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PubMed1995

The Khmer Adolescent Project. II: Functional capacities in two generations of Cambodian refugees.

A sample of 206 adolescent Cambodian youth and 159 of their parents were interviewed to determine the extent of their past war trauma during the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia (1975-1979), their resettlement stress, their current diagnostic status, and their functional ability as refugees in the United States. This report focuses on the last of these aims. Overall, these youth were found to be functioning quite well. Their diagnostic status did not relate strongly to their functional status. Parents showed a stronger relationship between diagnostic status and measures of functioning than did adolescents. The implications of these findings for future studies are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

Acculturation and alienation of Soviet Jewish refugees in the United States.

We examined the relationship of identity and behavioral acculturation to alienation among 49 Soviet Jewish refugees in the United States in 1987. For all the subjects, acculturation was best described as a unilevel rather than a bilevel or multilevel process, because a negative relationship was found between acculturation and the American and Russian cultures. For women, finding an American identity was related to length of residence, whereas holding on to a Russian identity as well as behavioral acculturation predicted alienation. For men, however, a multicultural process appeared to exist with respect to behavioral acculturation, although holding on to a Russian identity was positively related to alienation. Thus, men were able to continue to participate in Russian-oriented activities without feeling alienated, and this participation appeared to increase with length of residence in the United States.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1993

[The integration process of refugees, a major explanatory factor during intervention].

In light of scientific literature produced over the last ten years, it appears that health and social work professionals should, when dealing with people belonging to minority cultures, go beyond the purely interpersonal approach to problems. Rather, they should lend an ear to the different notions of life and society, and adjust their intervention patterns to the integration conditions of immigrants. The special situation of refugees requires a special approach based on the knowledge of their pre-migrant conditions, as well as on the establishment of closer ties between welcoming institutions and these migrant families.

Empathy↗
PubMed1993

[Coprological evaluation of refugees in Strasbourg between January 1986 and December 1990].

1,000 refugees living in Strasbourg have had a stoll parasitologic exam between 1986 and 1990. We have not retained results of South America and other areas of Asia subjects because of their scarce total number. Proportionally, the most numerous are the South East Asia Nationals (51.7%); followed by those from Middle East and Africa (20 and 15.5%) and more recently by those from East of Europe (5.2%). Their parasitic infestation's rate remains important (60.9%) but variable depending on their origin. Thus, people coming from Middle East and Africa are parasited mainly by protozoan, although those from South East Asia are parasited by helminths. It's interesant to notify that the prevalence of D. fragilis is ten times higher among East European people than in the common people.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees.

A sample of 170 Cambodian youth and 80 of their mothers were interviewed regarding DSM-III-R diagnoses of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders, and the stress of war trauma, resettlement, and recent life events. A consistent relation between earlier war trauma, resettlement stress, and symptoms of PTSD was found. In contrast, the strongest relation with depressive symptoms was found for recent stressful events. Despite the long interval of time since the occurrence of the war trauma, these youth and their parents reported these experiences in a highly consistent fashion. PTSD and depression in refugee youth appear to be different conditions following different pathways during adolescent development.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

The effects of state terrorism and exile on indigenous Guatemalan refugee children: a mental health assessment and an analysis of children's narratives.

This study examined the mental health and psychosocial development of 58 Guatemalan Mayan Indian children living in 2 refugee camps in the Mexican state of Chiapas. Conventional assessment instruments were adapted for use in this unique context, and semistructured interviews were utilized to gather phenomenological data from children regarding various developmental, sociocultural, and political topics. Data are presented that show minimal evidence of psychological trauma in this sample, and various factors are suggested to account for this finding. In addition, data are presented showing a positive relationship between children's mental health and the health status (physical and mental) of their mothers. In particular, a strong association was found between depressive symptomatology in girls and poor health status in their mothers. Qualitative data from the interviews are presented, focusing on children's understandings of why their families fled Guatemala, the nature and causes of the violence, and their thoughts and feelings regarding the prospect of returning to Guatemala at some future point.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Cultural barriers to health care for refugees and immigrants. Providers' perceptions.

