group and the one patient in the neostigmine group without an initial response received open-label neostigmine; all had colonic decompression. Two patients who had an initial response to neostigmine required colonoscopic decompression for recurrence of colonic distention; one eventually underwent subtotal colectomy. Side effects of neostigmine included abdominal pain, excess salivation, and vomiting. Symptomatic bradycardia developed in two patients and was treated with atropine. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction who have not had a response to conservative therapy, treatment with neostigmine rapidly decompresses the colon.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1991

Hyperalgesia induced in the rat by the amino-terminal octapeptide of nerve growth factor.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) in the mouse submandibular gland undergoes cleavage of its amino-terminal octapeptide when salivation is induced by epinephrine. The significance of this event is uncertain; cleaved NGF demonstrates bioactivity and no function has been attributed to the octapeptide produced (NGF-OP; Ser-Ser-Thr-His-Pro-Val-Phe-His). Enzyme inhibition studies indicating structural relatedness of NGF-OP and bradykinin (BK) prompted us to determine whether NGF-OP would elicit BK-like actions. We found that like BK, NGF-OP induced a decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold (i.e., produced hyperalgesia) in the hairy skin of the rat. This effect was dose-dependent and sequence-specific; like BK it was attenuated by sympathectomy and indomethacin pretreatment. However, NGF-OP actions appeared to be distinct from those for BK in that tissue injury was required for NGF-OP to induce hyperalgesia. Furthermore, we found no evidence that NGF-OP bound to or activated BK receptors. Our data indicate that NGF-OP is a distinct mediator of hyperalgesia. We suggest that NGF-OP alters pain threshold in the injured target regions of NGF-responsive neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Defective fluid secretion and NaCl absorption in the parotid glands of Na+/H+ exchanger-deficient mice.

Multiple Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) are expressed in salivary gland cells; however, their functions in the secretion of saliva by acinar cells and the subsequent modification of the ionic composition of this fluid by the ducts are unclear. Mice with targeted disruptions of the Nhe1, Nhe2, and Nhe3 genes were used to study the in vivo functions of these exchangers in parotid glands. Immunohistochemistry indicated that NHE1 was localized to the basolateral and NHE2 to apical membranes of both acinar and duct cells, whereas NHE3 was restricted to the apical region of duct cells. Na(+)/H(+) exchange was reduced more than 95% in acinar cells and greater than 80% in duct cells of NHE1-deficient mice (Nhe1(-/-)). Salivation in response to pilocarpine stimulation was reduced significantly in both Nhe1(-/-) and Nhe2(-/-) mice, particularly during prolonged stimulation, whereas the loss of NHE3 had no effect on secretion. Expression of Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter mRNA increased dramatically in Nhe1(-/-) parotid glands but not in those of Nhe2(-/-) or Nhe3(-/-) mice, suggesting that compensation occurs for the loss of NHE1. The sodium content, chloride activity and osmolality of saliva in Nhe2(-/-) or Nhe3(-/-) mice were comparable with those of wild-type mice. In contrast, Nhe1(-/-) mice displayed impaired NaCl absorption. These results suggest that in parotid duct cells apical NHE2 and NHE3 do not play a major role in Na(+) absorption. These results also demonstrate that basolateral NHE1 and apical NHE2 modulate saliva secretion in vivo, especially during sustained stimulation when secretion depends less on Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Experimental infection of cattle with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

Infection of cattle with various stocks of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense indicated that 49% developed a fatal CNS disease comparable to that found in man. Duration of disease ranged from 85 to 1613 days post infection. All eight stocks of T. b. rhodesiense tested, including those from Ethiopia and Tanzania, induced CNS disease. Blood became positive three to five days after inoculation, and after an initial peak of parasitaemia remained positive for three to five months. Subinoculation of blood into rodents subsequently became negative, although trypanosomes persisted in the lymph nodes for at least 56 to 1613 days. Only animals with CNS disease had detectable parasites in the CSF, usually after the animals had undergone severe deterioration. At post mortem examination trypanosomes could usually be found in the lymph nodes and CSF, and occasionally in the blood. Clinical signs included fever, hyperkinesia, weight loss, cerebellar ataxia, tremor, salivation and hyperaesthesia. A mild to moderate anaemia accompanied a transient thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Animals subsequently developed leucocytosis. A pleocytosis and elevated total protein in the CSF was found, which persisted in some animals for long periods. Histopathological examination of the brain showed prominent generalized perivascular infiltrates consisting mainly of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mott's cells were regularly observed. Vascular changes were characterized by swollen endothelium, infiltration of the vascular wall by inflammatory cells, and in some instances perivascular oedema. In the most severe cases evidence of ischaemia consisted of large numbers of astrocytes, rarefaction of the parenchyma, and areas of necrosis with loss of normal architecture. Demyelination was limited to perivascular areas. Occasionally a moderate to severe pancarditis was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Muscarinic poisoning from medications and mushrooms. A puzzling symptom complex.

