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Results for “Obsessive Behavior”

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PubMed2006

Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

CONTEXT: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-striatal circuit, which is important for motivational behavior, is assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) according to current neurobiological models of this disorder. However, the engagement of this neural loop in OCD has not been tested directly in a cognitive activation imaging paradigm so far. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the OFC and the ventral striatum show abnormal neural activity in OCD during cognitive challenge. DESIGN: A reversal learning task was employed in 20 patients with OCD who were not receiving medication and 27 healthy controls during an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using a scanning sequence sensitive to OFC signal. This design allowed investigation of the neural correlates of reward and punishment receipt as well as of "affective switching," ie, altering behavior on reversing reinforcement contingencies. RESULTS: Patients with OCD exhibited an impaired task end result reflected by a reduced number of correct responses relative to control subjects but showed adequate behavior on receipt of punishment and with regard to affective switching. On reward outcome, patients showed decreased responsiveness in right medial and lateral OFC as well as in the right caudate nucleus (border zone ventral striatum) when compared with controls. During affective switching, patients recruited the left posterior OFC, bilateral insular cortex, bilateral dorsolateral, and bilateral anterior prefrontal cortex to a lesser extent than control subjects. No areas were found for which patients exhibited increased activity relative to controls, and no differential activations were observed for punishment in a direct group comparison. CONCLUSIONS: These data show behavioral impairments accompanied by aberrant OFC-striatal and dorsal prefrontal activity in OCD on a reversal learning task that addresses this circuit's function. These findings not only confirm previous reports of dorsal prefrontal dysfunction in OCD but also provide evidence for the involvement of the OFC-striatal loop in the pathophysiology of OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

B lymphocyte antigen D8/17 and repetitive behaviors in autism.

OBJECTIVE: Monoclonal antibody D8/17 identifies a B lymphocyte antigen with expanded expression in rheumatic fever, Sydenham's chorea, and subgroups of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome with repetitive behaviors. The authors examined the rate of D8/17 expression in children with autism and its correlation with severity of repetitive behaviors. METHOD: Blood samples from 18 patients with autism and 14 comparable medically ill children were evaluated for percentage of D8/17-positive B cells by immunofluorescence and for streptococcal antibodies. Severity of repetitive behaviors was also determined. RESULTS: The frequency of individuals with > or =11% D8/17-positive cells was significantly higher in the autistic patients (78%) than the comparison subjects (21%), severity of repetitive behaviors significantly correlated with D8/17 expression, and D8/17-positive patients had significantly higher compulsion scores than D8/17-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: D8/17 expression is high in patients with autism and may serve as a marker for compulsion severity within autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Checking behavior in a threatening situation.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether compulsive checking was associated with greater checking behavior and slower performance in a personally relevant and potentially threatening task. Students in an abnormal psychology class completed the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and the Everyday Checking Behavior Scale early in the semester. One month later during the first examination they were asked to record the number of times they went over (checked) each exam question after first answering it. The amount of time taken by subjects to complete this and the final exam was also recorded. The MOCI-check subscale and ECBS were correlated with the number of answer checks. MOCI-check scores were also correlated with the time taken to complete each exam. It was suggested that the characteristic of indecisiveness may be responsible for these relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: psychotherapies, drugs, and other somatic treatment.

Ninety percent of obsessive compulsive patients can be helped by treatment with behavior therapy and drug treatment, used sequentially or concurrently. The effectiveness of these treatments has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials and is superior to electroconvulsive therapy and dynamic or cognitive psychotherapies for this disorder. Potent serotonin uptake inhibiting drugs, from the class of heterocyclic antidepressants, are the most effective antiobsessional medications currently available. Although these drugs usually do not induce complete remission, they can reduce obsessive compulsive symptoms by 30% to 42%. Behavior therapy combines exposure and response prevention, which the patient first learns with the therapist and then practices independently. With behavior therapy, patients confront the triggers for their anxiety and then delay, diminish, or discontinue their rituals. Reduction in symptoms with behavior therapy averages 50% or greater. Behavior therapy is usually not effective in patients who are substantially depressed, are delusional, fail to comply, or undermine therapy with covert rituals or avoidance techniques. The rare patient with very severe obsessive compulsive disorder who does not respond to behavior or drug therapy may be a candidate for psychosurgery. Modern psychosurgical procedures are quite safe and can improve symptoms in the majority of otherwise unresponsive patients.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2006

Nicotine dependence is associated with compulsive alcohol craving.

AIMS: To investigate a possible association of nicotine dependence and alcohol craving. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional study on patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence. SETTING: Detoxification unit of a regional psychiatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 127 smoking male patients were included in the study at admission for detoxification from alcohol. MEASUREMENTS: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the severity of nicotine dependence while the Obsessive Compulsive Craving Scale (OCDS) was used to measure alcohol craving. The OCDS was assessed at admission and after 7 days of withdrawal treatment, distinguishing the total score, the obsessive and the compulsive subscale. FINDINGS: Spearman's correlation revealed a significant association between the extent of alcohol craving and the FTND score (day 0, n = 127: OCDS total score r = 0.238, P = 0.007; OCDS compulsive score r = 0.280, P = 0.001; day 7; n = 94: OCDS total score r = 0.212, P = 0.040; OCDS compulsive score r = 0.225, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of nicotine dependence is associated with higher craving in alcohol-dependent patients. These results point towards shared pathophysiological mechanisms in alcohol craving and nicotine addiction.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Clomipramine treatment of repetitive behavior.

