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PubMed1978

Prehistoric New Zealanders.

The physical condition of prehistoric man in New Zealand is briefly surveyed. These were tall, robust Polynesian people living an active existence, and having an adequate diet. The mean life span of about 30 years for adults was short only by modern Western standards. A number of skeletal features, notably aspects of skull and long bone form, set them apart from other races of mankind.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An important endemic in the Marquesas: neural angiostrongylosis].

The authors report on 37 new cases of eosinophilic meningitis collected in two years in an island with a population of 1,800. Recalling first the epidemiology of the disease, they describe the most frequent clinical signs met and the results of rachiocentesis which confirm the diagnosis. The disease strikes more than 1% of the population. It might not rapidly disappear as the only efficient prophylaxis would be to deprive the population, very attached to its traditions, of one traditional dish.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMed1986

Globin genes in Polynesians have many rearrangements including a recently described gamma gamma gamma gamma/.

Rearrangements involving genes of the alpha- and beta-globin loci were frequently detected in DNA from Polynesians. A founder effect and genetic drift occurring 2,000-3,000 years ago as Polynesians migrated eastward across the Pacific is proposed as the likely mechanism for these genetic changes that include deletions or additions of alpha-, gamma-, and zeta-globin genes and an unusual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with the zeta gene. Preliminary data show different frequencies for gene rearrangements between island groups. Further study of these differences should provide additional information on the prehistory of Polynesians.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1987

Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents in Hawaii.

Case records of hospitalized children (age 4 to 18 years) with acute rheumatic fever on Oahu, HI, were reviewed for the 4-year period from Oct 1, 1980, to Sept 30, 1984. Ninety-eight cases met the modified Jones criteria. The overall incidence of rheumatic fever was 13.4 hospitalized children per 100,000 children per year and that for recurrent attacks was 2.5. Of the 98 with rheumatic fever, 73 had polyarthritis, 33 had carditis, and ten had chorea. Polynesian/part-Polynesian children accounted for 76 of the 98 cases. The incidence of rheumatic fever in Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian was 18.0 and for Samoan children was 206 hospitalized children per 100,000 per year. The relative risks were 7.7 and 88 times that of the white children, respectively. Rheumatic fever continues to cause significant morbidity in children in Hawaii, especially in Polynesian children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Incidence of acquired primary hypolactasia in three New Zealand racial groups.

The relative frequency of acquired primary hypolactasia has been determined in adult Maoris, Samoans and Europeans by measuring an alteration in breath hydrogen concentration two hours after a 50 g oral lactose load. By this indirect measurement hypolactasia was present in 64% of Maoris, 54% of Samoans and 9% of Europeans. The differences between Maoris and Europeans (p less than 0.001) and between Samoans and Europeans (p less than 0.001) were significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Influence of alpha thalassaemia on haematological parameters in Polynesian patients.

DNA mapping of the alpha globin gene cluster in cord blood from Polynesians has shown an increased frequency of alpha thalassaemia and triplicated alpha genes. Reduced levels of haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin or mean corpuscular volume in these neonates may indicate alpha thalassaemia. Recognition of this will avoid unnecessary haematological investigations and iron supplementation.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors associated with hepatitis B infection in antenatal patients.

Risk factors associated with HBsAg carriers were prospectively examined in 1821 women attending the Antenatal Clinic of an inner-city obstetrics hospital. Of the sample, 3.2% were HBsAg carriers and 28.7% of 725 tested for anti-HBs were positive. Birth in a country where the prevalence of HBsAg is high and Aboriginal ancestry were the major associated factors rather than a past history of hepatitis or intravenous drug use. Women from Indochina or the Pacific region, if HBsAg-positive, were more likely than other carriers to have markers of viral replication including HBeAg, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and DNA polymerase. Evidence of past infection with HBV also varied with country of birth, but 11% of women with no apparent risk factors for prior HBV infection were anti-HBs positive. This study indicates the need for a screening programme for HBsAg in antenatal populations.