A mixture of signs and symptoms can occur with muscarinic poisoning from medications or mushrooms. Manifestations may vary even among persons who ingested mushrooms grown in the same patch and gathered at the same time. Confusion can occur if mushroom poisoning is attributed to a suspected species rather than to the toxin suggested by signs and symptoms. Accurate diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion and recognition of muscarinic manifestations, notably diaphoresis, salivation, bladder cramping, diarrhea, and difficulty with visual accommodation. Muscarinic toxicity due to medications necessitates an adjustment in drug dosage. In mushroom poisoning that produces primarily muscarinic effects, atropine is the treatment of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Superphosphate poisoning of sheep: the role of fluoride.

Earlier work confirmed that the fundamental lesion of superphosphate poisoning is an acute toxic tubular nephritis in which both phosphate and fluoride may play a part but their respective roles could not be determined. In this study, sheep poisoned by sodium fluoride (NaF) were compared with sheep poisoned by superphosphate containing approximately 1.5% fluoride. The LD50 of NaF was in the range 100 to 300 mg/kg (45 to 135 mg F/kg). This range is of the same order as the amount of fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate (70 to 90 mg F/kg). A lethal dose of NaF caused severe depression, salivation, hyperpnoea, blindness, ataxia and incoordination. Death ensued three to 52 hours after dosing. Acute necrotizing rumino-reticulitis and abomasitis and necrosis of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney were the characteristic lesions of NaF toxicity. Superphosphate poisoning took a more protracted course with depression and diarrhoea as the predominant clinical signs until the terminal coma. As with NaF, the notable lesions were in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, but were less severe. Although there were differences in the clinical and pathological manifestations of the two forms of poisoning, the comparable toxic dose of NaF and of the fluoride in a toxic dose of superphosphate, and the similar target organs involved, support the view that fluoride plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of superphosphate poisoning. It is probable that phosphate plays a contributory role but the nature of the interaction of fluoride and phosphate remains to be established.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thromboembolic meningocephalitis caused by Haemophilus somnus infection in a bull calf-a new disease in New Zealand.

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) caused by Huemophilus somnus infection was diagnosed for the first time in New Zealand in an eight month old bull calf. Clinical signs included pyrexia, excessive salivation, recumbency, opisthotonus and rigidity of the front legs. Multiple red, malacic foci (1-10 mm in diameter) were visible grossly on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and were scattered throughout the brain parenchyma. Histologically these lesions consisted of focal haemorrhage, necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration. Fibrin thrombi and colonies of gram negative bacteria were present in many small blood vessels within necrotic foci. An organism with the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Haemophilus somnus was cultured from the brain. Although TEME is an important disease of feedlot cattle in North America and Europe it is relatively uncommon in cattle grazing pasture and is therefore unlikely to become a major problem in New Zealand.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Effect of potassium cyanide on behaviour and time to death in possums.

AIM: To assess the sickness behaviours of possums after eating a lethal dose of potassium cyanide. METHOD: Spontaneous behaviour and the time to loss of physical responses were examined. RESULTS: Cyanide ingestion caused a short-lasting period of mild respiratory stimulation. There was no salivation, retching or vomiting. Convulsions occurred in 73% of the possums. After the ingestion of cyanide, the average time to onset of ataxia was 3 minutes, the average time to overall loss of consciousness was 6.5 minutes, and the time to cessation of breathing was 18 minutes. CONCLUSION: Cyanide is a rapid-acting toxin with few undesirable signs from the welfare perspective.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The use of a medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine combination to enable blood sampling in young pigs.