The paper describes an informal, open trial of the effect of clomipramine on 8 patients with repetitive behaviors which were not part of a classical obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Six chronic schizophrenics had obsessions, compulsions and rituals in addition to their schizophrenic symptoms. Four of the six showed reduction in the repetitive behavior with clomipramine. Two cases in which the target symptom and overall clinical picture had little in common with obsessive compulsive neurosis, are reported in detail. Both improved with clomipramine. It is suggested that clomipramine may be useful in the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders characterized by repetitive mental or behavioural phenomena, but which do not fulfill criteria for obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

On the psychodynamics of collecting.

The urge to collect is a ubiquitous phenomenon which has anthropological, sociobiological and individual psychodynamic roots, but occurs far more frequently among men than women. The author examines the reasons for this gender difference and defines systematic collecting to distinguish it from addictive, obsessive and messy collecting, and from related phenomena such as perversion. The mode of collecting and choice of object are important indicators as to the unconscious psychodynamics of a collector and offer opportunity to describe his structural level. Collecting ranges across a broad spectrum, from an ego-syntonic integrated mode, i.e. sublimation, to a neurotic defence against pre-oedipal or oedipal traumas and conflicts. Alongside this drive-theoretical approach, object and Kleinian theory are also applied to the understanding of collecting. Collecting represents a specific form of object relating and way of handling primary loss trauma, which is different from addiction, compulsion, or perversion. Under certain circumstances collecting can also result in a successful Gestalt or way of life. The paper concludes with a case study showing how collecting develops from a pre-oedipal to a more integrated oedipal mode during the course of the analysis, which is reflected in changes in the transference.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Obsessive-compulsive neurosis with conduct disorder in adolescence: a report of two cases.

Two adolescents are described presenting with obsessive-compulsive neurosis and conduct disorder. The presence of conduct disorder is in marked contrast to the compliance and over-control characteristic of obsessionality, and was found to give rise to great difficulties in instigating and carrying through a programme of response-prevention for the obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clomipramine in autism: preliminary evidence of efficacy.

This report provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of clomipramine in the treatment of young adults with autistic disorder. Four of five outpatients with autistic disorder showed significant improvement in social relatedness, obsessive compulsive symptoms, and aggressive and impulsive behavior with clomipramine treatment. These findings are consistent with previous evidence, suggesting that serotonin neurotransmission may be relevant to the treatment, and possibly the pathophysiology, of some symptoms of autistic disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Determinants of expressed emotion in families of disturbed and normal children.

Both high expressed emotion (EE) and psychiatric disorders were frequent in the parents of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD, N = 34) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD, N = 49) compared to normal controls (NC, N = 41). Parental psychiatric diagnosis was significantly related to high-EE in fathers (p = .0002) and mothers (p = .0001) of all groups combined, and in parents of the ill groups (p = .03). Absence of diagnosis was associated with low-EE in fathers (p = .0006) and mothers (p = .04) of the controls. Psychiatric diagnosis was the only significant predictor for high-EE in fathers, while for mothers child's diagnosis was a stronger predictor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Recognizing the child with obsessive defiant disorder.

Nurses may find themselves in a home situation where a child demonstrates characteristics of a child with ODD. While the nurse is not in the home to provide therapy for the child, it may be evident that the parents need help in determining an appropriate plan of action. While it is not the role of the nurse to diagnose the child, the nurse who is aware of the symptoms of ODD may play a very significant role in assisting the parents in dealing therapeutically with the child.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype.

OBJECTIVE: The authors retrospectively examined a spectrum of childhood traits that reflect obsessive-compulsive personality in adult women with eating disorders and assessed the predictive value of the traits for the development of eating disorders. METHOD: In a case-control design, 44 women with anorexia nervosa, 28 women with bulimia nervosa, and 28 healthy female comparison subjects were assessed with an interview instrument that asked them to recall whether they had experienced various types of childhood behavior suggesting traits associated with obsessive-compulsive personality. The subjects also completed a self-report inventory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. RESULTS: Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits showed a high predictive value for development of eating disorders, with the estimated odds ratio for eating disorders increasing by a factor of 6.9 for every additional trait present. Subjects with eating disorders who reported perfectionism and rigidity in childhood had significantly higher rates of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and OCD comorbidity later in life, compared with eating disorder subjects who did not report those traits. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality appear to be important risk factors for the development of eating disorders and may represent markers of a broader phenotype for a specific subgroup of patients with anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Functional and dysfunctional perfectionists: are they different on compulsive-like behaviors?

Both perfectionism and excessive responsibility have been linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Up to now however, a greater number of studies have focused on the role of responsibility. The present study compared compulsive-like behavior of people with different styles of perfectionism. Sixteen functional perfectionists (FP) and 16 dysfunctional perfectionists (DP) were compared on three different tasks in order to explore OC type behavior such as doubting, checking and intrusions. Results show that DP participants, compared to FP participants, scored higher on an OC behavior scale, took significantly more time to complete a precision task and precipitated their decision when confronted with ambiguity. The two groups also tended to differ in their intrusive thoughts following an unsolved problem; FP participants were more preoccupied about solving the problem than about the quality of their performance, contrary to DP subjects. Results are discussed according to theoretical models of OCD.

Adult↗