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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Postnatal changes in receptor-mediated rabbit gastric smooth muscle relaxation.

The aims of this study were to identify mediators of relaxation in rabbit proximal gastric circular smooth muscle and to assess age-dependent changes in tissue response. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), adenosine, and norepinephrine induced tetrodotoxin-insensitive, concentration-dependent relaxation in bethanechol-precontracted (3 microM) gastric muscle strips from newborns and weanlings. Maximally effective concentrations of 10 microM VIP induced complete relaxation in newborns, but only 30% relaxation in weanlings (p < 0.01). Maximally effective concentrations of adenosine induced complete relaxation at both ages. Adenosine (ED50 3 microM) was more potent than adenosine triphosphate, indicating the presence of P1 purinergic receptors. In newborns norepinephrine induced complete relaxation (ED50 0.5 microM). The response to norepinephrine changed in age-dependent increments from relaxation in newborns to strong contraction in weanlings. In weanlings phentolamine inhibited norepinephrine-stimulated contraction, revealing persistent propranolol-sensitive relaxation. Tetrodotoxin and atropine had no effect on norepinephrine-stimulated contraction. In summary, in rabbit gastric circular smooth muscle: (1) VIP, adenosine, and norepinephrine induce relaxation; (2) VIP loses efficacy with age; (3) there is a beta-adrenergic receptor mediating relaxation in the newborn which persists, and (4) an alpha-adrenergic receptor mediating contraction emerges early in postnatal life. Age-dependent changes in response to VIP and norepinephrine may contribute to the postnatal maturation of the gastric motility.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2006

Comparative evaluation of different doses of propofol preceded by fentanyl on intubating conditions and pressor response during tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine the optimal dose of propofol preceded by fentanyl for successful tracheal intubation and to see its effectiveness in blunting pressor response in children aged 3-10 years. METHODS: This prospective, double blind, randomized study was conducted on 60 ASA grade I and II children, between 3 and 10 years undergoing elective surgery who were divided into three groups of 20 each. The children received different doses of propofol (group I, 2.5 mg x kg(-1); group II, 3.0 mg x kg(-1); group III, 3.5 mg x kg(-1)) preceded by a fixed dose of fentanyl (3.0 microg x kg(-1)) 3 min earlier. The tracheal intubating conditions were graded based on scoring system devised by Helbo-Hensen et al. with Steyn modification which includes five criteria; ease of laryngoscopy, degree of coughing, position of vocal cords, jaw relaxation, and limb movement and graded on a 4-point scale. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation changes were also noted. RESULTS: Tracheal intubating conditions were acceptable in 25% of the patients in group I, while significantly higher (P < 0.001) in group II (80%) and in group III (90%). The pressor response was not effectively blunted in group I (17% increase in HR), while effectively blunted in groups II and III. A fall in cardiac output was seen in group III indicated by a decrease in MAP (16%) and HR (11%). No airway complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol 3 mg x kg(-1) (group II) preceded by fentanyl 3 microg x kg(-1) is the optimal dose combination in our study. It provides acceptable intubating conditions in 80% patients, blunts pressor response to intubation without significant cardiovascular depression.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation for reducing state anxiety among elderly adults on memory tasks.

Cognitively intact anxious elderly subjects were randomly assigned to either a progressive muscle relaxation-training condition or control condition (ns = 15) and then completed selected subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised. Despite significant reductions in state anxiety in the relaxation group, no significant differences were detected between the two groups on memory measures. These results are discussed within the context of previous research, and suggestions for further research are made.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Kinetic analysis of smooth muscle relaxation.

A method has been proposed for the kinetic analysis of the relaxation phase of mechanical response of smooth muscle. The method implies linearization of the entire mechano-kinetic relaxation curve using the coordinates ln[(fm-f)/f]; ln t (where fm and f are the maximal and the actual values of force within the relaxation phase respectively) with subsequent calculation of the maximal amplitude--normalized relaxation rate, Vn. The use of the method is illustrated on ureter, protal vein, vas deferens, myometrium of rat and guinea-pig ureter smooth muscles in a variety of experimental conditions. This method can be applied for the description of the calcium transient decay in the myoplasm measured with Ca-sensitive fluorescent dyes. The method might be useful for identification of the contribution of different energy-dependent Ca-transporting systems involved in the control of relaxation, as well as for screening of the mechanisms of action of different factors which modulate the contraction-relaxation cycle.

Animals↗