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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Nutritional assessment of low-income elderly African-American population.

The purpose of this study was to perform a nutritional assessment of low-income, elderly African-American subjects, to develop appropriate nutritional intervention program suitable for their needs and taste to ensure maximum compliance. Twenty-three subjects (18 women and 5 men) aged 60 to 82 years participated in the study. A majority of the subjects had an income of $5,000 to $10,000/year and an education level below junior high school. Eighteen subjects had hypertension and eight of those also had diabetes mellitus. Weights ranged from 131 to 265 pounds, and blood cholesterol level varied from 200 to 288 mg/dL. Their diets were high in sodium and fat and low in fresh fruits and vegetables. Based on this preliminary information, we have developed an instrument to assess the nutritional knowledge of this low-income elderly African-American population and a nutrition education program. After 6 months, nutritional assessment will be performed again. This information will aid us in developing nutrition education modules for the low-income elderly African-American population in the United States.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Nutrition services in Canadian neonatal follow-up programs.

The benefits of nutrition assessment and support of the high-risk infant are well established. The premature infant remains vulnerable for poor growth and developmental disabilities, thus requiring consistent monitoring, intervention, and follow-up care. The purpose of this study was to determine the registered dietitian's role in neonatal/perinatal follow-up programs. A survey was sent to the 26 follow-up programs in Canada. The questionnaire response rate was 81%. Registered dietitians were involved in 67% of these programs. Of these dietitians, 43% were assigned to neonatal/perinatal follow-up programs while 57% were involved only by consult. The average time that assigned registered dietitians devoted to programs was 0.35 full-time equivalents. Over 80% of the dietitians did ongoing development, evaluation, and modification of nutrition care plans; 71% screened new patients for nutritional risk, and 100% instructed patient families and developed teaching materials. The study findings will assist program planners who wish to establish a dietitian position in a neonatal/ perinatal follow-up program. For registered dietitians already working in such programs, the results may provide some guidance on role definition and expansion.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of two strategies for nutritional education using radio programs in Guadalajara, Mexico].

Modifying knowledge and attitudes through persuasive communication in health via radio has produced encouraging results for public health planners. This study's objective was to measure the effect of an educational strategy on knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition in two marginalized communities in Guadalajara, Mexico. Two communities were randomly selected. In each community a group of individuals was invited to be exposed to radio broadcasts. Using a coded and structured instrument, knowledge and attitudes towards the contents of nutritional education for health were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Group A (n = 37) was organized and exposed to the dynamics of the radio forum throughout the 4 months during which the project lasted. Group B (n = 33) was not organized, and listened to the radio program according to its own cultural dynamics. Median knowledge and attitudes (KA) for group A was 56.8 in the pre-test and 74.1 in the post-test (W: p = -0.05). In group B the KA results were 53.0 and 59.2, respectively (W: p = -0.05). The results emphasize the advantages of the radio forum as a health communications strategy for human nutrition.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Natural methods for increasing reproductive efficiency in small ruminants.

This paper describes three strategies to improve the reproductive performance of small ruminants in ways that lead to "clean, green and ethical" animal production. The first is aimed at control of the timing of reproductive events for which we turn to the socio-sexual inputs of the "male effect" to induce synchronised ovulation in females that would otherwise be anovulatory. The second strategy, "focussed feeding", is based on our knowledge of the responses to nutrition and aims to develop short programs of nutritional supplements that are precisely timed and specifically designed for individual events in the reproductive process, such as gamete production, embryo survival, fetal programming and colostrum production. The third strategy aims to maximise offspring survival by a combination of management, nutrition and genetic selection for behavior (temperament). All of these approaches involve non-pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous control systems of the animals and complement the detailed information from ultrasound that is now becoming available. The use of such clean, green and ethical tools in the management of our animals can be cost-effective, increase productivity and, at the same time, greatly improve the image of meat and milk industries in society and the marketplace.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Working with college athletes, coaches, and trainers at a major university.

Athletic departments in colleges and universities are beginning to recognize the role a sports nutrition professional plays in providing both clinical nutrition services to athletes and nutrition education programs to teams, coaches, and trainers. Traditionally, sports nutritionists have been viewed as capable of counseling athletes toward improved nutrition behaviors for improved performance outcomes. More globally, a sports nutritionist at a major university can develop and implement nutrition education programs for athletes that can be implemented in alternative situations to effect the greater student body. Menu changes in dining facilities, expanded dining hours, and campus workshops on eating disorders, weight gain, or weight loss are examples of programs created by a university sports nutritionist.

