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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Small body size in an insect shifts development, prior to adult eclosion, towards early reproduction.

Life-history theory has suggested that individual body size can strongly affect the allocation of resources to reproduction and away from other traits such as survival. In many insects, adults eclose with a proportion of their potential lifetime egg production that is already mature (the ovigeny index). We establish for the solitary parasitoid wasp Aphaereta genevensis that the ovigeny index decreases with adult body size, despite both initial egg load and potential lifetime fecundity increasing with body size. This outcome is predicted by adaptive models and is the first unequivocal intraspecific demonstration. Evidence suggests that a high ovigeny index carries a cost of reduced longevity in insects. Our results therefore contribute to the emerging evidence that small body size can favour a developmental shift in juveniles that favours early reproduction, but which has adverse late-life consequences. These findings are likely to have important implications for developmental biologists and population biologists.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of patient history data on the prediction of breast cancer from mammographic findings with artificial neural networks.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors evaluated the contribution of medical history data to the prediction of breast cancer with artificial neural network (ANN) models based on mammographic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three ANNs were developed: The first used 10 Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) variables; the second, the BI-RADS variables plus patient age; the third, the BI-RADS variables, patient age, and seven other history variables, for a total of 18 inputs. Performance of the ANNs and the original radiologist's impression were evaluated with five metrics: receiver operating characteristic area index (Az); specificity at given sensitivities of 100%, 98%, and 95%; and positive predictive value. RESULTS: All three ANNs consistently outperformed the radiologist's impression over all five performance metrics. The patient-age variable was particularly valuable. Adding the age variable to the basic ANN model, which used only the BI-RADS findings, significantly improved Az (P = .028). In fact, replacing all history data with just the age variable resulted in virtually no changes for Az or specificity at 98% sensitivity (P = .324 and P = .410, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patient age was an important variable for the prediction of breast cancer from mammographic findings with the ANNs. For this data set, all history data could be replaced with age alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Molecular systematics and evolution of reproductive traits of North American freshwater unionacean mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia) as inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences.

North American freshwater unionacean bivalves are a diverse group of nearly 300 species. Unionaceans exhibit an array of conchological, anatomical, life history, and reproductive characteristics that have figured prominently in proposed classification schemes. Recently, two very different classifications of North American unionaceans have been proposed. Depending on the classification system utilized, a very different evolutionary trajectory of anatomical and reproductive features is obtained. The lack of a robust, well corroborated phylogeny of North American unionacean bivalves hinders the progress of evolutionary and ecological studies involving these species. Here we present a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based phylogeny for North American unionacean mussels and compare it to previously proposed classifications. In addition, we present a 'total evidence' phylogeny which incorporates both the mtDNA sequence data and available morphological data. The molecular and total evidence phylogenies agree largely with the conclusions of a previous study based largely on immunoelectrophoretic data. North American unionaceans can be divided into two families: the Unionidae, which is comprised of most of the species and the Margaritiferidae. Within the Uniondae are two subfamilies, the Anodontinae and Ambleminae. The resultant phylogeny was used to examine the evolution of several key anatomical features including the number of gills (demibranchs) used by females to brood developing embryos, incubation length (bradytictic vs tachytictic), larval (glochidial) tooth structures, and shell texture. Both molecular and total evidence phylogenies indicate several of the aforementioned characters evolved independently or were subsequently lost or gained in several lineages.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Graphical trees: the simultaneous display of risk of fetal death by pregnancy history and maternal age.

Many epidemiological studies consider sequences of events over time where the outcome of interest is determined, at least in part, by similar outcomes that have occurred in the past, e.g. risk of fetal death in successive pregnancies. In this situation, a probability tree can provide useful insights into the relationship between successive events. However, probability trees are usually limited to the display of a single variable, whereas the majority of studies also include other risk factors. Analyses involving other factors, particularly those that consider interactions, can produce an abundance of results that make identification of potentially interesting patterns difficult. A new graphical approach is described for simultaneously presenting the effects of two risk factors where one relates to a sequence of events over time. The graphical tree highlights patterns in the raw data and is therefore proposed for use in exploratory analyses and hypothesis generation. The approach is introduced and illustrated in the context of risk factors for fetal death, and an interaction between pregnancy history and maternal age is explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Biliary tract tumors].