AIM: To determine the suitability of a reversible, injectable anaesthetic combination including medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine to produce the degree of immobilisation required to allow blood sampling in young pigs. METHODS: Twenty 6-week-old crossbred, intact male pigs were sedated with an intramuscular (I/M) injection of 80 microg/kg medetomidine, 200 microg/kg butorphanol and 25 microg/kg atropine. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were monitored. Excessive salivation, gagging, laryngeal reflex, presence of pedal reflex and deep and surface analgesia were noted. Time of injection and the time when pigs reached mild and full sedation were also recorded. RESULTS: Mild sedation was produced in 90% of pigs after 5.6 (SEM 0.96) min (n = 18; median 5, range 2-16 min), and full sedation (lateral recumbency and loss of jaw tone) in 60% of pigs after 12.5 (SEM 2.14) min (n = 12; median 10, range 5-28 min). The depth and duration of sedation were very variable and most animals were easily aroused. Ninety percent of the animals required the administration of halothane by mask to allow blood sampling, but the amount of halothane required was small. Heart and respiratory rates decreased (p < 0.001) but remained within the normal range. Rectal temperature was above normal at the time of sedation and at the time of blood sampling when the ambient temperature was 29 degrees C but not when the ambient temperature was reduced to 25 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine at these doses produced sedation of variable depth and duration that was insufficient on its own to allow blood sampling in the majority of pigs. Hyperthermia can occur in temperature-controlled environments when using medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in pigs. Reduction of stress and a quieter environment may improve the effects of the anaesthetic combination.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1998

Comparative presynaptic neurochemical changes in rat striatum following exposure to chlorpyrifos or parathion.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) exert acute toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in target tissues. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated, however, that dosages of the OPs chlorpyrifos (CPF) or parathion (PS), which cause similar degrees of brain AChE inhibition in adult male rats, can produce marked differences in toxicity. While compensatory changes in postsynaptic receptors can modulate the clinical expression of AChE inhibition and lead to tolerance to these toxicants, we propose that OP-selective changes in presynaptic cholinergic processes can also regulate the ultimate consequences of AChE inhibition. The relative effects of either vehicle (peanut oil, 2 ml/kg, sc), CPF (280 mg/kg), or PS (6.6 mg/kg) on clinical signs of toxicity and AChE activity, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU), and potassium-evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release in striatum were examined for a 7-d period after exposure in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro effects of CPF-oxon or paraoxon, the active oxidative metabolites of CPF and PS, on HACU were also examined in comparison with the prototype inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3). Similar to our previous findings in male rats, female rats treated with dosages of CPF or PS causing similar maximal degrees of AChE inhibition (82-96%) exhibited marked differences in response; that is, PS produced more extensive signs of acute toxicity (salivation, lacrimation, urination and/or defecation, i.e., SLUD signs and involuntary movements). CPF reduced striatal synaptosomal HACU at 1, 2, and 7 d after exposure, whereas PS only decreased HACU at 2 d posttreatment. While CPF-oxon was a weak inhibitor of HACU (IC50 > 200 microM), paraoxon had no effect on this process in vitro. Potassium-evoked ACh release in the presence of physostigmine (20 microM) was not affected by either OP at 1 d but was increased 2 d after either CPF or PS treatment and remained elevated at 7 d after exposure in CPF-treated rats only. ACh release in the presence of both physostigmine and the muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 microM) was decreased by both OPs as early as 1 d after exposure and remained lower at 2 d posttreatment. By 7 d, however, ACh release in response to atropine was decreased in CPF-treated animals only, suggesting that both CPF and PS affected muscarinic autoreceptor function but with somewhat different time courses. These results suggest that different OPs may selectively modify presynaptic cholinergic processes and that early, OP-selective changes in HACU/ACh synthesis may contribute to the differential toxicity noted following extensive AChE inhibition by either CPF or PS.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of multiple micronutrient supplementation in the management of oral submucous fibrosis in Karachi, Pakistan.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral precancerous condition characterized by symptoms such as intolerance to spicy food, altered salivation, progressive difficulty in opening the mouth, and signs like vesiculation, ulceration, blanching, rigidity, and stiffening of the oral mucosa and depapillation and altered mobility of the tongue. It is seen mostly among people of Indian subcontinent origin. The major structural change is extensive fibroelastic scarring of the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues. A combination of micronutrients (vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E) and minerals (iron, calcium, copper, zinc, magnesium, and others) was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling the symptoms and signs of OSF in 117 compliant subjects in Karachi, Pakistan, in a single-arm preliminary study. The subjects received supplementation for one to three years. Significant improvement in symptoms, notably intolerance to spicy food, burning sensation, and mouth opening, was observed at exit. The interincisor distance deteriorated in 11 subjects (10%) at exit; it was stable in 56 subjects (49%) and improved in 48 (41%). The mean interincisor distance was 19.1 +/- 10.8 (SD) mm at exit compared with 16.2 +/- 7.5 mm at baseline. A significant proportion of concomitant lesions like leukoplakia also regressed at exit. The major outcome from this study was a beneficial clinical response in subjects with OSF to multiple micronutrient intervention, which justifies its further evaluation in well-designed randomized controlled trials in other settings in South Asia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Congenital duodenal stenotic diaphragm in the foal.

