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PubMed2000

Malczyce, Poland: a multifaceted community action project in eastern Europe in a time of rapid economic change.

The major focus of this paper is the sustainability of a one-year demonstration project on drug misuse prevention, which was implemented in a local community affected by acute economic crisis and high unemployment. The project was initiated by the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and supported by the European Commission. The primary goal of the project was to demonstrate that community-based prevention is possible and feasible within the context of current transitions in Poland. Its major outcome was a community prevention package consisting of a number of booklets and videos to assist other communities in their prevention efforts. Experiences from this study suggest that factors contributing to the sustainability of a community prevention project can be identified and emphasized through simple analysis of community surveys, as well as focus group discussion.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1995

Acute poisonings in Poland.

The pattern of adolescent and adult poisonings in Poland is presented on the basis of the data from the regional toxicological centers (in-patient treatment centers). Drugs were the most frequent group of chemical substances, responsible for more than 50% of all admissions for acute poisonings. The second most frequent were alcohols with an increase in poisoning by alcohols to about 20% of total poisonings. Carbon monoxide was the third most frequent cause of poisonings. The percentages of poisonings by pesticides, corrosives and metal compounds have been reduced in recent years. The greatest number of lethal outcomes was also due to poisonings by alcohols, drugs, and carbon monoxide.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Reexamining personal, social, and cultural influences on compliance behavior in the United States, Poland, and Hong Kong.

Researchers have extended the literature on strategies of gaining compliance with a request to incorporate cultural variations into the analytic framework. In the present investigation, the authors sought to go beyond previous studies of the factors increasing compliance rates by reexamining how researchers conceptualize and measure personal, social, and cultural influences on compliance behavior in the United States, Poland, and Hong Kong. The authors found that different levels of compliance were affected by culture, principles of influence, and the individual's personal orientation of idiocentrism/allocentrism (I/A). In the present study, the authors extended previous cross-cultural work by decomposing the I/A into 2 separate individual difference variables: normative perceptions and evaluative perceptions. The interaction of person and situation on compliance showed the power of situational demands and the strength of different aspects of personal collectivism. Different patterns of compliance at the culture level revealed the importance of culture in shaping this behavioral tendency. Thus, the authors' integration of personal, social, and cultural influences provided an interactive model to help researchers explain compliance more comprehensively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bioethics education in post-communist Poland].

Bioethics education in Poland has progressively incorporated the main bioethics principles: a spirit of dialogue, pluralism and multi-disciplinarity as well as the search for a consensus on the main social issues. However these characteristics are still very fragile because of specific Polish elements: the influence of the medical profession and its traditional and dogmatic ethics, the post-Communist heritage, cultural values and historic reasons.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2002

Salmonella spp. on chicken carcasses in processing plants in Poland.

Chickens at selected points in the slaughter process and after slaughter on the dressing line in poultry plants were sampled and analyzed for Salmonella. These chickens came from the northeast part of Poland. The examinations were carried out in quarters I, II, III, and IV of 1999. All the birds were determined to be healthy by a veterinary inspection. Swab samples were taken from the cloaca after stunning and from the skin surface and body cavity of the whole bird after evisceration, after rinsing at the final rinse station but before chilling in the spin-chiller, and after cooling in the continuous cooling plant at the end of the production day. In 1999, 400 whole chickens were examined. The percentage of these 400 chickens from which Salmonella spp. were isolated was relatively high (23.75%; Salmonella-positive results were observed in 95 cases). Salmonella spp. were found after stunning in 6% of the chickens (6 of 100 samples), after evisceration in 24% (24 of 100), before cooling in 52% (52 of 100), and after cooling in 13% (13 of 100). These results show that Salmonella spp. were found more often at some processing points than at others. The lowest Salmonella spp. contamination rate (6%) for slaughter birds was found after stunning, and the highest contamination rate was found before chilling (52%). The serological types of Salmonella spp. isolated from whole chickens were Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Saintpaul, Salmonella Agona, and Salmonella Infantis. The results of these investigations indicate that Salmonella Enteritidis is the dominant serological type in infections of slaughter chickens, as it is in many countries.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Necrobacillosis in free-living male European bison in Poland.

