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PubMed1977

Synthesis of Newcastle disease virus polypeptides in a wheat germ cell-free system.

We have isolated 18S RNA from cytoplasmic extracts of Newcastle disease virus-infected Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested its ability to direct protein synthesis in extracts derived from wheat germ. The products of the cell-free reaction directed by this RNA contain polypeptides that comigrate with NP, M,F, and 47K roteins from virions. In addition, the products contain a polypeptide (67K) that migrates on polyacrylamide gels slightly faster than the HN protein from virions. Tryptic peptide analysis of the cell-free products and proteins from virions confirms their identity.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1988

Modification of tumor cells by a low dose of Newcastle disease virus. Augmentation of the tumor-specific T cell response in the absence of an anti-viral response.

The present study elucidates the mechanism whereby viral xenogenization of highly metastatic ESb lymphoid tumor cells increases tumor immunogenicity and syngeneic tumor-specific T cell responses in comparison to nonmodified tumor cells. It was found that the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the Esb tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) and the cytotoxic anti-tumor activity in bulk cultures of immune spleen cells were significantly increased (by factor 3 and 25, respectively) when using virus-modified tumor cells. An amplified response was observed both in vivo and in vitro which might explain the demonstrated effectiveness of this approach for postoperative immunotherapy of ESb metastases. For the stimulation of tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) the ESb tumor cells which are highly metastatic were infected with an avirulent strain of the paramyxovirus Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Infection of ESb cells with low amounts of NDV was sufficient to lead to an increase in cytolytic activity of tumor-specific CTL after sensitization in vivo and restimulation in vitro. In a sensitive limiting dilution mixed leukocyte-tumor cell microculture system the direct effect of viral modification on the frequency and specificity of CTL was investigated. The number of ESb-specific CTL per spleen could be raised from about 3300 (without modification) to 9100 by both in vivo and in vitro application of ESb-NDV. One application of ESb-NDV (in vivo or in vitro) increased the number of CTL to 4900 and 4600, respectively. In split-type experiments it could be shown at the clonal level that viral modification did not alter the specificity of ESb-specific CTL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Design and characterization of viral polypeptide inhibitors targeting Newcastle disease virus fusion.

Paramyxovirus infections can be detected worldwide with some emerging zoonotic viruses and currently there are no specific therapeutic treatments or vaccines available for many of these diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that peptides derived from the two heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2) of paramyxovirus fusion proteins could be used as inhibitors of virus fusion. The mechanism underlying this activity is in accordance with that of class I virus fusion proteins, of which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus fusion proteins are members. For class I virus fusion proteins, the HR1 fragment binds to HR2 to form a six-helix bundle with three HR1 fragments forming the central coiled bundle surrounded by three coiled HR2 fragments in the post fusion conformational state (fusion core). It is hypothesized that the introduced exogenous HR1 or HR2 can compete against their endogenous counterparts, which results in fusion inhibition. Using Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a model, we designed several protein inhibitors, denoted HR212 as well asHR121 and 5-Helix, which could bind the HR1 or HR2 region of fusion protein, respectively. All the proteins were expressed and purified using a GST-fusion expression system in Escherichia coli. The HR212 or GST-HR212 protein, which binds the HR1 peptide in vitro, displayed inhibitory activity against NDV-mediated cell fusion, while the HR121 and 5-Helix proteins, which bind the HR2 peptide in vitro, inhibited virus fusion from the avirulent NDV strain when added before the cleavage of the fusion protein. These results showed that the designed HR212, HR121 or 5-Helix protein could serve as specific antiviral agents. These data provide additional insight into the difference between the virulent and avirulent strains of NDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Mutations in the fusion peptide and adjacent heptad repeat inhibit folding or activity of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein.

