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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The 1997 Nationwide Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey in the Philippines.

SETTING: The Philippines is a developing country where tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of TB as a basis for setting the targets of the National Tuberculosis Control Program. STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS: A multi-stage cluster survey of a random sample of 21960 subjects from 36 clusters nationwide was undertaken from 2 April to 31 July 1997. BCG scar verification and tuberculin testing was performed for subjects aged 2 months and over, and chest radiography screening was done on subjects 10 years and older. Sputum samples were collected from individuals who were initially assessed to have abnormal chest radiographs to determine the prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis. Acid-fast smear by modified Kinyoun's technique and culture on Löwenstein Jensen were done to demonstrate Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS: The prevalence of active pulmonary TB was 42/1000 population. The prevalence of culture-positive and smear-positive cases was 8.1 and 3.1/1000, respectively. The prevalence was similar in urban and rural areas. CONCLUSION: Morbidity from TB remains high. Allowing for methodological differences from the survey in 1981-1983, the prevalence of active pulmonary TB was unchanged. There was only a minimal decrease, of 37% for smear-positive cases and 25% for culture-positive cases, in the 14-year interval.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Kinetic modeling of LDL oxidation using software (NELOP program) and validation in a population at vascular risk].

Oxidized LDL (low density lipoprotein) are considered to be the major initiating event in atherogenesis. In vitro models have been studied but no mathematic modeling can assess quantitatively the oxidability of LDL and antioxidant effects. We have developed a mathematic modeling allowing quantification of different kinetic parameters to LDL oxidation. This model has been validated by means of a software (software NELOP) in normal population (HV) and in a cardiovascular risk population, hemodialysis (HD). LDL are collected and purified by sequential ultracentrifugations from 12 healthy volunteers and hemodialysis patients. LDL oxidability (0.1 microM) is initiated by 5 microM copper and monitored continuously by conjugated diene production. All parameters are evaluated and correlated to those obtained by NELOP. Significant correlations between measured and calculated parameters (Vmax: r2 = 0.99, p < 0.05) allow to validate NELOP in both populations. Our results show that hemodialysis LDL present an enhanced susceptibility to copper induced oxidation (lag time: 96.6 +/- 48.6 mn in HV versus 54.5 +/- 22.2 mn in HD). NELOP seems to be a useful tool to evaluate LDL oxidation in cardiovascular risk populations.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Can patient registers give an improved measure of internal migration in England and Wales?

This article describes a new source of internal migration data for England and Wales. These data are extracted from the 98 Family Health Service Authority (FHSA) patient registers that hold the details of people in England and Wales who are registered with the National Health Service. Migration estimates are derived from changes in postcodes on the patients' records. The findings presented in the article show that the registers provide high quality estimates of migration into and out of the constituent areas of the FHSAs (as compared to other sources). Where limitations are identified, compensatory adjustments can be introduced to further enhance the quality of the estimates.

England↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is cancer preventable?].

Cancer prevention is possible when the causes and risk factors for this disease are known and can be avoided. Lung, breast, stomach and cervical cancers are those with the highest incidence internationally. Smoking, diet, physical activity and certain viruses are factors that have potential for modification, and they determine most of the cancers in the world. To reduce cancer risk, the following is recommended at the individual level: increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, decreasing consumption of red meats, animal fats and alcoholic beverages, avoiding smoking, exercising regularly and avoiding weight gain. Health education, restrictions as to where smoking is prohibited and establishing taxes on tobacco consumption are the principal strategies for designing population prevention programs.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Studies on risk of leprosy relapses in China: relapses after treatment with dapsone monotherapy.

Based upon the data from the Chinese National System for Leprosy Surveillance, this paper reports on the relapses in 297,343 leprosy patients [multibacillary (MB) 106,518, paucibacillary (PB) 190,825] cured by dapsone monotherapy. A total of 11,055 (MB 8675, PB 2380) patients relapsed during an accumulated follow-up period of 4,229,050 patient-years (PY), giving an overall relapse rate of 3.72 per 100 cases or 2.61 per 1000 PY, i.e., 8.14% or 5.91 per 1000 PY over an average follow-up period of 13.8 +/- 8.4 years in MB patients and 1.25% or 0.86 per 1000 PY over an average period of 14.5 +/- 8.9 years in PB patients. For either the overall relapse rate per 100 cases or per 1000 PY, the differences between MB and PB patients were statistically significant, except during 36-40 years of follow up. For both MB and PB patients, the relapse rates showed consistently significant decreases year by year, particularly in PB patients whose relapse rate per 1000 PY was 1.21 in year 10 of follow up; whereas it remained more than 10 per 1000 PY in MB patients. In view of that, the overall relapse rates in MB and PB patients cured by dapsone monotherapy were acceptably low, and most of these patients have been followed up for more than a mean incubation period of observed dapsone relapse. Along with the further extension of follow up, the risk of relapse in dapsone-cured patients will not be expected to increase. This conclusion should be considered when planning policy for the management of patients released from dapsone monotherapy.

China↗
PubMed1975

Bacturcult in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection.

Colony counts on 122 clean-catch mid-stream urine specimens were determined with Bacturcult and compared with those obtained using the quantitative pour plate method. The suggested criteria for using Bacturcult resulted in an unacceptably high number of false positive cultures. It has been shown that over 100 colonies in the proscribed area on the cellophane sleeve correlated well with pour plate colony counts of over 100 000/ml. Bacturcult was found to be a simple and convenient method for performing a quantitative colony count on a urine specimen. It could be recommended for use in domiciliary practice, out-patient clinics and in population screening programes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

Normal emmetropization in infants with spectacle correction for hyperopia.

PURPOSE: The development of emmetropic refraction is known to be under visual control. Does partial spectacle correction of infants' refractive errors, which has been shown to have beneficial effects in reducing strabismus and amblyopia, impede emmetropization? The purpose of the present study was to perform the first longitudinal controlled trial to investigate this question in human subjects. METHODS: Children identified as having significant hyperopia in a population screening program at age 8 to 9 months were assigned to treated (partial spectacle correction) or untreated groups. A control group of infants with no significant refractive errors at screening was also recruited. Measurements of retinoscopic refraction under cycloplegia were taken at 4- to 6-month intervals up to the age of 36 months, and changes in refraction of 148 subjects were analyzed longitudinally. RESULTS: Refractive error decreased toward low hyperopic values between 9 and 36 months in both hyperopic groups. By 36 months, this reduction of hyperopia showed no overall difference between children who were treated with partial spectacle correction and those who were not. Despite the improvement, both hyperopic groups' mean refractive error at 36 months remained higher than that of the control group. When infants in all three groups were considered together, the rate of reduction of refractive error was, on average, a linear function of the initial level of hyperopia. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of spectacle correction for infants with hyperopia can be achieved without impairing the normal developmental regulation of refraction.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

Results from the first computerised Italian surveillance of human Salmonella isolates. The Italian SALM-NET Working Group.

We report all the first computerised data collected in Italy for the surveillance of Salmonella isolates. Primarily, within the wide framework of the European Community Human Salmonella Surveillance Project (SALM-NET), we report data on the most commonly isolated serotypes in Italy from January 1994 to December 1996. In addition, we report all computerised data historically collected by some Italian regions regarding the period 1980-1993. Total data included in the Italian SALM-NET data base account for 59,336 Salmonella isolates. In the list of the most frequent isolates starting from 1989, S. Enteritidis always ranked first, followed by S. Typhimurium.

Adolescent↗