Biliary tract cancers are rare neoplasms including gallbladder cancer (the commonest), extrahepatic biliary tract cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater. Descriptive epidemiology of biliary tract cancers as a whole has two peculiarities: incidence and mortality rates are higher for women than men, and in some specific populations. Mortality rates are highest among New Mexico American Indian women, in Chile and Japan, lowest in Great Britain and Greece. Mortality trends vary widely: the largest increases have been observed in Japan, Hong-Kong and Spain and the largest decreases in the Anglo-Saxon populations. Our knowledge of biliary tract cancer etiology is limited. Defined risks include genetic factors (family history of biliary tract cancers, ethnicity), history of gallbladder disease, and cholelithiasis. Risk factors reported in some studies, on which, however, information is not consistent and which need further study, include overweight, some menstrual and reproductive factors (multiparity, young age at first birth, late menopause), low education, cigarette smoking, selected bacterial infections, some intestinal diseases and diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health behaviors among women of reproductive age with and without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of several health-related behaviors among women of reproductive age with and without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (hGDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study using the 2001-2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a national population-based random sample telephone survey. Participants were 177,420 women aged 18-44 years with and without self-reported hGDM. Outcome measures included meeting physical activity and fruit and vegetable guidelines, sedentary activity level, and current smoking. RESULTS: Approximately 3% (n = 4,718) of women aged 18-44 years reported physician-diagnosed hGDM. Women with hGDM had higher BMIs, were significantly older, were less often educated or employed, and were more often Hispanic or African American, married, and living with children. Women with hGDM reported worse self-rated health than women without hGDM. In unadjusted and multivariate adjusted comparisons, there were no significant differences in levels of physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, or smoking among women with and without hGDM. However, women with hGDM who lived with children were significantly less likely to meet fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines (odds ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.63-0.97]; P < 0.05) and more likely to smoke (1.21 [1.01-1.47]; P < 0.05) than their counterparts without hGDM. CONCLUSIONS: Despite their elevated risk for future diabetes, women with hGDM who lived with children were less likely to meet fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines and more likely to smoke than women with children who did not have hGDM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Criteria of reproductive success.

To determine reproductive success, it is necessary for the researcher to specify a criterion of success, such as the number of a parent's offspring living to the age of reproduction. A measurement model, which includes the researcher's choice of criterion, has been proposed to estimate the lifetime reproductive success (R) of long-lived animals from complete or incomplete knowledge of the reproductive life histories of mothers and the survival fates of offspring. This research uses R and data from female baboons of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, as vehicles to investigate the relationship between reproductive success and several criteria. Secondarily, it also investigates the relationship between R and the number and rate of offspring production. Seven criteria of reproductive success, ranging in 12-month increments form 0 (birth) to 72 months of offspring life, were applied to 10.5 years of reproductive data from 61 Mikumi females. Theoretically, the best scenario for comparative purposes is an invariant R across different criteria; however, the mean R systematically increased as the criteria increased. This is more an inconvenience than a serious problem because high correlations indicate high predictability between Rs from pairs of criteria. R was modestly correlated with the rate of offspring production, indicating that rate can be employed as a rough index of reproductive success. The choice of a criterion is a trade off between theory, practicality, the strength of the criterion, and the effect of the choice upon sample representativeness and size.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Incidence of neural tube defects among neonates at King Hussein Medical Centre, Jordan.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are important factors in fetal and infant mortality. There have been no studies on the incidence of NTDs in Jordan. A one-year prospective study was therefore conducted in King Hussein Medical Centre neonatal unit (April 2002-April 2003) to determine the incidence of NTDs among Jordanian neonates. All liveborn babies, both term and preterm, were assessed for NTDs. Mothers of babies with NTDs were interviewed postnatally regarding antenatal care and family history of NTDs. Of 5088 live births, 33 had NTDs, giving an incidence of 6.5/1000 live births. None of the women with affected babies had a history of NTDs and all had received antenatal care, but none had taken folate supplementation. The majority of the women had not had a diagnosis before the birth, despite having had ultrasound scans throughout their pregnancies.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

Inducible reproductive plasticity of the guppy Poecilia reticulata in response to predation cues.

