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PubMed2004

Does personality change and, if so, what changes?

BACKGROUND: Although the question of whether or not personality changes is fundamental to much of what clinicians do, we do not appear to be very curious about the question itself. METHOD: This paper considers three separate but related issues: (a) Does personality change? (b) If it does, then what changes? (c) How can we show that change has taken place? Costa and McCrea have produced a model of personality that helps to answer (a) and (b), as it distinguishes 'Basic Tendencies' from 'Characteristic Adaptations'. The former are largely innate, fixed dispositions that produce the latter (which are highly variable) depending on its interaction with differing environments. Thus, personality is both static and dynamic depending on its definition. It will also be argued that detecting change is complex as there are many alternative definitions of the relevant outcome variable. Moreover, measuring several different outcomes does not help as change in one measure is often not matched by a concordant change in another. Some practical examples are provided to support this position. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of a firm theoretical base, the author believes that only limited conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of treatment in personality disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

On the measurement of susceptibility to genetic factors.

Geneticists usually measure the phenotypic effects of a single gene trait in terms of penetrance and recurrence risks in relatives of affected individuals, while epidemiologists usually compute measures of relative and attributable risks. These concepts can be merged to measure the proportion of individuals "susceptible" to a genetic factor. In the context of a sufficient cause model, susceptibility can be defined as the underlying factor(s) sufficient to make a person develop disease because of the genetic factor in the absence of other causes. The proportion of susceptibles to the genetic factor in the population differs conceptually and often arithmetically from the penetrance of the genotype especially for common diseases with etiologic heterogeneity. For a wide range of disease and allele frequencies, it can be shown that the proportion of susceptibles can be approximated by the risk difference measure (i.e., difference between penetrance with the genotype and penetrance without the genotype). We also apply the concept of susceptibility to estimate familial recurrence of disease due to a genetic factor. This measure of familial recurrence differs conceptually from simple recurrence risk and can be approximated by the familial risk difference measure (i.e., difference between recurrence risks in relatives of cases and relatives of controls) for a wide range of disease and allele frequencies.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in a rehabilitation hospital.

Pressure ulcers remain a serious health problem, especially in terms of personal suffering and economics. The study described here, conducted in a rehabilitation setting, investigated the prevalence (number of persons with pressure ulcers at a given time) and the incidence (number of persons developing pressure ulcers over a given time) of pressure ulcers. Skin assessments and risk assessments of the subjects were completed using the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Demographic data were obtained. The prevalence rate was 25%, although there was no incidence during the time of this study. Factors associated with the prevalence of pressure ulcers are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A cognitive-interpersonal case study of a self.

This article presents an integrated conception of the self based on cognitive and interpersonal theories. Implications for clinical practice are outlined, which include understanding the therapeutic relationship as a laboratory and change as involving self-expansion. Implications for clinical research are also presented and exemplified by two strategies, which are demonstrated in a single case study of a patient who successfully underwent a brief-term treatment. The first involves the use of Interpersonal Scenarios, which are structured idiographic vignettes scaled on several parameters, to measure change between psychotherapy sessions. The second involves the use of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior, a measure of interpersonal process, and the Experiencing Scale, a measure of emotional involvement, to measure change within a session.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy: an artifact of childhood trauma?

Previous research has suggested a relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy. This study sought to extend the previous work in two fundamental respects. First, explicit cognizance was taken of the multidimensionality of both dissociative tendencies and schizotypy. Second, the study examined the possibility that the observed correlation between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy is an artifact of the association between each of these personality domains and a history of childhood trauma. Australian adults (N = 116) were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that both pathological and nonpathological dissociative tendencies were predicted by the dimensions of schizotypy, even after the contribution of childhood trauma had been removed. It is concluded that the relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy is not an artifact of childhood abuse, but the clinical significance of this relationship remains to be established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Quantifying clinical judgment in the assessment of adolescent psychopathology: Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Child Behavior Checklist for clinician report.

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as completed by doctoral-level clinicians in the treatment of adolescents. We asked 294 randomly selected, experienced psychiatrists and psychologists to describe a patient aged 14 to 18 in treatment for personality pathology. Clinicians completed the CBCL (parent-report version) and measures of adaptive functioning, personality pathology, and family and developmental history, which served as criterion variables to test the validity of the CBCL as completed by clinicians. Most CBCL scales demonstrated acceptable reliability. Validity estimates were impressive, and the data revealed clinically meaningful associations between specific CBCL scale scores and developmental and family history variables. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factorial structure of the clinician-report CBCL resembled that of the parent-report CBCL, with the exception of a substantially lower correlation between higher order internalizing and externalizing factors. The data suggest that clinical judgment can be both reliable and valid when quantified using psychometrically sound instruments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Context moderates illness-induced lifestyle disruptions across life domains: a test of the illness intrusiveness theoretical framework in six common cancers.

