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PubMed1975

A guide to differentiated developmental diagnosis with a case demonstrating its use.

The great influx of children needing assessment has presented all diagnosticians with a large body of patients whose conflicts are relatively unfamiliar ones. These children do not fit into the expectable pattern of normal development, nor is an adult-oriented frame of reference of much help in understanding them. What seems needed is a schema in which the developmental deficiencies of these children are related to their present functioning. This paper introduces a guide covering five aspects of development. The guide gives descriptions of normal functioning at ages 0 to 1 1/2, 1 1/2 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 10, and also shows the persistence of this functioning as it is reflected in the attitudes, feelings, and behavior of primary school children. A case illustration is presented that demonstrates the use of the guide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social maturation. A challenge for handicapped and chronically ill adolescents.

Adolescents who are disabled may develop excellent self-esteem if they feel supported by their families and can take advantage of opportunities to develop their own identity and independence. Their illness, and/or their reluctance to participate in peer and school activities, and/or their parents' inability to encourage optimal growth of their independence, may all discourage disabled adolescents from maturing into meaningful adulthood. Efforts should be focused on assisting disabled adolescents and their families to realize the full potential of the adolescent's social maturation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Gender and relationships. A developmental account.

This article argues that behavioral differentiation of the sexes is minimal when children are observed or tested individually. Sex differences emerge primarily in social situations, and their nature varies with the gender composition of dyads and groups. Children find same-sex play partners more compatible, and they segregate themselves into same-sex groups, in which distinctive interaction styles emerge. These styles are described. As children move into adolescence, the patterns they developed in their childhood same-sex groups are carried over into cross-sex encounters in which girls' styles put them at a disadvantage. Patterns of mutual influence can become more symmetrical in intimate male-female dyads, but the distinctive styles of the two sexes can still be seen in such dyads and are subsequently manifested in the roles and relationships of parenthood. The implications of these continuities are considered.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Klinefelter's syndrome: sexual development and activity.

Determination of plasma testosterone in 105 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome 16--45 years of age revealed that at each 5-year age interval values of male hormone were lower than in a control group of 25 normal adolescents and 85 fertile and potent men. Analysis of heterosexual development by means of the HTDM Questionnaire in 110 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome age 21--40 years, who were examined mainly for sterility and signs of imperfect somatosexual development, revealed a distinct retardation of sociosexual development compared to that of 325 normozoospermic men from sterile marriages. For eight out of 12 items on the HTDM Questionnaire the differences were statistically significant. Examination by means of the SAM Questionnaire in these two groups revealed that the sexual activity of examinees with Klinefelter's syndrome was significantly weaker than that of fertile and potent men. For 15 out of 18 items on the SAM Questionnaire the differences were statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Sex among siblings: a survey on prevalence, variety, and effects.

In a survey of 796 undergraduates at six New England colleges and universities, 15% of the females and 10% of the males reported some type of sexual experience involving a sibling. Fondling and touching of the genitals were the most common activities in all age categories. One-fourth of the experiences could be described as exploitative either because force was used or because there was a large age disparity between the partners. Reactions to the experiences were equally divided among those who considered them positive and those who considered them negative. Females were more likely than males to have been exploited and feel badly about it. Few participants of either sex ever told anyone. The research finds evidence that such experience may have long-term effects on sexual development. Females who report sibling sexual experiences, both positive and negative, have substantially higher levels of current sexual activity. Their level of sexual self-esteem may also have been affected, but more selectively. Those with positive sibling experiences after age 9 have more sexual self-esteem. However, experiences with much older siblings taking place before age 9 are associated with generally lower levels of self-esteem and no increase in current sexual activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Early object loss and denial. Developmental considerations.

The psychoanalytic treatment of a young woman whose father had been killed in a concentration camp when she was four years old serves to illuminate certain aspects of libidinal and ego development, particularly as it touched on the effects of losing one's father just before entering the oedipal phase and on the defensive use of denial in lieu of mourning. Further consequences of the patient's loss are seen in the extent to which it influenced the self-image, sexual identity formation, and superego functioning, especially with regard to the role of guilt.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents and whether it varied according to age, sex, socioeconomic status, early versus late sexual maturation, participation in physical activities, and frequency of exposure to information about body development and appearance in the mass media. Subjects were 269 female and 286 male secondary school students, aged 11-18. They were administered the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results indicated that males were more satisfied with their bodies than were females, early-maturing males and late-maturing females had higher levels of body image satisfaction, and participants in physical activities were more satisfied with their bodies than were nonparticipants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The development of masculinity: a cross-cultural contribution.

We have examined, using data from a Stone-Age New Guinea culture, two hypotheses regarding the development of masculinity: that a prolonged and too gratifying mother-son symbiosis threatens a boy's chances of becoming masculine and that a boy, to create masculinity, must raise a psychic barrier against the urge to be merged with his mother. The data show the hypothesized forces to be at work in these New Guineans much as in Western society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Common sexual problems of children and adolescents.

The pediatrician is often expected by families to deal with sexual problems of children and adolescents. The physician should be able to identify problems and to guide parents in more meaningful communication and education of their children. Hopefully, he will be able to identify family conflicts and make the appropriate intervention or referral. He should be aware of his own sexual attitudes so as to avoid having his bias interfere with treatment. The childs behavior should not be isolated, but considered in the context of his family, his peers, and his own growth and development. Often, it is more useful to advise the family than to work with a young child. Adolescents present particular problems because of their conflicts over sexual identity, their reluctance to admit to problems, and frequently a mistrust of adults. They often feel a need for a trusting relationship with an adult, however, and are able to relate to a sensitive, non-judgmental professional.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Narcissistic transformations in adolescence.