Counseling↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children.

Obesity and low levels of physical and metabolic fitness are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this investigation was to attenuate obesity and improve physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Schools have the opportunity, mechanisms, and personnel in place to deliver nutrition education, fitness activities, and a school food service that is nutritious and healthy. Cohorts from grades 3 to 5 in two school districts in rural Nebraska (Intervention/Control) participated in a 2-year study of physical activity and modified school lunch program. Data collection for aerobic capacity, body composition, blood chemistry, nutrition knowledge, energy intake, and physical activity was at the beginning and end of each year. Int received enhanced physical activity, grade specific nutrition education, and a lower fat and sodium school lunch program. Con continued with a regular school lunch and team sports activity program. At year 2, Int lunches had significantly less energy (9%), fat (25%), sodium (21%), and more fiber (17%). However, measures of 24-hour energy intake for Int and Con showed significant differences for sodium only. Physical activity in the classroom was 6% greater for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05) but physical activity outside of school was approximately 16% less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). Body weight and body fat were not different between schools for normal weight or obese children. No differences were found for cholesterol, insulin, and glucose; however, HDL cholesterol was significantly greater and cholesterol/HDL was significantly less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). It appears that compensation in both energy intake and physical activity outside of school may be responsible for the lack of differences between Int and Con.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

A behavior therapy program combined with liquid nutrition designed for anorexia nervosa.

We have introduced behavior therapy as standard in-patient treatment for anorexia nervosa and have modified the treatment program. At first, we used Fukamachi's activity restriction therapy (FT), followed by Token economy therapy (TET), which combined token economy with FT. Finally, we have developed Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Behavior Therapy (KPT). According to KPT, only liquid formula is given in the early stages of hospitalization and a target weight is not set at admission. We examined the effect of these three programs with respect to bodyweight gain. Thirty-five anorexic patients participated in these three programs in our hospital: seven completed FT, seven completed TET and 21 completed KPT. We compared the effects of these three programs on body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, the effects of these three programs on BMI were compared at admission, 1 month after admission and at discharge, 6 months after discharge. In addition, the rate of increase of BMI for the following three periods was investigated: 1 month after admission, total hospitalization (from admission to discharge) and from admission to 6 months after discharge. The result is that KPT was the most effective of the three programs with regard to both the amount and the rate of increase of BMI at all points and there is a significant difference between KPT and FT. This effectiveness may be attributable to the use of an oral liquid formula, the setting of target weight at a later stage of hospitalization and the release of activity restriction based on weight gain.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of methods for plate waste determinations.

Plate waste studies have traditionally been used to evaluate behavior change in nutrition education programs. Identical menus are served both before and after the implementation of curriculum. Theoretically, students will internalize nutrition information, and there will be less waste in the post-test phase. In this study, two methods for determining plate waste were compared using 343 students from six schools in a pretest/post-test treatment vs. control group design. One method consisted of actual weighing of waste using gram scales. The second method utilized visual estimation of the waste expressed on a 6-point scale. Correlations between the two methods were high. However, when statistical analysis was done to determine differences between groups, it was found that the visual estimation method was not always so sensitive in detecting differences as was the weighed food method. The visual method was also found to be more difficult to interpret. It is suggested that while there are advantages to the visual estimation method, its use be limited to informal studies in which broad generalizations will not be made as to the effectiveness of nutrition education programs.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal mortality in rural Bangladesh: the Tangail District.

A study was conducted from September 1982 to August 1983 in the Tangail district of Bangladesh to estimate the maternal mortality level there and identify its causes and correlates. A rate of 56.6 per 10,000 live births was found, with abortion-related deaths contributing nearly 10 deaths per 10,000 live births. The major causes of maternal mortality were found to be obstructed labor and sepsis caused by improperly performed abortion. Those at high risk were mothers below age 20 and above age 30 and those above parity four. No inverse relationship was found between maternal mortality and socioeconomic status, as might be expected. Community-level pregnancy monitoring programs, increased attention on the part of family planning workers toward teenaged, older, and high parity mothers, and nutrition supplement programs for anemic mothers are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

System, environmental, and policy changes: using the social-ecological model as a framework for evaluating nutrition education and social marketing programs with low-income audiences.