The illness intrusiveness theoretical framework maintains that illness-induced lifestyle disruptions compromise quality of life in chronic life-threatening conditions and that this effect is moderated by social, psychological, and contextual factors. Considerable evidence indicates that lifestyle disruptions compromise quality of life in cancer and other diseases and that the effects differ across life domains. The hypothesis that contextual factors (e.g. age, education, income, stressful life events) moderate these effects has not been tested extensively. We investigated whether age, income, education, and/or recent stressful life events modify the experience of illness intrusiveness across three central life domains (Relationships and Personal Development, Intimacy, and Instrumental life) in six common cancers. A sample of 656 cancer outpatients with one of six common cancers (breast, prostate, lymphoma, lung, head and neck, and gastrointestinal, all n's>100) completed the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale while awaiting follow-up appointments with an oncologist. Results indicated statistically significant (all p's<0.05) interactions involving each of the hypothesized moderator variables and the Life Domain factor. In each case, greatest divergence was evident when illness intrusiveness involved instrumental life domains (e.g. work, finances, health, and active recreation). The findings substantiate the illness intrusiveness theoretical framework and support its relevance for people with cancer. The psychosocial impact of chronic life-threatening disease differs across life domains and depends on the context in which it is experienced.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1994

Treating survivors of child sexual abuse: a strategy for reintegration.

Sexual abuse survivors often present with a complex and changing symptom picture in which posttraumatic reactions are superimposed on an underlying personality disorder, a combination that makes the establishment of a secure therapeutic relationship difficult. An eclectic blend of principles and techniques is recommended in order to address both aspects of the survivor's disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

As the twig is bent: the biology and socialization of gender roles in women.

The present study supports the view that biological predisposition interacts with perceived parental influences to affect cross-gender role identity. Geschwind and colleagues have identified two patterns of brain organization (anomalous and standard dominance) assessed through individual and familial handedness. Anomalous dominant women who perceived their parents as definitely giving them permission for cross-gender behavior demonstrated high masculine/low feminine characteristics on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The cross-gender role identity in this group differed significantly from the traditional gender role identity found in all other groups of females (including anomalous dominant women whose parents were perceived as less permissive and the women with standard dominance reporting both styles of parenting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception.

Forty-one high-school students evaluated each of 30 activities (e.g. smoking, drinking, drug use, sex) on each of 14 characteristics of perceived risk and perceived benefit. They also indicated whether they themselves engaged in the activities. Adolescents who participated in an activity perceived the risks to be smaller, better known, and more controllable than did non-participants. Participants also perceived greater benefits relative to risks, greater peer pressure to engage in the activity, and a higher rate of participation by others. Implications for theory, research, and for health education and intervention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Boys play sport and girls turn to others: age, gender and ethnicity as determinants of coping.

This paper reports a conceptualization of and our research to date in the area of adolescent coping. In particular, it reports on a study of Australian secondary students who completed an 80-item questionnaire which captures the range of adolescent coping behaviour by assessing eighteen strategies and three coping styles. When the relationship between coping behaviour and the respondents' gender, age and ethnicity was investigated, it was found that older students use more Self-blame and Tension-reduction techniques than do younger students; and younger students use more work related strategies than do older students; males report using more Physical Recreation than do females whilst females use more Seeking Social Support, Wishful Thinking and Tension-reduction strategies. In general, the pattern of usage of different coping strategies, for the students participating in this investigation, indicates that adolescents' foremost response to their general concerns comprises attempts to deal directly with the causes of concerns while attending to both their own physical and social well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Peer relations in adolescents: effects of parenting and adolescents' self-concept.

In this study we examined the link between the parent-adolescent relationship and the adolescent's relationship with peers. The proposed model assumes that the quality of the parent-child relationship affects the adolescent's self-concept, which in turn affects the adolescent's integration into the world of peers. The sample consisted of 508 families with adolescents (12- to 18-years-old). The data were obtained at the subjects' homes, where a battery of questionnaires was administered individually to mothers, fathers and adolescents. Several constructs relating to the quality of parent-child relationship were assessed: parental acceptance, attachment, involvement, responsiveness, love withdrawal and monitoring of the child. The measures of the adolescent's self-concept included Harter's Perceived Competence Scale for Adolescents and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The indicators of the quality of peer relations were: degree of peer activity, having a best friend, perceived acceptance by peers and attachment to peers. Assessment of the hypothesized model showed that the adolescent's self-concept serves a mediating role in the relationship between maternal child-rearing style and involvement with peers. The mediating role of self-concept was greatest for maternal acceptance. Paternal child-rearing style, however, appeared to have an independent effect on the adolescent's involvement with peers that is not accounted for by the adolescent's self-concept. The prediction of the quality of adolescents' peer relations yielded similar results for both mothers and fathers. The results suggest that a positive self-concept and warm supportive parenting each contribute unique variance to satisfactory peer relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Differences in depression and self-esteem reported by learning disabled and behavior disordered middle school students.