What are the barriers to good health care for immigrants who have come to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area since the early 1980s? Why do immigrants often delay or avoid seeking mainstream health care services? The research described here examines these questions from the perspective of nonimmigrant health care providers in the Twin Cities. The 24 metropolitan health care providers interviewed in our study confirmed the existence of significant barriers to health care-barriers that probably differ from those experienced by nonimmigrant patients. Refugees and immigrants from other cultures had varying culturally based reactions to Western-style, allopathic medicine-some positive and many negative. Providers and administrators must consider these barriers when serving a growing population of immigrant patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in children in a refugee camp in Jordan.

Studies on the rotavirus-associated acute diarrhoeal illness in Jordanian children are non-existent. The present case-control study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus diarrhoea among children aged less than 5 years, attending the United Nations Refugee World Aid Clinic in northern Jordan. The potential environmental and behavioural risk factors contributing to the infection were also studied. Using the ELISA technique rotavirus antigens were detected in the stool samples of 35% of the 220 cases of gastroenteritis and in 3% of the control group. The control subjects were matched for age and sex with the cases. The overall prevalence was significantly higher (62%) in children aged less than 24 months [OR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.1-5.1)] than those in the older age groups. Severe cases of diarrhoea were rare. Diarrhoea due to rotavirus was more prevalent during the summer months (June-August). Risk factors for acute diarrhoea in these children are related to the infant feeding practices of using unboiled tap water to prepare the formula milk, and the low educational level of the mothers.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Body mass index and body fat distribution in newly-arrived Vietnamese refugees in Sydney, Australia.

Body mass index (BMI), body fat distribution and some behavioural variables were examined in an ethnic Vietnamese population newly arrived in Australia. The age range was 23 to 74 years for males (n = 246, mean = 38.8) and 24 to 66 for females (n = 165, mean = 36.4). Mean BMI was 20.62 +/- 2.65 (male) and 21.25 +/- 3.16 (female). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was 0.844 (males) v 0.802 (females), p < 0.0001: waist was 73.7 cm (males) v 71.7 cm (females), (p = 0.007). Male smoking was 69%, female, 1%; the BMI of male non-smokers was higher than that of smokers 21.22 v 20.35 (p = 0.0017). Exercise patterns, diet or alcohol intake did not appear to affect BMI. The mean BMI of this refugee Vietnamese population is low by comparison with the Australian population. Vietnamese females although of lower mean BMI, have higher WHR than Australian females.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

[Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in the camps of Rwandan refugees in the Goma region of in Zaire (September 1994)].

After the outbreaks of cholera, dysenteriae, meningitidis of which the rwandese refugees have been the victims in August and September 1994 in the camps of the Goma's area (Zaïre), the medical teams were confronted with a great number of fevers of unknown origin. In order to explore the possible etiologies, we have conducted a cases/controls study (n = 96). Clinically, the cases occur more frequently than controls headache (p < 0.001), splenomegaly (p = 0.02) and neutropeny (p < 0.001) Serologically, it has been constated non significantly difference between cases and controls, but prevalence of HIV-1 infections (19 and 6%) and arbovirus (23 and 10%) infections are very high. Arbovirosis could explain, partially or associated with HIV and tuberculosis, the presence of these fevers undeterminated more than malaria or typhus epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can NCAST and HOME Assessment Scales be used with Hmong refugees?

This descriptive study of a convenience sample of 32 recently settled, preliterate Hmong families tested the applicability of the NCAST and HOME assessment tools in the Hmong refugee population. The sample means on the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS), Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS), and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) were compared to a randomly selected sample of white (n = 60), African American (n = 60), and Hispanic (n = 60) families from the University of Washington NCAST (Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training) normative data bank. The NCAFS and NCATS Hmong total means were not significantly different when compared to the combined normative sample total means. However, when the ethnic groups were compared using ANCOVA with ethnicity and education as covariates, the parent, child, and scale total means were found to be significantly different (p < .05). Hmong HOME total means were significantly lower when compared to the combined normative sample (p < .05) and with separate ethnic group comparisons (p < .05). Although lower for this population lacking formal education, scores were not significantly different when compared to the combined normative sample means. Findings suggest that the NCAST tools should be used with respect for the impact of ethnicity and education on total scores. Findings do not support the use of the HOME scale with this population except as a teaching guide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Psychological testing as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the treatment of traumatized Latin American and African refugees.