Australia↗
PubMed1985

Partial indices as indicators of the severity and prevalence of periodontal disease.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability of partial examination in the assessment of the average severity and the prevalence of periodontal disease. A total of 126 subjects aged 15-30 years and 160 subjects aged 31-68 years were examined for the presence or absence of gingival bleeding, supra- and subgingival calculus and pocket depths of 4-5 mm or 6 mm and over on six surfaces of each remaining tooth. From this pool of data three sets of average severity and prevalence scores were extracted. One was based on the full mouth examination; one on observations made from the ten index teeth of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN); and one on the six index teeth of the Periodontal Disease Index. Average severity scores were obtained as accurately from the six Ramfjord teeth as from full mouth examinations for all periodontal disease indicators except for 6 mm or deeper pockets. When the assessments were based on the ten CPITN index teeth, the average severity scores exceeded those based on full mouth examinations for all indicators recorded and the prevalence figures were higher than those based on the six Ramfjord teeth. Even with the CPITN there was an under-estimate of the proportion of individuals affected, ranging from 16 per cent for 4-5 mm pockets to 21 per cent for 6 mm and deeper pockets in the older age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Filariasis transmission in Samoa. II. Some factors related to the development of microfilariae in the intermediate host.

The developmental period of microfilariae of sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in laboratory-bred Aedes polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus was shorter in the warm season (December to May) than in the cool season (June to November). In the warm season the microfilariae reached the 'sausage' stage in three days, cylindrical second stage in seven days and the infective stage in 12 days after the infecting meal. During the cool season the incubation period was extended to 14 days. Microfilariae persisting in a carrier recently treated with diethylcarbamazine citrate readily infected Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus and developed into the infective stage, but the proportion which became infected was significantly less than the proportion infected on an untreated carrier having comparable microfilarial density. Under the conditions of the experiments the survival of infected Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus was dependent on physical conditions. The average level of infective worm burden did not appear to affect the mortality of the vectors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Filariasis transmission in Samoa. I. Relation between density of microfilariae and larval density in laboratory-bred and wild-caught Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis (Marks) and wild-caught Aedes (Finlaya) samoanus (Gruenberg).

Transmission experiments of laboratory-bred and wild-caught Aedes polynesiensis and wild-caught Ae. samoanus on carriers with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that the percentage of mosquitoes infected, the average number and range of larvae found in each infected mosquito were directly proportional to the microfilarial densities in the carrier at the time of feeding. There was no difference between the results for laboratory-bred and wild-caught mosquitoes. Aedes polynesiensis fed on low carriers (around 20 Mf ml-1 and less) gave an average infection rate of 4.9%. Each infected mosquito harboured only one larva. A plot of the probit of percentage Ae. polynesiensis positive against the logarithm of microfilarial density showed a linear relationship. Using the regression line, at 95% confidence interval, a microfilarial density of 1 ml-1 would give an infection rate of 0.22-2.51%, a density of 0.1 Mf ml-1 an infection rate of 0.01-1.0%. The concentrating capacity of Ae. polynesiensis ranged from 0.70 to 4.74. As microfilaria densities decreased, concentration increased. The microfilarial intake, the subsequent worm burden and concentrating capacity were less in Ae. samoanus than Ae. polynesiensis. There was no evidence of any association between microfilarial density and concentration in Ae. samoanus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Breaking the mirror: the construction of lesbianism and the anthropological discourse on homosexuality.

This essay reviews the anthropological discourse on homosexuality by examining the assumptions that have been used by anthropologists to explain homosexual behavior, and by identifying current theoretical approaches. The essay questions the emphasis on male homosexual behavior as the basis for theoretical analysis, and points to the importance of including female homosexual behavior in the study of homosexuality. Cross-cultural data on lesbian behavior are presented and the influence of gender divisions and social stratification on the development of patterns of lesbian behavior are broadly explored. The article outlines suggestions for examining the cultural context of lesbian behavior as well as the constrains exerted on women's sexual behavior in various cultures.

Adolescent↗