Paramyxovirus fusion proteins have two heptad repeat domains, HR1 and HR2, which have been implicated in the fusion activity of the protein. Peptides with sequences from these two domains form a six-stranded coiled coil, with the HR1 sequences forming a central trimer (K. A. Baker, R. E. Dutch, R. A. Lamb, and T. S. Jardetzky, Mol. Cell 3:309-319, 1999; X. Zhao, M. Singh, V. N. Malashkevich, and P. S. Kim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:14172-14177, 2000). We have extended our previous mutational analysis of the HR1 domain of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein, focusing on the role of the amino acids forming the hydrophobic core of the trimer, amino acids in the "a" and "d" positions of the helix from amino acids 123 to 182. Both conservative and nonconservative point mutations were characterized for their effects on synthesis, stability, proteolytic cleavage, and surface expression. Mutant proteins expressed on the cell surface were characterized for fusion activity by measuring syncytium formation, content mixing, and lipid mixing. We found that all mutations in the "a" position interfered with proteolytic cleavage and surface expression of the protein, implicating the HR1 domain in the folding of the F protein. However, mutation of five of seven "d" position residues had little or no effect on surface expression but, with one exception at residue 175, did interfere to various extents with the fusion activity of the protein. One of these "d" mutations, at position 154, interfered with proteolytic cleavage, while the rest of the mutants were cleaved normally. That most "d" position residues do affect fusion activity argues that a stable HR1 trimer is required for formation of the six-stranded coiled coil and, therefore, optimal fusion activity. That most of the "d" position mutations do not block folding suggests that formation of the core trimer may not be required for folding of the prefusion form of the protein. We also found that mutations within the fusion peptide, at residue 128, can interfere with folding of the protein, implicating this region in folding of the molecule. No characterized mutation enhanced fusion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Immune response to Newcastle disease virus in broilers: a useful model for the assessment of detoxification of ervil seeds.

Ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds are produced in the Mediterranean region and used as a source of protein for cattle and poultry. The methods used to assess the toxic effects of legume seeds in the feed of poultry include the observation of one or more parameters, including abnormal signs, weight gain, feed consumption, gall bladder weight, pancreas weight, pancreas proteolytic and amylase activity, haemolysis of red blood cells, liver weight, liver glutathione level, liver and plasma lipid levels, and plasma lipid peroxide levels. The authors describe the use of quantitative determination of the immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in broilers as a model that can be used to assess different detoxification treatments of ervil seeds. Broiler chicks fed differently-treated ervil, supplemented as 25% of the diet, at one to four weeks of age and vaccinated intraocularly with live NDV vaccine at eight days of age, showed different immune responses at three weeks post vaccination. Immunosuppression with regards to NDV was apparent in the group of birds raised on untreated ervil supplement, resulting in a mean immune response (titre) of 798.5. Five of the six different treatments of ervil seeds resulted in different degrees of rectification of the immunosuppression, with some broilers reaching a mean NDV immune titre of 2070.6, similar to that obtained in control broilers raised on a basal diet with no ervil seed supplement (mean NDV immune titre of 2333.8; P > 0.05). The five successful treatments of ervil (in increasing order of rectification of immunosuppression in broilers, with mean NDV titres in parentheses) were: ground soaked dried ervil (971.6), ground autoclaved dried ervil (1223.1), soaked autoclaved dried ervil (1273.1), soaked dried ervil (1340.0), and ground-soaked autoclaved dried ervil (2070.6).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Newcastle disease virus neuraminidase primes neutrophils for stimulation by galectin-3 and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe.

Human neutrophils are activated by the beta-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-3, provided that the cells are primed by in vivo extravasation or by in vitro preactivation with, for example, LPS. Removal of terminal sialic acid can change neutrophil functionality and responsiveness due to exposure of underlying glycoconjugate receptors or change in surface charge. Here, we investigated whether such alteration of the cell surface carbohydrate composition can alter the responsiveness of the cells to galectin-3. Neutrophils were treated with neuraminidases (NA) of different origins: Clostridium perfringens (CP), Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In the presence of NDV-NA, but no other NA, the otherwise non-responding neutrophils responded readily to galectin-3 by activation of the NADPH-oxidase. The galectin-3 priming effect was inhibited by the sialidase inhibitor 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Earlier studies have shown that priming of the neutrophil response to galectin-3 with, for example, LPS is paralleled by degranulation of intracellular vesicles and granules and upregulation of potential galectin-3 receptors. Also, NDV-NA (but not CP-NA) treatment induced degranulation, shown as an upregulation of complement receptor 3. Since not only the galectin response but also the response to the chemoattractant fMLF was primed, NDV-NA appears to induce a general priming phenomenon, possibly due to receptor upregulation by degranulation.