A two-month-old female foal with duodenal stenosis is described. The foal was in poor condition and showed an abnormal stable behaviour. She stood preferably with her head stretched out and reposing on the mare's back or on the stable ridge. Salivation was an important symptom. Clinical and radiological examination of the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the oesophagus showed no abnormalities, except for the antiperistaltic wave along the oesophagus. Because of her bad condition the filly was euthanized. At post mortem examination, apart from leukoplakia, an erosive ulcerative inflammation was found in the oesophagus and the oesophageal part of the stomach. The stomach was severely dilated, as was the proximal part of the duodenum. A diaphragm in the duodenum with a small perforation was found nine cm distally from the pyloric canal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic proliferative changes and clinical signs in cynomolgus monkeys administered a recombinant derivative of human epidermal growth factor.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) effects have been explored extensively in vivo in rodents, but little is known about trophic responses in nonhuman primates. A previous publication reports the hyperplastic epithelial/parenchymal changes noted in the digestive tract (tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands) of adult cynomolgus monkeys treated with recombinant human EGF(1-48) (rhEGF(1-48)). This report documents clinical findings and structural effects in the remaining epithelium-containing tissues of these animals. Two monkeys/sex/dose received rhEGF(1-48) by intravenous bolus at 0 (vehicle), 10, 100, 500 (females only), or 1,000 microg/kg/day (males only) daily for up to 2 weeks. Treatment- and dose-related clinical findings included emesis, fecal alterations (soft feces and diarrhea), lacrimation, nasal discharge, hypoactivity, transient hypotension, and salivation after dosing. Male monkeys administered 1,000 microg/kg became moribund after 5 days of treatment and were necropsied. All other monkeys completed the 2-week treatment period. Necropsy findings in nongastrointestinal tissues were: enlarged, pale kidneys at 100 microg/kg and greater; small thymuses seen sporadically at all doses; and enlarged adrenals and small thyroids in males at 1,000 microqg/kg. Respective organ-to-brain weight ratios at 500 and 1,000 microg/kg for kidneys were 1.5- and 2.6-fold greater and for heart were 1.7- and 1.3-fold greater than controls. Microscopically, pronounced dose-related epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia were evident in kidney, urinary bladder, skin (epidermis and adnexa), mammary gland, prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, uterus, cervix, vagina, thyroid, thymus, tonsillar crypts, cornea, trachea, and pulmonary airways. Epitheliotrophic effects were conspicuous in many tissues at 100 to 1,000 microg/kg. Changes to renal collecting ducts were present at 10 microg/kg, suggesting that kidneys were a relatively sensitive target. Proliferative alterations were not apparent in testes, intraocular structures, brain ependyma and choroid plexus at any dose. Aside from the noted exceptions, rhEGF(1-48) was a pantrophic epithelial mitogen in cynomolgus monkeys when used intravenously at suprapharmacologic doses.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Adverse events of acupuncture and occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of craniomandibular disorders.

Occlusal splint therapy and acupuncture have been found to provide positive treatment in a number of studies. As with other therapies, adverse events may occur. In this paper, adverse event refers to any reaction to a treatment besides the intended treatment effect--irrespective of any correlation between the treatment and the reaction. This reaction can be positive, as well as negative, to the patient. In the present study, 61 patients with craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) were treated with acupuncture or occlusal splint therapy and the adverse events were carefully recorded. The results show that the profile of the adverse events differed between the two treatment modes. Acupuncture seemed to have adverse events of a more general nature, e.g., relaxed feeling, improved sleep, temporarily increased pain; whereas, adverse events of occlusal splint therapy seemed to be more locally related to the orofacial region, e.g., increased/decreased salivation and tension in the teeth. The majority of the patients responded positively to both treatment modalities. Only in a few cases did the patients consider the treatment uncomfortable. No serious adverse event or complication was observed in this study.

Acupuncture Therapy↗