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PubMed1994

Association installs condom machine.

On the occasion of World Population Day (11 July), India installed its first condom vending machine. The machine was inaugurated by Mr. Eruch Lala, an official of the Family Planning Association of India, as part of the association's campaign to help the country curb its rapid population growth rate and stem the spread of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Each condom, called sangam ("union" in English) costs Rupees 2 (about 6.5 US cents). The machine is located at a textile mill in Bombay. The Association said it would install at least 60 such machines in Bombay over the coming months. "A psychological advantage of the machine is that the user need not personally meet the dispenser and can collect a condom without any embarrassment," Mr. Lala said. "The machine is expected to promote efforts at curbing population growth and prevent the spread of AIDS," he said. In a separate report, AIDS has been found to be racing through India just eight years after the first case was detected. Prostitutes, drug addicts and untested blood supplies are the conduits. More than half of the prostitutes in cities such as Bombay have HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which causes AIDS. The truck drivers and itinerant workers they serve carry it to their own villages, according to the report by Mr. Thomas Wagner writing for the Associated Press. There are 43 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported each year in the country, according to the report. The HIV virus has been reported in all 25 states of India. Although the AIDS pandemic came to India later than most large countries, the National AIDS Control Organization estimates there are 1.62 million cases in the population, up 60% from 1993, according to the report. "AIDS is no longer just a problem of high-risk groups; it has spread to every area of India," Dr. P.R. Das Gupta of the national AIDS agency said in an interview. "So many people are migrating from their villages in search of jobs that this epidemic is spreading very fast."

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Executive Order No. 123 reorganizing the Ministry of Social Services and Development, now referred to as Ministry of Social Welfare and Development, 30 January 1987.

This Order reorganizes the Ministry of Social Services and Development. Among the bureaus of the Ministry are the following: "b) Bureau of Family and Community Welfare--assistance to socially disadvantaged families and communities including family planning, planning outreach programs to develop their capability in defining needs and formulating solutions as well as setting up viable community structures which bring about desired social changes..."d) Bureau of Women's Welfare--promoting women's welfare, with specific attention to the prevention or eradication of exploitations of women in any form, such as but not limited to prostitution and illegal recruitment; as well as the promotion of skills for employment and self naturalization; e) Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare--care and protection of abandoned, neglected, abused or exploited children and youth, delinquents, offenders, the disturbed, street children, victims of prostitution and others, for their social adjustment and economic self-sufficiency." The Order authorizes the Ministry to establish regional offices providing, among other things, day care centres, street children centres, centres for youth with special needs, homes for the aged, and homes for unwed mothers. Attached to the Ministry is a Population Commission, which "shall continue as the population planning and coordinating agency."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

How to reach clients of female sex workers: a survey by surprise in brothels in Dakar, Senegal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sampling techniques and survey procedures used in identifying male clients who frequent brothels to buy sexual services from female sex workers in Dakar, Senegal, with the aim of measuring the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and investigating related risk behaviours. METHODS: Surveys were conducted in seven brothels in Dakar, Senegal. Clients were identified "by surprise" and interviewed and requested to donate saliva for HIV testing. RESULTS: Of the 1450 clients of prostitutes who were solicited to enter the study, 1140 (79.8%) agreed to be interviewed; 1083 (95%) of these clients provided saliva samples for testing. Of the samples tested, 47 were positive for HIV-1 or HIV-2, giving an HIV prevalence of 4.4%. CONCLUSION: The procedures adopted were successful in reaching the target population. Men present in the brothels could not deny being there, and it proved possible to explain the purpose of the study and to gain their confidence. Collection of saliva samples was shown to be an excellent method for performing HIV testing in difficult field conditions where it is hard to gain access to the population under study. The surveying of prostitution sites is recommended as a means of identifying core groups for HIV infection with a view to targeting education programmes more effectively. In countries such as Senegal, where the prevalence of HIV infection is still low, interventions among commercial sex workers and their clients may substantially delay the onset of a larger epidemic in the general population.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed2002