Predation has long been described as one of the major driving forces in evolution. Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from natural populations exposed to different predation pressures, were found to have different life history traits. Reproductive plasticity in response to direct predation cues has mainly been reported for invertebrates. The goals of the present study were to determine whether exposure to predation cues would induce reproductive phenotypic plasticity in female guppies and to determine whether the effective cues are visual, chemical, or a combination of both. In our first experiment, female guppies exposed to predation cues of the african cichlids Aulonocara nyassae increased their reproductive output by almost two fold, having larger brood-sizes and shorter brood-interval at the first spawn. This effect disappeared in the second spawn in the absence of predators. In the second experiment we found that exposure to the predators induced an increase in the brood-size regardless of whether the cue was: only visual, only chemical, visual and chemical or visual, chemical and tactile. The impacts of these cues were equally powerful on the tested variables and they did not have any cumulative effect. Similar to the results of the first experiment, this effect disappeared in the second spawn, in the absence of predation cues. The present study demonstrates a direct immediate and reversible effect of predation cues on guppy reproduction.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Experimental life-history evolution: selection on the allocation to sexual reproduction and its plasticity in a clonal plant.

Allocation to sexual reproduction is an important life-history trait in clonal plants. Different selection pressures between competitive and competition-free environments are likely to result in the evolution of specialized genotypes and to maintain genetic variation in reproductive allocation. Moreover, selection may also result in the evolution of plastic allocation strategies. The necessary prerequisite for evolution, heritable genetic variation, can best be studied with selection experiments. Starting from a base population of 102 replicated genotypes of the clonal herb Ranunculus reptans, we imposed selection on the proportion of flowering rosettes in the absence of competition (base population: mean = 0.391, broad-sense heritability = 0.307). We also selected on the plasticity in this trait in response to competition with a naturally coexisting grass in a parallel experiment (base population: 14% lower mean in the presence of competition, broad-sense heritability = 0.072). After two generations of bidirectional selection, the proportion of flowering rosettes was 26% higher in the high line than in the low line (realized heritability +/- SE = 0.205 +/- 0.017). Moreover, genotypes of the high line had 11% fewer carpels per flower, a 22% lower proportion of rooted rosettes, and a 39% smaller average distance between rosettes within a clone. In the second experiment, we found no significant responses to selection for high and low plasticity in the proportion of flowering rosettes (realized heritability +/- SE = -0.002 +/- 0.013). Our study indicates a high heritability and potential for further evolution of the proportion of flowering rosettes in R. reptans, but not for its plasticity, which may have been fixed by past evolution at its current level. Moreover, our results demonstrate strong genetic correlations between allocation to sexual reproduction and other clonal life-history characteristics.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of antigestagens on human reproduction].

A short history of antihormones is presented first. After reviewing the physiologic role of progesterone in the regulation of human reproduction, the theoretical and practical implications of suspending its actions are depicted. The tested or theoretically possible applications are enumerated. The initial success of contraceptive use of antigestagens is summarized based on their own research and international publications. Obstetric application is hindered by fear of fetal antiglucocorticoid side effects. The very remarkable success in termination of pregnancy is summarized by reviewing partly their own results. The combination of antigestagen plus prostaglandin is able to terminate pregnancies both in the first and second trimester very effectively (in 95% or over) and with very few side effects. It also renders possible the medical termination of unsuccessful pregnancies with diminishing complications. Although the most important applications take place in the regulation of human fertility, the initial results in the treatment of both benign (fibroids, endometriosis) and malignant (endometrial and ductus carcinoma) gynaecological conditions are encouraging. The production of mifepristone is possible in Hungary, but due to marketing considerations and political hurdles its registration and application is not considered yet.

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗
PubMed1995

Variations in bone status of contralateral and regional sites in young athletic women.