The use of psychological assessment, an underutilized tool, in connection with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is presented. Identification of PTSD in refugees from Latin America and Africa is usually difficult because it is compounded by the trauma of migration. Issues regarding diagnosis and treatment are discussed, and case examples are provided to illustrate specific clinical concerns. Disclosure of historical information to the clinician and validation of a history of trauma are addressed through the testing process and projective data patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Providing health care to refugees.

Migration into the United States is currently a hotly debated and highly charged issue. For political reasons changes in U.S. immigration policy are certain to occur in the near future. While America is called a country of immigrants it is much less a country of refugees. The distinction between the two groups is not always clearly understood by clinicians yet is of great importance for both health screening and follow-up care. If all migration into the country were stopped today, health care professionals would still be treating health conditions and observing cultural practices that are unique to those already admitted.

Health Services↗
PubMed1997

Help for refugees.

The reception and treatment of refugees traumatized by war and violence are discussed with particular reference to the author's experience of such work in a suburb of Stockholm.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

[Mental illness among immigrants and refugees. Are needs and available care adequate?].

A considerable proportion of the Swedish population are of immigrant or refugee origin. This puts new demands on psychiatric care. In Stockholm county, immigrants of non-Scandinavian origin are characterised by lower psychiatric care utilisation rates than are the remainder of the county population. Population studies of multi-ethnic suburban areas in west Stockholm have shown the non-Scandinavian subgroup of the population to be characterised by somewhat lower utilisation of acute and short-term psychiatric care, as compared with native Swedes, but a clearly higher utilisation of primary psychiatric care facilities. Available evidence suggests the existence of several subgroups with high frequencies of mental ill-health in these areas. If sectorized psychiatry is to meet the demands of the population as a whole, economic prioritization is needed, as well as improved knowledge and methodology regarding cross-cultural psychiatry.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Socio-demographic aspects of the problems of refugees in the North].

Analysis of migration processes in the Arkhangelsk region indicates that the demographic, social, and ethnic status of refugees and forced immigrants to the North is extremely unfavorable for adaptation. This group is to be regularly followed up by physicians, so that the whole armory of immunocorrecting drugs, vitamins, and general tonics of animal and plant origin be used for facilitating adaptation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of dysentery caused by type 1 Shigella dysenteriae during an epidemic in Rwandan refugees in Goma in 1994].

There was an outbreak of dysentery caused by type I Shigella dysenteriae among Rwandan refugees at Goma, in what was then Zaire, in 1994. The causal organism was resistant to all antibiotics available from the public health authorities. The only effective antimicrobial agent available was ciprofloxacin. It was given to 326 inpatients at the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Center, mostly children under the age of 5, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. A standard dose schedule was used: 1 g ciprofloxacin per day in two doses for 5 days for adults, 250 mg for children weighing less than 20 kg and 500 mg for children weighing less than 50 kg. The treatment was effective in 285 patients (85.6%) according to clinical criteria. Treatment was unsuccessful in 6 patients and 14 decided to stop taking the medication although it was having a positive effect. No side effects clearly caused by the treatment have been reported. This is consistent with previous reports showing that ciprofloxacin is clinically effective against epidemic dysentery caused by multi-drug resistant Shigella dysenteriae type I. However, fluoroquinolones are expensive and difficult to obtain and their use would require improvements in logistics and compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Multiple forms of stress in refugee and immigrant children.

The effects of genocidal warfare reverberate long after the bloodshed has stopped. This article focuses on one aspect of the aftermath or war and violence: the transformation of families and children into refugees and immigrants.

Adolescent↗