Course and outcome of pregnancy in 54 persistently HIV-1-seronegative sex workers and their infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the course and outcome of pregnancy in 54 persistently HIV-1-seronegative pregnant commercial sex workers (prostitutes). STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred twenty-three initially HIV-1-seronegative prostitutes in Manipur, India, were studied between 1990 and 1999. Two hundred forty (46%) women seroconverted to HIV-1 during the study period. HIV-1 polymerase chain reaction with env, nef and vif gene primers was done on 98 persistently seronegative sex workers, who remained seronegative after three years of follow-up. Fifty-four of these women became pregnant (study group). The course and outcome of pregnancy were studied prospectively in 54 persistently HIV-1-seronegative women and compared with those in matched HIV-1-seronegative women from the general population coming for routine antenatal checkups. RESULTS: In the 54 seronegative women (study group) who became pregnant, there were 52 singleton, term vaginal deliveries and two emergency cesarean sections for fetal distress. All 54 infants had negative viral cultures for HIV-1 at birth. The women remained seronegative throughout pregnancy, as did the control group. All 54 infants were breast-fed and remained well. CONCLUSION: A small proportion of highly exposed individuals may have natural protective immunity to HIV, may be resistant to HIV-1 and may have successful outcomes of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Social basis of deviant sexual behaviour: a historical perspective.

Sexual perversions are often a product of civilized life. Most societies permit some degree of deviant sexual behaviour as a relief from stress of routine life. Criteria for labelling such behaviour have changed over a period of time. There have been instances of normalizing deviant sexual behaviour by formation of pressure groups by the deviants e.g. homosexual clubs, particularly in Western countries. Attitude of church on masturbation & homosexuality has fluctuated from forbidding these activities to accepting these as harmless acts. Extra marital sex, premarital sex, homosexuality, fellatio, masturbation have been reported from almost all societies. Swinging and mate-swapping is more prevalent in the West. Social factors associated with deviant sexual behaviour are discussed. Incest lobbies have come up in U. S. Prostitution has also been there in all societies since antiquity. Earlier, prostitutes enjoyed a relatively higher social status. Their degradation started with the dawn of Christianity. In 1960s there was sexual revolution in U. S. with emphasis on free sex. There is evidence of slowing down of sexual revolution with the advent of AIDS. Safe-sex and fidelity are now being emphasized.

History, 21st Century↗
PubMed2003

Stuart Gan Memorial Lecture 2002. HIV/AIDS in children.

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children has risen steadily over the years and has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality during childhood. More than 90% of all children with HIV infection acquired their infection at birth from HIV-infected mothers. With increasing evidence of heterosexual HIV transmission, the number of infected women and consequently their children is increasing. The transmission rate of HIV from mother to infant varies from 20% to 40%. Children can be affected directly through HIV infection and AIDS, and indirectly by the effects of their parents' HIV infection, including being orphaned, discrimination, infant abandonment and negative impact on children's education. Another concern regards children who are most vulnerable to HIV infection and AIDS, such as child prostitutes and children in difficult circumstances. Recommended actions include prevention of parental HIV infection, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, addressing child prostitution, prevention of child labour and improving work conditions, assistance to street children, addressing discrimination, solving the problem of children orphaned by AIDS, reducing HIV-related child abandonment and creating new roles for schools in reducing negative social impact. Although the largest number of HIV-infected persons are from sub-Saharan Africa, the annual incidence of HIV infection in Asia is escalating alarmingly. As reported by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization in December 2001, HIV infection has already killed more than 20 million people worldwide since the beginning of the epidemic and has infected more than 40 million people; almost half of them were women. There are at least 7 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region. The numbers of HIV-infected women and children are increasing at an alarming rate. Over 1 million children are HIV-infected; in the year 2000 alone, 600,000 children acquired HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of HIV-antibodies in maritime workers and in other selected population groups in Poland.