In the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland) a chronic disease of the external genital organs has been observed in free-living male European bison (Bison bonasus) since 1980. Investigations on this disease started in the late 1980s. The most striking findings are necrotic and ulcerative lesions of the prepuce and penis of bison aged from 6 mo to >10 yr. Histologic examination of tissue samples from the prepuce of six bison (9-mo- to 8-yr-old), and from the penis of two bison (3- and 8-yr-old), were characteristic of necrobacillosis. Masses of slender, Gram-negative, rod-like or filamentous bacteria occurred in necrotic tissue. At the periphery of necrotic tissue filamentous bacteria were often arranged in large clusters and strands that advanced towards healthy tissue. Immunolabeling and electron microscopy also suggest that these organisms are Fusobacterium sp.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Virologic investigations of free-living European bison (Bison bonasus) from the Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland.

We conducted virologic investigations on postmortem specimens from 261 free-living European bison (Bison bonasus) from the Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland collected between 1990 and 2000. Fifty-four of 94 males had balanoposthitis; none of the 167 female bison examined had reproductive tract lesions. Peripheral blood, swabs, and various tissues were analyzed for bovine viruses as well as for viral DNA by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. An infectious bovine rhinotracheitis like BoHV-1 strain was isolated from the spleen of a female bison calf and additionally was detected by nested PCR from splenic tissue. None of the bison had significant antibody titers against BoHV-1, bovine herpesvirus 2, BoHV-4, caprine herpesvirus 1, cervid herpesvirus 1, or bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus-1. However, low antibody titers in two animals indicate that this European bison population has been exposed to BVD virus or BVD-like viruses and BoHV-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[One hundred years of teaching stomatology in Poland].

The development of teaching stomatology in Poland during the loss of independence, between the two World Wars and after the Second World War has been presented in this study. Stomatology was a specialization practised by physicians who were educated in diseases of teeth and oral cavity. Nowadays stomatology is the department of the Faculty of Medicine at all Medical Universities. Dentists are licensed to practise dentistry and to get specialization grades and university degrees.

Education, Dental↗
PubMed1995

Market report. Poland.

From a supplier's point of view, the medical equipment market in Poland is an interesting market. This article outlines the funding and purchasing procedures that operate there. It is the author's view that the market is on the upturn and that the current difficulties as a result of lack of budgeted funds can be resolved by active salesmanship.

Commerce↗
PubMed1998

Medical coverage for local national employees in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia.

Employers that must provide medical benefits for employees in Russia and other Eastern European countries cannot try to match the coverage they provide in the United States. This article, which focuses on the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia, summarizes the medical benefits provided by each government's social security system, describes other means of accessing medical care in these countries and outlines the insured supplemental benefit plans that may be available to employers in the local market.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Epizootic of equine influenza in 1969 in Poland.

Epidemiological observations on the course and spread of equine influenza in Poland during the 1969 epizootic were carried out. The dynamics of the spread of the disease in the country are shown graphically by voivodship. The disease incidence and mortality rates for the entire country are also shown. The highest incidence of disease and mortality rates were found to be in November 1969. A/equi-2/Warsaw/69 was identified as the causal virus. It caused the largest epizootic in the country since 1954.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Epidemiological factors of mushroom poisoning in the north-east of Poland].

Mushroom poisoning (m.p.) are still real and increasing problems in Poland. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical picture and the outcome of the therapy with and without plasmapheresis are reported in 83 patients with mushroom poisoning. M.p. are occurring every year, between June and December. The most often m.p. cases occurred as collective intoxication (89%). The most often m.p. cases occurred as a collective intoxication (89%). The most severe cases are caused by the consumption of Amantia phalloides (31 cases), and deaths were reported only after consumption of that mushroom (6 deaths). Cases were also seen eating of not properly prepared eatable mushrooms (neurotoxins arisen from choline). Symptoms seen in our patients concluded: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and fever. Particularly severe course of the disease was seen in children following intoxication with Amanita phalloides. Plasmapheresis was an effective therapy only when applied within 48 hours following intoxication.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1998

[The results of research on the prevalence of allergy to Hymenoptera venom in Southwestern Poland].