A variety of nutrition education interventions and social marketing initiatives are being used by the Food Stamp Program to improve food resource management, food safety, dietary quality, and food security for low-income households. The Social-Ecological Model is proposed as a theory-based framework to characterize the nature and results of interventions conducted through large public/private partnerships with the Food Stamp Program. In particular, this article suggests indicators and measures that lend themselves to the pooling of data across counties and states, with special emphasis on systems, environment, and public policy change within organizations at the community and state levels.

Food Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Home parenteral nutrition: an alternative approach to the management of complicated gastrointestinal fistulas not responding to conventional medical or surgical therapy.

Twelve patients, 9 with enterocutaneous fistulas and 3 with enterovaginal fistulas, were placed on a home parenteral nutrition (HPN) program after conventional inpatient total parenteral nutrition with bowel rest and/or surgical attempts at fistula closure failed. Fistula closure was achieved (in 66%) after from 28 to 400 days on the program. Six closed spontaneously while 2 were closed surgically. Underlying inflammation in the bowel and the persistence of fistula drainage beyond 180 days were indicative of poor prognosis for closure. Number, location, and volume of drainage were not useful prognostic indices. HPN offers an alternative approach in the management of "intractable" gastrointestinal fistulas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Using national health and nutrition surveys for policy and programs: experiences from the demographic and health surveys.

National health and nutrition surveys have proved invaluable for policy and programs internationally, nationally and locally. With internationally comparable data, decisions can be made on trends and to monitor progress towards improving the nutritional status of women and children. In addition, the iterative process of survey and indicator development ensures that the use of the findings are fed back into the survey for improved design, data collection and measurements. Researchers, policy makers, program managers and surveyors work together for maternal child health.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Spin-off cost/benefits of expanded nutritional care.

Eight years ago, in caring for persons with diabetes at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, priority was given to the use of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, with only minimal attention to nutrition. In 1971, an "expanded nutritional care program" was instituted, with emphasis on nutritional education and follow-up. Use of oral agents was discontinued, and, since 1972, less insulin has been used. The new dietary program, with dietitians playing a key role, includes a one-week total fast, stringent low-calorie diets, individualized dietary planning and instruction, and careful follow-up monitoring. Comparative pre-1971 and current data show: a 50 per cent reduction in lower extremity amputations, less diabetic ketoacidosis, fewer hospitalizations, weight reduction of 40 per cent with no increase in plasma glucose (in a 127-patient cohort with complete follow-up), and a savings to the hospital of more than $96,000 in the cost of medications and $3,700,000 in hospitalizations in eight years.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

Impact of core and secondary foods on nutritional composition of diets in Native-American women.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the core and secondary foods among Native-American women in Oklahoma and to determine their impact on nutrient and Food Guide Pyramid serving intakes. DESIGN: This descriptive study explored food intakes from 4-day weighed food records. Nutrient intakes were estimated using reference data used in national survey data. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Seventy-one Native-American women receiving services from three tribal health clinics in northeast Oklahoma. Statistical analyses performed A food-use frequency score was computed using frequencies of individuals consuming foods across each of 4 days of records. Leading contributors of nutrients and Food Guide Pyramid servings were identified from core and secondary foods. RESULTS: Thirty foods comprised the list of core foods, led by soda, coffee, and white bread. A majority of total energy, fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrate, calcium, vitamin C, folate, discretionary fat, and added sugar were derived cumulatively from the core and secondary foods. Forty percent of fruit Food Guide Pyramid servings were accounted for by two core foods, bananas, and orange juice. More than half of meat and vegetable Food Guide Pyramid servings were derived from core and secondary foods. CONCLUSIONS: Food patterning data are helpful in the development of effective nutrition education programs. We identified less nutrient-dense core foods that are contributing to discretionary fat and added sugar intakes. Targeted nutrition education programs for Native Americans should promote the nutrient-dense core and secondary foods, such as whole-wheat bread and fruit, while providing more healthful food alternatives to less nutrient-dense foods.

Adolescent↗