The objective of the present work was to determine prevalence of HIV-antibodies in the following population groups: 1. Seamen, fishermen and dockers from region of Gdańsk and Szczecin 2. Travellers abroad. 3. Special risk groups (intravenous drug users, prostitutes, homosexuals, haemophiliacs) mostly from Gdańsk region. 4. Hospital patients, prisoners, other people. Abbott recombinant HIV 1/HIV 2 EIA was used for the detection of antibodies to HIV type 1 and/or type 2. In the period from 1987 to 1992, 70,297 examinations were made. HIV-antibodies were detected in 165 people (0.23%). Out of 35,084 subjects in the first group (926 women and 34,158 men). 20 men were found seropositive (0.06%). The majority of them--16 men were seamen, 3 were fishermen and one was a harbour worker. In the second group made of 27,403 people including 3,640 females, HIV-antibodies were revealed in 9 men (0.04%) and one woman. In the third group, there were 965 people including 482 women; among them there were 104 men and 19 women infected (12.8%). Out of the 349 prostitutes examined 2 were infected (0.05%). Among 79 homosexuals, 4 were found infected. In the sample of 14 haemophiliacs none demonstrated HIV-antibodies. In 6,845 subjects of the fourth group (5938 males and 907 females), 12 males were seropositive (0.18%). In that number 5 were prisoners, other 5 were hospital patients and 2 were known to have homosexual relationship with infected men. The majority of subjects with HIV-antibodies were men--145 (88%) of the total number of subjects infected, aged 20-40.

Adult↗
PubMed1958

The venereal disease problem in Japan.

According to statistical reports, venereal disease case-rates and death-rates have both shown a real decline in Japan in the last decade. However, from a one-day survey of patients in all Japanese medical establishments carried out in 1955, it is estimated that not less than 720 000 new cases of venereal disease occur annually. Moreover, with the coming into force of the new anti-prostitution law, prostitutes (responsible for some 70% of male venereal infections) will become scattered among the general population and consequently more difficult to control and treat; as a result there may even be an increase in the spread of venereal infection.The authors describe the control methods currently in use in Japan, which may be grouped in two categories-case-finding, and treatment and case-holding-and suggest how these might be strengthened or improved.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

High-risk behaviors among male street youth in Hollywood, California.

High-risk sex and drug use behaviors are examined among 446 male street youth 14 to 23 years old in Hollywood, California (the area in Los Angeles County with the highest number of AIDS cases). Comparisons are made based on whether the sex behaviors occurred in situations of "survival sex" ("sex you gotta do") and "recreational sex" ("sex you wanna do"). Ninety-seven percent of the males were sexually active, with 27.1% involved in prostitution in the last 3 months. Involvement in prostitution is most common among older, gay identified males. The most prevalent risk factors seen among this group include inconsistent condom use (which also varies by social situation), high-risk sexual behaviors during both survival and recreational sex, large numbers of sexual partners, intravenous drug use, and the use of drugs and alcohol during all sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

HIV-associated risk behaviour among drug users at drug rehabilitation centres.

A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and HIV-associated risk behavior was conducted in February 1998 among 6,324 drug users in 26 drug rehabilitation centres in Malaysia. The majority of respondents were males (97.3%) and Malays (77.8%), administered drugs intravenously (64.6%) and of these 65.4% shared needles. About 78.1% had sexual exposure, of which 55.1% had sex with girl friends, 31.3% with prostitutes and 4.6% with male partners. The HIV prevalence rate in the group was 12.1% and significantly high among injecting drug users (IDU); those sharing needles; those who started addiction at a young age (10-15 years); those who had sexual exposures and had sex with prostitutes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Passenger-women: changing gender relations in the Tari Basin.

Papua New Guinea is in the early stages of an HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is important to understand how the sexual behaviour of Huli men and women will influence the form of the epidemic in the Tari area. High numbers of single and married men migrating out of the Tari area in search of employment, returning with sexually transmitted infections, are one cause for concern. Another is the emergence of a form of prostitution in the Tari area. This paper describes an unusual aspect of female sexual behaviour at Tari in which some women become sexually promiscuous, behaving in a manner that could be labelled prostitution. This behaviour scandalizes their families and results in a debasing of their value as brides. However, the women involved do not see their actions as being part of any form of sex work. Rather, they participate in this behaviour because they are frustrated and angry. The women feel their male kin have not fulfilled customary obligations to them as women; often the women have been raped and their assailants neither apprehended nor punished. As a result the women have come to believe that the meaning and function of bridewealth marriage has changed such that women are like commodities to be bought and sold. They see their behaviour as a form of revenge on their families and on a culture that seemingly no longer values them as persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Risk behaviours associated with urethritis and genital ulcer disease in prison inmates, Sindh, Pakistan.