A questionnaire designed to estimate the prevalence of allergic reactions to Hymenoptera venom was posted to 1000 inhabitants of south west Poland. 881 persons responded to the questionnaire. 255 (28.9%) reported allergic reactions to stinging insects venom 141 persons (16%) report large local reactions (LL) and 114 (12.9%) systemic reactions (SYS) after stinging. At the second stage of the study 95 persons, out of the 255, were examined by a physician and tested with the intracutaneous skin test. Anamnesis carried out by the physician initially confirmed venom allergy in 87% of the LL group and 77.5% of the SYS group. Skin test results verified the above assessments confirming venom allergy in 38% persons initially reporting LL reactions and in 55% of those initially reporting SYS reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Social diseases in Poland during the in-between wars period].

In the paper the methods of prevention and control of social diseases (tuberculosis, trachoma, increased infantile and maternal mortality, alcoholism) in Poland of interwar period were presented. A considerable prevalence of these diseases was connected with social and economic conditions, in which broad classes of society had to live. The most effective methods in reducing the incidence of the diseases were prophylaxis and organization of free health care.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1998

[Cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Project CASCADE Kraków. IV. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in relation to age, sex, education and history of myocardial infarction in men and women at age 65-78, residents of a rural province in Poland (Tarnobrzed)].

Decrease in cardiovascular disease mortality below age of 65 years, which has been observed in Poland since 1992, is followed by increasing number of elderly people. One of the typical problems of ageing is deterioration of cognitive function. Little is known on prevalence of cognitive impairment and its correlates in Polish population. The goal of this paper was to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly Polish rural population and to study the differences in the distribution of cognitive function and frequency of cognitive impairment by age, sex, education and by history of previous MI. Studied group were 943 men and women at age 65-78 from the cohort representing the population of Polish rural province (Tarnobrzeg Voivodship). Participants were visited at their homes. Interview and cognitive function assessment by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) procedure were carried out according to the standard questionnaire. Participation rate was 94%--882 persons were examined. There were 58% women and 17% persons at age 75 or older in the examined group. 87% had only elementary (7 years of schooling) education or less. History of previous myocardial infarction was found in 15% of participants. In almost half of participants the result of MMSE < or = 25 points suggested cognitive impairment. More severe impairment (MMSE < or = 21 points) was found in 15% of examined persons. In participants at age 75 years or older and in those with low education, per cent of persons with cognitive impairement function was higher. Sex and history of previous myocardial infarction were not related to frequency of cognitive impairment. Results indicate the high prevalence of the cognitive impairment in elderly men and women in Polish rural population with low average level of education.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Occupational health education in Poland: new needs, new requirements, new programmes.

The conditions of modern work environment in Poland generate new problems, new needs and new expectations in the area of occupational health. They are associated not only with the rapidly changing technologies and new professions but also with the psychosocial factors pertaining to extensive transformations of the political and economic systems. New needs and expectations determine a new approach: firstly, to the responsibilities of the occupational health specialists; secondly, to the organisation and management of the workers health care; and thirdly, to the general principles of the occupational health, including in particular relevant legislation. The new requirements concerning the operation of the occupational health system in all the three dimensions must be addressed in the design of the new training programmes in occupational health whether under- or postgraduate. Subjects to updating and modification should be not only the content of the training but also its forms and methodology. Competence-based learning should be accompanied by the modern methods of problem solving, distant learning, organised self-education and self-assessment. The growing interest in the quality of the training should be expressed, first of all, in the activities aiming at the development of procedures to assess the effectiveness of the training. It seems also necessary to adopt the active learning approach intensifying acquisition and verification of the knowledge and skills. This approach would also lead to deeper changes in the students' mentality and behaviour, e.g. to make them able to estimate their own and others' level of professional competence or shape the personal system of professional values under the conditions of the free-market economy in the health care which entails quality requirements for the services and the competition among its providers.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of noise induced disability assessments in the UK and Poland.

The difference between the legal assessment of the disability associated with noise induced hearing loss and that experienced by the worker has not as yet been successfully resolved. Legal assessment is driven by financial consideration rather than the rehabilitation needs of the subject. The aim of this paper is to present this problem and consider the formulae currently used in the UK and Poland in the assessment of noise induced hearing disability.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