This paper traces the transformation of narcissism, paralleling the transformations of object love, occurring between early and late adolescence. Narcissism is examined in terms of three lines of development: erotic self-love, omnipotence, and the regulations of self-esteem. The transition occurs relatively rapidly in most normal and psychoneurotic individuals and involves a massive reorganization of the psyche. The acquisition of a body image of an adult sort probably acts an organizer. A normal consequence is the first romantic love relationship. An understanding of these issues is of importance in psychoanalytic psychotherapy of both adolescents and adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Sexual development and sexual education of seriously mental retarded (imbeciles) (author's transl)].

The article refers to the necessity of preparing the young generation for partnership relations, married life and family life. It presents the results of an investigation into the sexual-psychological and sexual-pedagogical problems of the seriously mental retarded. The results were obtained by questioning imbeciles, their parents and teachers. Sexuality and sexual behaviour are present in this group of handicapped. The analysis revealed that sexual knowledge and ideas are insufficient. This underlines the necessity of improving sexual-pedagogical instruction. A programme for this purpose has been drafted and is presented.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Some aspects of the relationship between body weight and sexual behaviour with particular reference to massive obesity and anorexia nervosa.

There is some evidence for the existence of a precise weight/fat threshold for puberty. Following puberty, body weight and shape take on important new psycho-social significances for both males and females. Adolescent females usually strive to reduce their 'fatness' even it is not excessive from a biological standpoint. Super-obesity and anorexia nervosa are two human disorders of weight and fatness, more common in women, and importantly related to disturbances of sexual behavior, metabolic, social and experiential. These latter aspects sometimes at least reflect the presence of several factors which have contributed to the development of the disorders. Anorexia nervosa in particular reflects the adaptive psychosocial needs of the person concerned. Attention to this aspect during treatment will often allow the patient to tolerate the major weight gain required for recovery, thereby at the same time providing a paradigm for aspects of the pubertal process which can then be studied. The results of some such investigations together with related studies of the super-obese are reported here.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The developmental profile.

We describe the Developmental Profile and the development of the instrument, the theory on which it is based, and the manner in which information is collected, interpreted, and used in clinical practice. We present the results of the psychometric research that has been performed to date. Finally, we examine the extent to which this method is in accordance with recent insights within the field of personality diagnostics.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1975

Counselling the adolescent girl in a time of changing values.

The position of the adolescent girl has always been somewhat ambiguous in western culture. No more a little girl and not yet a woman, she remained in limbo waiting for the time when she would marry and no longer be the responsibility of her family. Counsellors who work with adolescent girls have been expected to reinforce a value system which prized 'innocence' in young women, emphasized the romantic view of love and looked upon marriage as an eternal bond. Developing trends in the Women's Liberation Movement, the ability of contraceptive information and easy abortion, experiments by young people with varied forms of interpersonal relationships anf family structures, all indicate that the traditional value system is changing. There is a new reality; women are now free to follow more than one way of life. For the counsellor this presents the same dilemma which faces the adolescent girl: how to leave the security of the known and prepare for the potential choices which are inherent in the unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Overview: narcissistic personality disorder.

The authors trace the evolution of narcissistic personality disorder as a nosological entity in a critical survey of the literature, considering and comparing differing theoretical viewpoints regarding the genesis of this disorder. They review its various descriptions, including the one in DSM-III, and develop a composite picture of the syndrome. The disorder consists of characteristic deficits in six broad areas of functioning: 1) self-concept, 2) interpersonal relationships, 3) social adaptation, 4) ethics, standards, and ideals, 5) love and sexuality, and 6) cognitive style. The authors identify guidelines for distinguishing the narcissistic personality from other personality disorders as well as areas needing continued research.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oedipal grief.

This paper concerns a common clinical picture, one that is seen particularly clearly in young men. It is a picture which, within a traditional psychoanalytic framework, has much to do with that set of mental structures referred to as the superego and with the patterns which follow from the oedipal period of development. Using two case examples, this paper suggests the outlines of a treatment strategy and looks at some of the theoretical issues involved (in particular, the contribution of an object relations emphasis to classical theory). It argues for the importance of grief in the oedipal dilemma and suggests that the role of grief in the formation and maintenance of morbid conscience can overshadow that more familiar explanation, the struggle with one's own forbidden wishes.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed1981

Sexual unfolding.

The development of sexuality during adolescence is a complicated and often confusing process. This article presents a conceptualization of this process: "sexual unfolding". The concept is based on observations made during individual interviews with over 4000 Yale University students during the past 11 years. Nine steps are identified in the sexual unfolding of a person growing from a child in the family to an adult bonding to another adult in a sexually intimate relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Psychosocial development in a genetic male surgically reassigned as a female at birth.

This paper explores the psychological development of a child who is genetically a boy (Chromosome 46XY). However, because of multiple defects, a decision was made at birth to assign the child the gender status of a girl. Research has shown that the gender-feedback effect resulting from parent-and-infant interaction even at an early age leads to the development of sexual differences in behavior. Based on this conceptual framework, this paper investigates the complex interaction of the forces that shape sexual nature. It examines the process by which this 11-year-old girl is attempting to establish her gender identity. This paper also explores the conflicts resulting from the discordance between gender and identity, and the expression of this in developmentally regressive behavior and intellectual underachievement.

Anxiety, Castration↗