Cell Degranulation↗
PubMed2005

Wintering of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and West Nile virus in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Florida Keys.

During November 2002, six double-crested cormorants (DCCs; Phalacrocorax auritus) were found moribund in Big Pine Key, FL, exhibiting clinical signs indicative of neurologic disease. Postmortem diagnostic evaluations were performed on two adult birds. Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from a cloacal swab from cormorant 1. West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated from the brain and lung of cormorant 2. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a portion of the fusion (F) protein gene of the NDV cormorant isolate revealed it shared a 100% deduced amino acid identity with only two viruses: the 1992 epizootic cormorant isolate from Minnesota and the 1992 turkey isolate from North Dakota. The epidemiologic significance of the recognition of virulent NDV on cormorant wintering grounds during a nonepizootic period, in addition to the potential implications of the concurrent isolation of NDV and WNV from cormorants, is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

A 15-year follow-up of AJCC stage III malignant melanoma patients treated postsurgically with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oncolysate and determination of alterations in the CD8 T cell repertoire.

BACKGROUND: The development of effective adjuvant therapies for the treatment of high-risk melanoma patients is critical for the prevention of metastatic disease and improvement of patient survival. Active specific immunotherapy has been tested as an adjuvant treatment in numerous clinical trials with overall limited, but occasionally promising, success rates. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oncolysate has been utilized as an adjunctive immunotherapeutic agent in the postsurgical management of these patients. A phase II study initiated in 1975 using adjuvant vaccine therapy composed of allogeneic and autologous human melanoma cells infected with live NDV (NDV oncolysate) in patients with AJCC stage III melanoma following therapeutic lymph node dissection has shown >60% survival rate at 10 years with no adverse effects. Continued long-term analysis of trials with promising early results as well as assessment of immunologic responses generated in these patients may result in improved therapeutic decisions for clinical trials in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the 15-year survival of patients treated postsurgically with NDV oncolysate in the phase II study described above. In an attempt to understand the immunological effects of this treatment, we have also carried out a comprehensive analysis of the peripheral blood T cell repertoire in these patients. RESULTS: The overall 15-year survival of this group of patients is 55%. Previous studies have suggested that improved outcome in patients undergoing immunotherapy is correlated with increased numbers of CD8(+)CD57(+) cells. In surviving patients, we observed a striking oligoclonality in the CD8(+) T cell population in peripheral blood, which reflects clonal expansions in the CD8(+)CD57(+) subset. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that adjuvant vaccination with NDV oncolysates is associated with prolonged survival of patients with lymph node-positive malignant melanoma and that CD8(+) T cells may be an important component of therapeutic efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Parental effect on the humoral immune response to Escherichia coli and Newcastle disease virus in young broiler chicks.

Genetic and environmental variables influence animal resistance to disease infection. In addition, maternal effects were also found in studies with egg-type chicken lines. In our laboratory, meat-type chicken lines were divergently selected for either early or late maturation of the immune system, based on family and individual antibody responsiveness at 10 d of age. The high-antibody (HC) and low-antibody (LC) lines differed significantly in the early immune response to Escherichia coli, to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination, and to several other immune functions. Reciprocal crosses between the HC and LC lines were performed over 2 yr at three different locations. Immune responses to E. coli and NDV vaccination provided separate estimates of maternal and paternal effects. Dam effect on immune response to E. coli vaccine was significantly larger than sire effect; the antibody titer in both reciprocal crosses was intermediate between the parental lines, but the mean titer of the HC x LC cross was significantly lower than that of the LC x HC cross. Similar, but not significant, ranking of crosses was observed for the response to NDV. Evidently, the level of the offspring humoral immune response was more a dam than a sire effect.

Animals↗