We evaluated the epidemiological differences with respect to demographics, drug use and sexual behaviours associated with lifetime risk of urethritis, genital ulcer disease (GUD) and urethritis and GUD together among 3395 male prisoners in Sindh. Factors associated with urethritis and GUD alone were sex with multiple females, sex with men, and ethnicity. Additional factors associated with urethritis alone were sex with prostitutes, sex with partners having multiple partners and sex with partners believed to be injecting drugs. Behaviours associated with lifetime risk for urethritis and GUD together were sex with multiple females, sex with prostitutes, sex with men, sex with partners believed to be injecting drugs and ethnicity. These relationships were consistently stronger compared to urethritis or GUD alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Little change in sexual behavior in injecting drug users in Amsterdam.

To assess heterosexual behavior of injecting drug users (IDUs) over time, we studied 174 IDUs with regard to their steady, casual, and commercial partners over a 1-year period. Within this year a large national AIDS prevention campaign had been implemented in the Netherlands. In addition, condom use was discussed with participants during various follow-up visits. We found a large turnover in IDUs who reported having steady, casual, or commercial partners. Limited change in sexual behavior occurred: the frequent use of condoms increased only with casual partners (from 30 to 49%), and the proportion of female IDUs working as prostitutes decreased (from 56 to 41%). At both measurements IDUs who knew that they were HIV infected used condoms more frequently with their steady partners and tended to report fewer casual partners than those who knew they were not infected. In addition, HIV-infected women tended to be less active in prostitution than noninfected women. We conclude that large-scale voluntary testing of IDUs, together with repeatedly discussing the risks of sexual transmission of HIV and the use of condoms as a preventive measure (counseling) may, at least among HIV-infected IDUs, result in some risk reduction. Health education to increase the use of condoms should also be directed at IDUs who at present do not have steady, casual, or commercial partners.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Potential for spread of HIV in Japan].

Beginning 3 years ago, rapid spread of HIV was observed in Thailand with consequent serious problems in the public. HIV initially spread among i.v. drug abusers and then invaded prostitutes. Sero-surveillance estimates that there are 300,000 HIV positives in all of Thailand. Thai authorities warn that 4 million persons may be infected by the year 2000. In Japan, the cumulative number of HIV positives is reported as 453 excluding hemophiliac cases. However, the reported figures are assumed to be only a part of the actual figure. WHO estimates there may be 20,000 HIV positives in Japan. From the epidemiological surveillance, incidence of HIV positives even in the risk groups is extremely low in Japan. HIV positives in blood donors is merely 0.31 per 100,000. The question is whether AIDS will continue to be a less serious problem in Japan? Examination of blood or a voluntary basis may not tell the real situation of HIV positives in Japan. There is a real concern regarding HIV positives in female foreign visitors who made up 86 per cent of all female positives in Japan. These females are suspected to be professionals engaged in sex business in Japan. A hypothetical simulation indicates they may possibly infect 60,000 people per year. On the other hand, contact between Japanese travellers visiting Thailand and Thai prostitutes is also possible. Using the figure of 230,000 males visiting Thailand in 1990, hypothetical simulation revealed that 690 may become infected per year which is 1/50 of those calculated to be infected inside Japan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Forecasting↗
PubMed1992

[Multicenter study of the prevalence of type 2 human immunodeficiency virus infection in Spain (1990)].

BACKGROUND: HIV-2 is a new retrovirus which may produce AIDS and has been mainly described in individuals from West Africa. More than 400 cases have been reported in France and Portugal while in Spain very few cases of HIV-2 infection have been reported with few studies having been made concerning the prevalence of the disease. This multicentric study analyzes the prevalence of HIV-2 infection in subjects of different risk groups in Spain and evaluates the diagnostic efficacy of different methodologies. METHODS: The presence of HIV-2 antibodies was analyzed in 902 serum samples of high risk individuals collected in 1990 from: 386 drug addicts, 246 not drug addict prostitutes, 184 West Africans and 86 homo/bisexual individuals. These samples were from Barcelona, Sevilla, and Malaga. The detection of antibodies was carried out by enzymatic immunoanalysis (EIA), Western blot (WB) and an enzymoimmuno-dot (EID) designed with synthetic peptides. RESULTS: Positive serology only for HIV-2 was detected in 7 samples from African immigrants. Two drug addicts presented double reactivity HIV-1/HIV-2 in all the tests suggesting double infection. No prostitutes or homo/bisexual males were identified with positive serology for HIV-2. Cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HIV-2 was more frequently detected in WB than in EID. Greater discordance was found in the results obtained by EIA, WB, and EID in the West Africans than in the analysis of the samples of native subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that, for the time being, HIV-2 infection in Spain is rare although from among immigrants from endemic areas subjects with behavior to risk of transmission to the autochthonous population have been identified. The use of techniques designed with synthetic peptides may be of use to discriminate HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in positive samples by enzymatic immunoanalysis (EIA) and Western blot which use a viral lysate as antigenic material.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Report calls for changes to the law to improve safety, security and well-being of sex workers.