Although generalizations from research are helpful in guiding problem identification and interventions in a school setting, characteristics of specific groups must not be overlooked if all students are to be served effectively. Differences in the areas of self-reported self-esteem and depression are frequently pertinent to decisions and recommendations educational professionals are called on to make. The current study examined differences in the level of self-reported self-esteem and depression between learning disabled and behavior disordered middle school students. Sixty-one participants completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Similarities and differences between learning disabled and behavior disordered students were identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Long-term unemployment amongst adolescents: a longitudinal study.

The unique developmental period of adolescence suggests a distinct experience of unemployment compared to older and adult populations. A longitudinal study of long-term unemployed adolescents found healthy levels of negative self-esteem associated with strong adult social identification, high perceived time filled, low employment commitment and strong perceived personal identity. The evidence suggested good psychological health (indicated by negative self-esteem and GHQ-12) contributed to gaining employment. Employment was not associated with an improvement in levels of self-esteem (both positive and negative), although the psychological benefits of employment were indicated by a lowering in GHQ-12 scores (despite lower levels reported during unemployment by those later employed).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Late adolescent risk-taking: effects of perceived benefits and perceived risks on behavioral intentions and behavioral change.

To assess the predictive utility of perceived benefits and risks of risk-taking behaviors (RTBs) on behavioral intentions and behavioral change, data were collected from 187 male and female late adolescent college students (ages 17-20). Perceived benefits, perceived risks, behavioral intentions, and involvement for 18 RTBs were assessed at T1 and T2 (3 months later). Factor analyses were performed on T1 involvement data, and six RTB factors emerged: Alcohol RTBs, Illegal Drug RTBs, Stereotypic Male RTBs, Social RTBs, Sex RTBs, and Imprudent RTBs. Regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for each of the six factors and Overall RTB; perceived risks accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for five of the factors. Similar regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavior change (over a 3 month period) for each of the six factors and the Overall RTB score, whereas perceived risks accounted for significant variance for only one factor (Illegal Drug RTBs). The result suggest that, among late adolescents, perceived benefits are better determinants of behavior change for RTBs than are perceived risks. Both perceived benefits and perceived risks, however, are important determinants of behavioral intentions. These findings support previous work identifying adolescents as "sensation seekers". Interventions should address perceived benefits of RTB, rather than relying solely on promoting knowledge of the risks. Assessment of adolescent RTB should continue to use multi-item measures to obtain a broad picture of the variety of behaviors commonly endorsed by adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Family rigidity, adolescent problem-solving deficits, and suicidal ideation: a mediational model.

Family rigidity and adolescent problem-solving deficits have each been linked to adolescent suicidal behaviors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hypothesis that family rigidity has primarily an indirect effect on adolescent suicidal ideation through its effect on adolescent problem-solving deficits. College students and their parents completed the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II. Students also completed the Problem-Solving Inventory and the Adult Suicidal ideation Questionnaire. Structural equation models confirmed that family rigidity has an indirect effect on adolescent suicidal ideation through its effect on adolescent problem-solving deficits. Directions for treatment efforts are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Male adolescent sex offenders against children: similarities and differences between those offenders with and those without a history of sexual abuse.

This study compares a defined sample of male adolescents (n = 36) with regard to their personal development, family characteristics and the types of offence they committed. Adolescent sex offenders with (n = 16) and without (n = 20) a history of sexual abuse who had offended against children were investigated during ongoing criminal proceedings by means of questionnaires and intelligence tests. The most important characteristic that distinguishes the two groups from each other is the more frequent absence of the parents of adolescents who committed sexual offences against children and had a history of sexual abuse. The consequences to be drawn from these results with regard to aggressive sexual delinquency in adolescence are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to further avenues of investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Possible selves as a mechanism for identity exploration.

This study examined one possible mechanism involved in the identity exploration process. From a constructivist perspective identity is conceptualized as a self-theory. Using self-theory as a model of identity, it was proposed that the exploration process involves the production of hypotheses or possibilities about the self. A total of 277 participants were given the EOM-EIS-2 in order to make identity status classifications, and the close-ended possible selves questionnaire in order to measure aspects of their possible selves. Because the Moratorium status is defined by active exploration, it was predicted that this status group would be associated with a greater number of possible selves. This prediction was confirmed, partly because of the greater number of negative possible selves that were endorsed, which could signify increased anxiety, balance, and motivation for change. Distinctions between the committed identity status groups and the Diffusion status group also emerged. The pattern of responses exhibited by the Diffusion group appears to reflect a lack of thought and confidence regarding positive prospects for the future.

Adolescent↗