To determine if volleyball (VB), basketball (BB), soccer (SO) and swimming (SW) programs were associated with site-specific differences in contralateral, regional, and total body bone mineral density (BMD), 62 eumenorrheic female athletes [BB (N = 7), VB (N = 11), SO (N = 9), and SW (N = 7)] and controls participated in the study. The controls were categorized as either moderately active control (MOD) (N = 17) or sedentary control (SED) (N = 11) based on fitness and activity assessments. Contralateral, total body, lumbar (L2-L4), and femur BMD were measured (Lunar DPX). The between sport contralateral comparisons indicated that VB and BB had significantly greater leg and arm measurements than all other groups, while the within contralateral comparisons revealed significantly greater right arm measurements for all groups, except SW. No significant differences were found for the within group contralateral leg comparisons, except VB. VB and BB had significantly higher (P < or = 0.05) total body and lumbar BMD values than SW, MOD, and SED. At the femur neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle, BB showed significantly higher BMD than SW, MOD, and SED. Only BB had significantly higher Ward's triangle BMD than SW, MOD, and SED. Our findings show site-specific differences in BMD associated with selected sports' programs.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Oral contraceptives and liver hemangioma: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether there is an epidemiological association between liver hemangiomas and oral contraception use, as may be suggested by clinical observations of liver hemangioma growth during pregnancy and under estrogen administration. METHODS: A case-control study of 40 women with liver hemangiomas, as diagnosed by imaging studies [ultrasonography (US) or computed tomography (CT) and nuclear scan], and 109 age-matched control with normal studies. The women were interviewed with respect to their menstrual, reproductive and oral contraception use history. RESULTS: The liver hemangioma and control groups did not differ significantly with regard to their menstrual or reproductive history. Ever oral contraception use was reported by 30% of the cases and 27% of controls. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-2.60] for ever use, 1.64 (95% CI 0.37-7.13) for initiation before the age of 20, and 0.62 (95% CI 0.16-2.42) for use duration of less than 1 year. On the multivariate analysis only the women's age emerged as a predictor for liver hemangiomas (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.16-8.96). CONCLUSIONS: In this study liver hemangiomas were not associated with menstrual, reproductive and oral contraception use history.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Working women and contraception: History, health, and choices.

Contraception is not a new concept. Historically, various contraceptive methods and practices have been used throughout the world. Contraception is often a topic of great interest to working women because family planning helps them balance work and home more effectively. Occupational health nurses can play a vital role in supporting these women by providing education regarding health, contraception, and contraceptive choices.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2003

History of regulation of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the USA: a work in progress.

The advent of human assisted reproductive technology (ART) has engendered much legal and ethical debate. This article examines the evolution of regulation in ART in the USA and discusses the impetus for, and repercussions of, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority in the UK. Key differences in government legislation between the UK and USA have driven the evolution of a distinct regulatory body that oversees ART in the USA. The National Advisory Board on Ethics in Reproduction (NABER) serves as an unofficial advisory body that addresses ethical issues in reproduction. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) maintains a registry that collects, reports and verifies data for individual ART clinics. Clinic-specific success rates are readily available through annual reports published through a collaboration of SART, the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the Center for Disease Control (CDC), and the National Infertility Association (RESOLVE). The ASRM has assumed a strong advisory role in addressing ethical issues and practice guidelines in assisted reproduction. Thus, although there is no central body to regulate ART in the USA, basic legislation, standards and guidelines that drive the provision of these services do exist in the USA.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Male reproductive timing in Rhesus macaques is influenced by the 5HTTLPR promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene.

The 5HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene is known to be associated with various stress-related psychological and psychiatric phenomena. We observed that a similar diallelic polymorphism in the orthologous gene of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was related to the reproductive life history of 580 males residing in the free-ranging colony of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, between 1985 and 1998. At first glance, the polymorphism appeared to be selectively neutral because no difference in total reproductive output was noted between males of different 5HTTLPR genotypes. However, whereas heterozygotes were significantly more reproductive than homozygotes at intermediate age (10-13 yr), the opposite held true before and after this period (n = 682 offspring; randomization P = 0.014). This association, which explains approximately 7% of the observed variation in sire age, most likely reflects different natal dispersal patterns and represents the first reported instance of a genetic influence on reproductive timing in mammals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

The prenatal detection of significant alcohol exposure with maternal blood markers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of a combination of 4 blood markers of alcohol use in detecting alcohol-abusing pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Two new markers of alcohol use, whole blood-associated acetaldehyde and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, and 2 traditional markers of alcohol use, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean red blood cell volume, were measured in the blood of pregnant women. Each woman was interviewed about alcohol and drug use, medical and obstetric histories, and nutrition. Each infant was examined by a clinician who was blinded to exposure status. RESULTS: All of the women who reported drinking an average of 1 or more ounces of absolute alcohol per day had at least 1 positive blood marker. The infants of mothers with 2 or more positive markers had significantly smaller birth weights, lengths, and head circumferences than the infants with negative maternal screens. The presence of 2 or more positive markers was more predictive of infant outcome than any self-reporting measure. CONCLUSIONS: These markers, which detect more at-risk pregnant women than self-reporting methods, could lead to better efforts at detection and prevention of alcohol-induced fetal damage.

Acetaldehyde↗