In June of 2005, the STAR (Sex Trade Advocacy and Research) project submitted a report to the House of Commons subcommittee regarding the prostitution-related sections of the Criminal Code. The report calls for the repeal of these Criminal Code sections, the recognition of prostitution as work under provincial laws, changes to municipal by-laws and increased funding for sex worker organizations to engage in education, support and advocacy.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

[Prospective study of sexually transmitted infections in Dakar, Senegal].

The objectives of this study conducted from January to December 2001 at our reference centre for sexualy transmitted infections (STI) were to determine the epidemiological profile of men who consulted our facility for symptomatic STI, describe the clinical manifestations of STI, and propose recommendations for improving therapeutic management of STI in tropical areas. A total of 100 men consulting for symptomatic STI were included over the one-year study period. In addition to administering a standardized questionnaire to each patient, a thorough clinical examination especially of the urogenital tract was performed and blood and urethral discharge specimens were obtained for analysis at the Reference STI laboratory of Institut d'Hygiène Sociale (IHS). Analysis of study data demonstrated that the mean age of patients was 25 years, that 52% were single, and that level of education was generally low (primary school for 37% and secondary school for 27%). However it should be pointed out that 12% of patients had a university level education. Most patients were Wolof people living in or around Dakar and working in the trades sector (shopkeeper, artists, tailors, drivers, and seamen). Thirty-seven percent of patients reported previous STI involving urethral discharge in 34% and genital ulcer in 3%. Risk factors included sex with random partners in 51% including 31% with prostitutes, more than two partners at the time of the study in 34%, and regular alcohol use in 44%. Neisseria gonorrhoea was by far the most frequent infectious agent found in urethral discharge specimens (52%). Genital ulcer was found in only 13 cases. Eight of 13 patients with genital ulcers had positive syphilis serology suggesting that syphilis was the most frequent aetiology. The other aetiologies were uncommon STI, ie., condyloma (n=3), balanitis (n=2), venereal lymphogranuloma (n=1) and secondary syphilis (n=1). Serology was positive for HIV in 4% of patients. The epidemiologic profile of the patients in our study was similar to those previously reported in the literature. However it is interesting to note the non-negligible number of cases of STI transmission involving illegal prostitution, the high incidence of mismanagement of STI by the health care workers who provided initial treatment, the poor availability of drugs used for treatment of STI therapy in the centre's Banako Initiative (BI) pharmacy, and the frequency of condom non-use by patients with STI.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Risk factors for HIV-2 infection in Guinea-Bissau.

To define the epidemiology of HIV-2 infection, we conducted a case-control study among hospitalized patients at an acute care hospital in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, a country with endemic HIV-2 infection. Among 128 patients with various diagnoses, 23 (18%) were positive for HIV-2 by ELISA and Western blot. One of these patients was serologically reactive for HIV-1 also, but PCR and viral culture revealed the presence of HIV-2 only. To study risk factors, behaviors, and AIDS knowledge related to the acquisition of HIV infection, 22 HIV-2-seropositive and 21 seronegative hospitalized patients were given a physical examination and administered a questionnaire. Among women, transfusion was associated with HIV-2 infection (OR = 14.4, p = 0.02); among men, sex with a prostitute was the principal risk factor (OR = undefined, p = 0.02). Although 79% of HIV-infected patients and controls had heard of AIDS, only 17% of all study participants and 50% of males reporting sex with prostitutes had used condoms in the previous year. These data suggest that the risk factors for HIV-2 infection are similar to those for HIV-1 and support previous studies showing that HIV-2 is the predominant HIV in Guinea-Bissau. Efforts to decrease transmission of HIV-2 should include screening for HIV-2 in blood for transfusion in endemic areas (now done in Bissau) and education about the risk of sexual transmission.

Adolescent↗